Keeb kwm ntawm Slavs. Cov kab lus no nws tus kheej ua rau muaj lus nug ntau dua ib zaug dua cov lus teb.
Soviet archaeologist P. N. Tretyakov sau:
"Cov keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg Slavs thaum ub hauv kev tiv thaiv cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los yog thaj chaw ntawm kev xav, feem ntau yog luv luv, tas li ua rau muaj kev tsis ntseeg ntau."
Niaj hnub no, txawm tias tom qab kev ua haujlwm thoob ntiaj teb tau ua los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm, ntau yam haujlwm ntawm kws paub lus, tshawb fawb txog toponymy, lo lus nug no tseem qhib. Qhov tseeb yog tias peb siv tsis muaj cov ntawv sau los ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm Proto-Slavs, thiab qhov no yog qhov cuam tshuam rau txhua qhov laj thawj ntxiv. Txoj haujlwm no yog ua los ntawm kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb ntawm cov ncauj lus no.
Taw qhia
Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 6, cov yeeb ncuab tshiab tau tshwm sim ntawm Danube ciam teb, tawm tsam xeev Byzantine.
Cov no yog cov tib neeg hais txog cov neeg sau keeb kwm thiab Byzantine twb tau hnov ntau lawm, tab sis tam sim no lawv tau dhau los ua lawv cov neeg zej zog nyob tsis tswm, ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam tsis tu ncua thiab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj hauv lub tebchaws.
Yuav ua li cas pab pawg neeg tshiab uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau sab qaum teb ciam teb, tau ntev tsis yog tsuas yog sib tw nrog cov tub rog ntawm lub tebchaws muaj zog tshaj plaws nyob hauv Europe, tabsis tseem txeeb nws thaj av?
Yuav ua li cas cov neeg no, tseem tsis tau paub yav dhau los lossis paub me ntsis rau lub ntiaj teb Roman, nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawd? Lawv muaj lub zog thiab peev xwm dab tsi, lawv tau koom nrog hauv kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw thoob ntiaj teb ntawm tib neeg li cas, lawv txoj kev coj noj coj ua zoo li cas?
Peb tab tom tham txog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Slavs, uas tau nyob hauv thaj tsam loj ntawm nruab nrab, sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb Europe.
Thiab yog hais txog kev ua siab phem thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Slavs ntawm VI-VII ib-paus xyoo. paub zoo heev ua tsaug rau cov ntawv sau uas tau nqis los rau peb, tom qab ntawd cov chaw tshawb fawb keeb kwm muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau peb uas ua tiav cov duab, pab kom nkag siab ntau lub sijhawm ntawm keeb kwm Slavic thaum ntxov.
Kev sib tsoo lossis kev koom tes ntawm Slavs nrog cov neeg nyob sib ze: Lub tebchaws Byzantine, pab pawg neeg Germanic thiab, ntawm chav kawm, cov nomads ntawm Eurasian tiaj, txhawb lawv txoj kev ua tub rog thiab cov tub rog.
Cov Slavs thiab lawv cov haujlwm ua tub rog tau paub me ntsis rau cov pej xeem; tau ntev lawv tau nyob hauv qhov ntxoov ntxoo ntawm cov neeg Germanic uas nyob hauv cov cheeb tsam no, nrog rau cov neeg nomadic uas nyob hauv Danube.
Keeb Kwm
Kiev chronicler nyob rau hauv "ethnographic" ib feem ntawm "Tale ntawm Bygone Xyoo" sau:
Tom qab sijhawm ntev, Slavs tau teeb tsa hauv Danube, qhov uas tam sim no thaj av yog Hungarian thiab Bulgarian. Los ntawm cov Slavs, Slavs tau tawg thoob plaws hauv thaj av thiab tau txais lub npe menyuam yaus los ntawm cov chaw uas lawv zaum. Yog li qee tus, thaum tuaj, zaum ntawm tus dej los ntawm lub npe Morava thiab tau lub npe menyuam yaus Morava, thaum lwm tus hu lawv tus kheej Czechs. Thiab ntawm no yog tib Slavs: Dawb Croats, thiab Serbs, thiab Horutans. Thaum Volokhs tau tawm tsam Danube Slavs, thiab nyob nrog lawv, thiab tsim txom lawv, cov Slavs no tuaj thiab zaum ntawm Vistula thiab raug hu ua Lyakhs, thiab los ntawm cov Nceeg Vaj tuaj txog ntawm Poles, lwm tus Ncej - lutichi, qee tus - Mazovians, lwm tus - Pomorians”.
