Peb xaus tsab xov xwm Lub Sijhawm Ottoman hauv Keeb Kwm ntawm Bosnia thiab Herzegovina nrog daim ntawv tshaj tawm txog kev sib tsoo ntawm plaub lub tebchaws loj - Russia, German, Austrian thiab Ottoman. Hauv qhov no peb yuav txuas ntxiv zaj dab neeg ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Bosnia thiab Herzegovina txij lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1918 txog rau tam sim no.
Bosnia thiab Herzegovina hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua 20th
Tom qab Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Kawg, Bosnia thiab Herzegovina tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Serbs, Croats thiab Slovenes, uas xyoo 1929 tau hu ua Yugoslavia. Qhov no yog qhov xav tsis thoob rau ntau tus, tab sis txawm li ntawd los, hauv thaj tsam ntawm BiH, Sharia cov tsev hais plaub tau ua haujlwm, uas tau tshem tawm tsuas yog xyoo 1946 (thiab hnav cov burqa los ntawm cov poj niam raug txwv tsuas yog xyoo 1950).
Xyoo 1941, Yugoslavia tau los ntawm pab tub rog ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Ltalis thiab Hungary, thiab Bosnia thiab Herzegovina tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm lub xeev cov menyuam roj hmab ntawm Croatia. Serbs, Cov neeg Yudais thiab Roma tseem raug tua nyob rau thaj tsam BiH. Qee tus neeg Muslim hauv Bosnian tau nkag mus rau qhov kev pabcuam hauv 13th SS Division "Khanjar" (qhov no yog lub npe ntawm riam phom txias xws li rab yaj phom), uas txog thaum xyoo 1944 tau tawm tsam cov koomhaum, thiab tom qab ntawd yeej los ntawm Soviet pab tub rog hauv Hungary.
Nws cov seem tau rov qab mus rau thaj chaw ntawm Austria, qhov uas lawv tau tso tseg rau Askiv.
Nyob rau hauv lem, Serbian partisans (Chetniks) ua phem rau cov neeg nyob ntawm cov neeg Muslim lub zos uas raug ntes, rhuav tshem, raws li qee qhov chaw, ntau dua 80 txhiab tus neeg.
Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 6, 1945, pab pawg ntawm Tito cov tub rog tau nkag mus rau Sarajevo; txog lub Tsib Hlis 1 ntawm tib lub xyoo, tsis muaj cov tub rog German tawm ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Bosnia thiab Herzegovina, tabsis cov Ustasha tau tawm tsam kom txog thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 25.
Nov yog li cas Bosnia thiab Herzegovina tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Yugoslavia dua.
Bosnia thiab Herzegovina ua ib feem ntawm Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Nyob rau hauv Yugoslav Socialist Federation, Bosnia thiab Herzegovina tau txais txoj cai ntawm kev cais tebchaws - ib ntawm rau rau suav nrog hauv lub xeev no, qhov thib peb hais txog thaj chaw (tom qab Serbia thiab Croatia). Hauv Yugoslavia, nws yog ib qho ntawm "cheeb tsam tsis tau txhim kho" (nrog rau Montenegro, Macedonia thiab Kosovo) thiab yog li ntawd tau txais kwv yees li ob zaug ntau dua los ntawm tsoomfwv pob nyiaj siv raws li nws tau muab hauv daim ntawv se. Qhov no, qhov xwm txheej, ua rau tsis txaus siab nyob rau hauv "nplua nuj" Slovenia thiab Croatia thiab ua haujlwm yog ib qho laj thawj rau qhov kev xav ntawm cov koom pheej no kom cais tawm ntawm Yugoslavia. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, ntim ntawm kev tsim khoom lag luam hauv Bosnia thiab Herzegovina los ntawm 1945 txog 1983. loj 22x. Cov koom pheej no tseem tau txais kev nqis peev loj hauv kev tsim kho vaj tsev rau xyoo 1984 Lub Caij Ntuj No Olympic Games (hauv Sarajevo).