Tau ntev, zaj dab neeg ntawm keeb kwm no tau txiav txim siab hauv daim duab ntawm kev hais daws ntawm pab pawg Slavic, niaj hnub no, los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm keeb kwm, toponymy, tab sis tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev ntseeg, Vistula Dej phiab hauv tebchaws Poland yog suav tias yog tsev neeg ntawm cov Slavs.
Cov lus Slavic yog tsev neeg Indo-European lus. Cov lus nug ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv lub tsev ntawm Indo-Europeans tseem qhib. Anatolian, Greek, Armenian, Indo-Iranian thiab Thracian cov lus cais ntawm nws tus kheej los ntawm Proto-Indo-European lus, thaum Italic, Celtic, Slavic, Baltic thiab Germanic proto-language tsis muaj nyob. Lawv suav hais tias yog ib qho lus sib thooj ntawm cov neeg European thaum ub, thiab lawv kev sib cais tau tshwm sim nyob rau lub sijhawm hloov chaw nyob thoob plaws thaj tsam ntawm Europe.
Hauv cov ntawv nyeem, muaj kev sib cav txog seb puas muaj keeb kwm hauv zej zog Balto-Slavic cov lus lossis muaj kev sib cuag mus sij hawm ntev ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Slavs thiab Balts, uas cuam tshuam qhov sib thooj ntawm cov lus. Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no qhia tias, ua ntej, Proto-Slavs tsuas muaj kev sib cuag nrog Western Balts (cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Prussians), thiab qhov thib ob, lawv tau pib muaj kev sib cuag nrog pab pawg Proto-Germanic, tshwj xeeb, nrog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Lub Saxons, uas tau sau tseg hauv cov lus ntawm qhov kawg … Cov kev sib cuag no tsuas tuaj yeem ua nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Poland tam sim no, uas lees paub qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm Proto-Slavs thaum ntxov hauv Vistula-Oder cuam tshuam.
Lub tebchaws no yog lawv tsev neeg nyob sab Europe.
Thawj qhov pov thawj keeb kwm
Thawj thawj zaug, cov lus hais txog Vendians lossis Slavs tshwm rau ntawm nplooj ntawv Roman cov ntawv sau thaum pib ntawm peb txhiab xyoo. Yog li, Gaius Pliny the Elder (23 / 24-79 AD) tau sau txog qhov tseeb tias Sarmatians thiab Veneti nyob nrog lwm haiv neeg nyob sab hnub tuaj ntawm Europe. Claudius Ptolemy (tuag 178 AD) taw tes rau lub hiav txwv, hu nws ua Venedian, tam sim no, xav tias yog Gulf of Gdansk hauv Poland, nws kuj sau txog Venedian roob, tej zaum yog Carpathians. Tab sis Tacitus [Gaius Cornelius Tacitus] (50s - 120 AD) sib cav raws li hauv qab no:
"Kuv tsis paub tiag tiag yog Pevkins [pawg neeg Germanic], Wends thiab Fenns tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau cov neeg German lossis Sarmatians … Cov Wends tau txais ntau yam ntawm lawv cov kev coj noj coj ua, vim yog kev ua phem rau lawv nyiag los ntawm hav zoov thiab roob, uas tsuas muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm Pevkins thiab Fenns. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tuaj yeem suav nrog ntawm cov neeg German, vim tias lawv tsim tsev rau lawv tus kheej, hnav daim ntaub thaiv thiab txav mus los ntawm ko taw, thiab ntxiv rau qhov nrawm; txhua qhov no cais lawv los ntawm Sarmatians, uas siv lawv lub neej tag nrho hauv lub laub thiab caij nees. " [Tacit. G.46].
Lub npe thaum ntxov ntawm Slavs
Raws li peb tau hais los lawm, cov neeg sau ntawv thaum ub, zoo li cov neeg thaum ub, nyob rau lub xyoo txhiab tig los, hu ua cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Slavs "Wends". Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias nyob rau lub sijhawm qub tau hais tseg tsis yog tsuas yog Slavs, tab sis txhua pab pawg ntawm Slavic-Baltic pawg lus, txij li rau cov neeg Greek thiab Loos thaj av no tau nyob deb thiab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws tau tawg, thiab feem ntau yooj yim heev.