Txog rau xyoo 1966, Bosnia thiab Herzegovina tau txiav txim siab feem ntau los ntawm Serbian cov neeg ua haujlwm, uas tau teeb tsa chav kawm rau kev tawm tsam nyuaj ntawm kev xav sib cais. Tab sis tom qab ntawd Josip Broz Tito txiav txim siab vam khom cov neeg Muslim hauv zej zog, uas nws tau muab khoom plig coj txawv txawv. Tej zaum nws yuav nyuaj rau koj xav txog tias hauv Belarus (piv txwv li) Catholics yuav tshaj tawm tias yog haiv neeg cais. Tab sis qhov no yog qhov xwm txheej tau tshwm sim hauv Yugoslavia xyoo 1971, thaum, ntawm Tito txoj kev pib, cov xwm txheej ntawm ib lub tebchaws tau muab rau cov neeg nyob hauv cheeb tsam no uas tau lees paub Islam: qhov no yog li cas thiaj li muaj cov neeg tshwj xeeb - "Muslims" - tshwm sim ntawm no. Xyoo 1974, qhov xwm txheej no tau muab rau lawv hauv lub tebchaws txoj cai tshiab. Sab nraum cov ciam teb ntawm Yugoslavia qub, lawv tseem nyiam hu lawv "Bosniaks" lossis "Bosniaks".
Xyoo 1991, 43.7% ntawm cov neeg Muslim hauv Bosniac, 31.4% feem ntau yog cov ntseeg Orthodox Serbs nyob hauv Bosnia thiab Herzegovina (thaum lawv suav nrog feem ntau hauv ntau dua ib nrab ntawm thaj tsam BiH - 53.7%) thiab 17.3% ntawm Catholics Croats. Kwv yees li 12.5% ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm cheeb tsam no thaum suav pej xeem zaum kawg hu lawv tus kheej Yugoslavs (cov no feem ntau yog menyuam yaus los ntawm kev sib yuav sib yuav).
Pib Thaum Kawg
Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1990, kev xaiv tsa tau muaj nyob hauv Bosnia thiab Herzegovina ntawm ntau tog neeg, qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kawg tau faib lub tebchaws. Tam sim no Muslim Democratic Action Party tau qhib kev tawm tsam Serbian Democratic Party.
Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 12, 1991, Lub Rooj Sib Tham ntawm Bosnia thiab Herzegovina tshaj tawm kev ywj pheej ntawm cov koom pheej. Lub rooj sib tham ntawm Serbian neeg ntawm BiH teb rau lub Kaum Ib Hlis 9 tshaj tawm Republika Srpska ntawm Bosnia thiab Herzegovina (raws li ib feem ntawm SFRY). Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo tom ntej (Lub Ib Hlis 9), Republika Srpska ntawm Bosnia thiab Herzegovina tau tshaj tawm tias yog tsoomfwv ib cheeb tsam ntawm Yugoslavia, thiab nws txoj cai lij choj tau pom zoo thaum Lub Peb Hlis 27. Bosnia thiab Herzegovina Serbs tau thov kom ua koom pheej koom pheej.
Tab sis thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1, 1992, cov tub ceev xwm ntawm BiH tau ua qhov kev xaiv tsa ntawm kev ywj pheej, uas tsuas yog 63.4% ntawm cov neeg pov npav tau koom nrog: 62, 68% tau pov npav tawm hauv Yugoslavia. Qib ntawm kev sib cav sib ceg tau loj hlob sai, thiab thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1992, cov neeg Muslim hauv Bosnian tau pib "kev ua tsov rog" tiv thaiv pab tub rog Yugoslav, nrog rau tiv thaiv kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. Serbs "teb". Vim li ntawd, lub nroog txoj kev Zaj (lossis Snake) tom qab tau txais lub npe ntawm cov neeg sau xov xwm "Alley of snipers." 220 tus neeg tau tuag ntawm no, suav nrog 60 tus menyuam.
Bosnian tsov rog
Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 23, 1992, thawj qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm pawg tub rog tau tshwm sim, thiab thaum Lub Plaub Hlis cov tub rog Muslim tau tawm tsam pib txeeb cov tsev tswj hwm thiab chaw haujlwm tub ceev xwm. Cov xwm txheej no tau poob qis hauv keeb kwm raws li lub npe "Muslim tso"
Cov tub rog hauv Yugoslav tau raug thaiv los ntawm cov neeg Muslim hauv lawv lub tsev pheeb suab thiab tsis koom nrog kev ua phem: Serbian Pab Dawb Pabcuam Tiv Thaiv thiab pab dawb pab dawb tau tawm tsam.
Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 11, cov nom tswv ntawm BiH tau kos npe rau daim ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm kev koom ua ke Sarajevo, thaum lub Plaub Hlis 13 - kev pom zoo rau kev sib tua, uas tsis tau pib siv. Thiab twb tau txog lub Plaub Hlis 30, Yugoslav Cov Neeg Cov Tub Rog tau lees paub tias yog "txoj haujlwm" los ntawm Bosnians.
Lub Tsib Hlis 2-3, kev tawm tsam tshiab tau teeb tsa ntawm JNA barracks. Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau kav ntev 44 hnub thiab tau lees tias muaj neeg tuag ntawm 1,320 leej. Kwv yees li 350 txhiab tus tib neeg raug yuam kom tawm hauv lawv lub tsev mus.
Raws li qhov tshwm sim, tom qab kev sib tsoo ntawm Yugoslavia, Koom pheej Srpska (Thawj Tswj Hwm - Radovan Karadzic), Croatian Republic of Herceg Bosna thiab Muslim Federation of Bosnia thiab Herzegovina tau tshwm sim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Bosnia thiab Herzegovina.
Thiab kev ua tsov rog ntawm txhua tus tawm tsam txhua tus tau pib, uas tau txais lub npe Bosnian. Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tawm tsam los ntawm "Serbian Republic Army" (tus thawj coj - Ratko Mladic), Muslim "Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina", chav nyob ntawm "Cov Neeg Tiv Thaiv ntawm Western Bosnia" (Muslim autonomists) thiab chav nyob ntawm "Croatian Defense Council ". Thiab tom qab ntawd pab tub rog ntawm Croatia ywj pheej kuj tau cuam tshuam hauv qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no.
Thaum xub thawj, Croats tau tawm tsam cov neeg Muslim, thiab tom qab ntawd, pib xyoo 1994, Muslims thiab Croats - tawm tsam Serbs.
Txij lub Plaub Hlis 5, 1990 txog Lub Ob Hlis 29, 1996, kev tiv thaiv lub nroog Sarajevo los ntawm Serbs txuas ntxiv mus. Cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb los ntawm cov koom pheej ntawm yav dhau los USSR, koom ua ke hauv qhov hu ua "Lavxias pab dawb pab pawg sib cais", tau tawm tsam ib sab ntawm Serbs thaum lub sijhawm ntawd.
Kev thaiv qhov ua tiav tsis ua haujlwm, vim tias cov neeg Bosnians tau khawb 760-meter-qhov ntev los ntawm cov kab hluav taws xob thiab kev sib txuas lus, cov raj xa roj, thiab cov ntsia hlau tau tso.
Ib qho ntawm qhov xwm txheej txaus ntshai tshaj plaws ntawm qhov kev sib cav no yog tsoo lub plhaub ntawm lub khw lag luam loj ntawm Sarajevo thaum Lub Ob Hlis 5, 1994: 68 tus neeg tau tuag, 200 tau raug mob.
Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 28, 1994, hla lub nroog Banja Luka, Asmeskas F-16 cov neeg tua rog tau tawm tsam 6 tus qub tub rog Bosnian Serb nres dav hlau (J-21 "Hawk"), uas tsis muaj riam phom tiv thaiv dav hlau lossis tsis muaj lub sijhawm los tawm tsam qhov kev tawm tsam no: rau Asmeskas cov ntaub ntawv, 4 lub dav hlau tua raug tua, Serbs tshaj tawm tias poob 5 lub dav hlau.
Lwm qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm Bosnian Tsov Rog yog lub nroog me me ntawm Srebrenica, los ntawm cov Serbs raug ntiab tawm los ntawm cov neeg Muslim coj los ntawm Nasser Oric (yav tas los yog ib ntawm Slobodan Milosevic tus neeg tiv thaiv) thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1992. Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1993, cov Serbs tau nyob ib puag ncig ib puag ncig no, thiab kev tshaj tawm ntawm Srebrenica ua "thaj chaw nyab xeeb" thiab qhia txog kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb los ntawm Holland tau cawm cov neeg Muslim los ntawm kev swb yeej. Cov Serbs niaj hnub liam cov neeg Muslim ntawm Oric rau kev tawm tsam los ntawm Srebrenica thiab sim pauv lub nroog no rau ib qho ntawm thaj chaw Serbian hauv nroog. Thaum kawg, lawv lub siab ntev ploj mus, thiab thaum Lub Xya Hli 11, 1995, Srebrenica raug ntes. Raws li Serbian version, hais txog 5800 tus neeg sib ntaus ntawm 28th Boshniak faib tom qab ntawd tau kov yeej, tau poob txog 2 txhiab tus neeg. Ntau tshaj 400 tus tub rog Muslim raug ntes thiab tua. Raws li Bosnak version, txhawb los ntawm Sab Hnub Poob, cov tub rog ntawm Ratko Mladic tua los ntawm 7 txog 8 txhiab tus neeg Muslim. Cov xwm txheej no tau hu ua "kev tua neeg Muslim hauv Srebrenica".
Thaum Lub Yim Hli 28, 1995, lwm lub plhaub poob rau ntawm Markala kev lag luam hauv Sarajevo: lub sijhawm no 43 tus neeg tau tuag thiab 81 tau raug mob. UN cov kws tshaj lij tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov chaw uas raug tua, tab sis NATO thawj coj tau liam tias yog Serbs.
Tom qab qhov kev tawg zaum ob hauv khw thiab "kev tua neeg hauv Srebrenica", NATO cov tub rog koom nrog kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Republika Srpska. Thaum Lub Yim Hli-Cuaj Hli, kev sib koom tes cov tub rog caij dav hlau pib foob pob ua haujlwm ntawm Bosnian Serbs. Nws yog Kev Ua Haujlwm Tsis Txaus Siab, NATO thawj qhov kev ua tub rog loj nyob rau tom qab tsov rog Europe. Kev coj noj coj ua ntawm pab pawg tam sim no hu ua haujlwm no "ib qho ntawm kev ntsuas kev nyab xeeb zoo tshaj plaws." Thaum nws tuav, "cov neeg saib xyuas kev thaj yeeb" tau rhuav tshem tag nrho lossis ib nrab txog 3 txhiab qhov chaw nyob, 80% ntawm lub tebchaws cov tuam txhab kev lag luam, 2,000 km ntawm txoj kev, 70 choj thiab yuav luag tag nrho cov tsheb ciav hlau network. Nws yog qhov txaus ntshai txawm xav txog dab tsi yuav tshwm sim rau thaj chaw uas NATO yuav ua "kev ua haujlwm tsis tiav".
Tom qab ntawd, raws li qhov hu ua Dayton Daim Ntawv Pom Zoo (kev sib tham tau muaj txij thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1 txog 21, 1995 ntawm Asmeskas cov tub rog hauv paus hauv Dayton, Ohio), cov tub rog tau coj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb tuaj rau hauv Bosnia thiab Herzegovina. Lub xeev tau muab faib ua Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (51% ntawm lub tebchaws ib cheeb tsam), Serbian Republic (49%, lub peev yog Banja Luka) thiab ib cheeb tsam Brcko me me uas muaj xwm txheej tsis meej, uas yog tus neeg raug xaiv tsa los ntawm Tus Neeg Sawv Cev Siab ntawm cov tebchaws ntawm Daytona Daim Ntawv Pom Zoo. Lub chaw xaiv tsa no tau dhau los ua qhov tsim nyog, ntawm qhov ib sab, txuas ob thaj tsam ntawm Serbian Krajina, thiab ntawm lwm qhov, kom muab BiH nkag mus rau Croatia:
Thiab Croatian Republic hauv Bosnia thiab Herzegovina tsis tau lees paub.
Tam sim no, lub tebchaws no tau tswj hwm los ntawm pawg thawj tswj hwm, uas suav nrog Croat, Bosnjak thiab Serb.
Bosnia thiab Herzegovina tom qab Dayton Accords
Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov neeg raug tsim txom ntawm kev ua tsov rog hauv Bosnian yog (raws li kev kwv yees ntau yam) los ntawm 100 txog 200 txhiab tus neeg, feem ntau yog cov neeg pej xeem. Ntau tshaj 2 lab tus tib neeg raug yuam kom tawm hauv lawv lub tsev mus. Elena Guskova, kws sau keeb kwm Lavxias Balkan, muab cov duab hauv qab no:
Thaum lub xyoo ua tsov rog, 100 txhiab tus neeg tuag, uas 90% yog pej xeem. Los ntawm 2, 5 txog 3 lab tus tib neeg tau tso lawv lub tsev tseg: 800,000 Serbs los ntawm Western Herzegovina, Central thiab Western Bosnia, 800,000 tus Muslim los ntawm Eastern Herzegovina, Krajina thiab Eastern Bosnia, txog 500 txhiab Croats los ntawm Central Bosnia.
Kev lag luam ntawm Bosnia thiab Herzegovina yeej tsis rov zoo tom qab kev ua tsov rog no, qib kev tsim khoom yog kwv yees li 50% ntawm qib ua ntej ua tsov rog. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv raug cai, xyoo 2014poob hauj lwm yog 43.7% ntawm cov pej xeem muaj peev xwm (tab sis txij li "kev lag luam duab ntxoov ntxoo" muaj zog heev hauv BiH, qhov poob haujlwm tiag tiag xyoo ntawd, raws li World Bank, yog 27.5%).
Tam sim no cia rov qab me ntsis thiab saib lub xeev ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv, yav dhau los Metropolis ntawm Balkan lub tebchaws, thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th.
Lub teb chaws Ottoman nyob rau hmo ua ntej Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Kawg
Muaj kev txom nyem swb hauv I Balkan War (1912-1913, cov neeg tawm tsam ntawm Ottomans - Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, Montenegro), lub tebchaws no poob yuav luag txhua lub tebchaws European, khaws tsuas yog Constantinople thiab nws ib puag ncig. Hauv Tsov Rog II Balkan (Lub Rau Hli-Lub Xya Hli 1913 nyob rau sab tim Nkij teb chaws, Serbia, Montenegro thiab Romania tawm tsam Bulgaria), Ottomans tau tswj kom rov qab ib feem ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Thrace nrog lub nroog Edirne (Adrianople). Qaib ntxhw tseem khaws thaj chaw tseem ceeb hauv Asia - thaj av ntawm cov xeev niaj hnub no xws li Iraq, Yemen, Israel thiab Palestinian Authority, Lebanon, Syria thiab ib nrab Saudi Arabia. Qaib ntxhw tseem yog koom nrog Kuwait, uas los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd yog tus neeg saib xyuas Askiv.
Ua tibzoo saib daim duab qhia chaw ntawm Tebchaws Ottoman xyoo 1914, saib seb thaj tsam twg nws twb ploj lawm, thiab thaj tsam ntawm lub tebchaws no tau poob qis npaum li cas:
Kev nkag mus rau Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1 tau dhau los ua rau neeg tuag thiab poob tebchaws.
Cov kab lus hauv qab no yuav tham txog kev poob ntawm Tebchaws Ottoman, kev txaj muag Mudross kev txaj muag thiab kev txaj muag Sevres kev sib haum xeeb, kev ua tsov ua rog ntawm Turks nrog Armenia thiab Greece thiab kev tsim cov koom pheej Turkish.