Lo lus no tau muaj sia nyob hauv Finnish thiab German, thiab niaj hnub no lawv hu Luga Sorbs lossis Western Slavs - Wendel lossis Wende. Nws tuaj qhov twg tuaj?
Tej zaum, qee tus kws tshawb fawb ntseeg, qhov no yog lub npe ntawm qee pawg thawj pab pawg neeg tsiv los ntawm Vistula River phiab mus rau sab hnub poob thiab sab qaum teb, mus rau thaj chaw uas cov neeg German nyob, thiab, raws li pawg neeg Finnish.
Lwm tus kws sau ntawv ntseeg tias qhov no yog lub npe ntawm haiv neeg tsis yog Slavic, raws li tau tham hauv qab no.
Los ntawm xyoo pua VI. "Wends" tau pom meej nyob hauv sab qaum teb ntawm Central Europe, nyob rau sab hnub poob lawv tau hla dhau ciam teb ntawm Oder, thiab sab hnub tuaj - mus rau sab xis ntawm Vistula.
Lub npe tiag tiag "Slavs" tshwm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nyob rau xyoo pua 6. ntawm Jordan thiab Procopius, thaum ob tus kws sau ntawv tuaj yeem paub tus sawv cev ntawm cov neeg no. Procopius ntawm Caesarea, yog tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm tus thawj coj Belisarius, ntau dua ib zaug nws tus kheej tau tshuaj xyuas thiab piav qhia txog kev ua ntawm cov tub rog Slavic.
Kuj tseem muaj lub tswv yim hais tias yog lo lus "Wends - Veneti" yog kev sib tham, tom qab ntawd "Sklavins" lossis "Slavs" muaj phau ntawv keeb kwm, xws li, piv txwv li, lo lus "lwg".
Tsis muaj lus teb meej txog lub npe no tuaj qhov twg tuaj. Txog rau thaum xyoo pua puas xyoo. nws tau ntseeg tias tau muab los ntawm lo lus "yeeb koob" (gloriosi). Lwm tsab ntawv, uas tseem tau nthuav tawm mus txog rau xyoo pua puv 19, qhia txog kev sib txuas ntawm lo lus "Slav" thiab "qhev", lo lus zoo ib yam hauv ntau yam lus European.
Cov kev xav niaj hnub no qhia ob txoj kev daws teeb meem no. Thawj qhov txuas nws nrog cov chaw ntawm qhov pib nyob ntawm Slavs, cov neeg nyob raws ntug dej hiav txwv. Ua nws los ntawm lo lus "ntws, dej ntws", los ntawm no: tus dej Sluya, Slavnitsa, Stawa, Stawica.
Feem coob ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb yog cov thwjtim ntawm lwm txoj kev xav, lawv ntseeg tias lub suab lus los ntawm "lo lus" - verbosi: hais lus, "hais lus meej", "tib neeg hais lus meej", tsis zoo li "Germans" - lawv tsis tuaj yeem hais lus, ruam.
Peb ntsib nws hauv cov npe ntawm pab pawg thiab cov neeg niaj hnub no: Novgorod Slovenia (Ancient Rus), Slovaks (Slovakia), Slovenes (Slovenia thiab lwm lub tebchaws Balkan), Slovinians-Kashubs (Poland).
Early Slavs thiab Celts
Nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Vistula-Oder cuam tshuam, cov neeg Slavs thaum ub (Pshevorskaya keeb kwm kev coj noj coj ua) muaj thawj tus neeg sib tham nrog Celts tsiv mus rau thaj chaw no.
Los ntawm lub sijhawm no, Celts tau mus txog qhov siab hauv kev txhim kho cov khoom siv kab lis kev cai, uas tau xav txog hauv keeb kwm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm La Tène (La Tène kev hais daws, Switzerland). Lub zej zog Celtic ntawm Tebchaws Europe nyob rau lub sijhawm no tuaj yeem txhais tau tias "ua siab loj", nrog kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov thawj coj thiab cov neeg siab phem, pab pawg thiab kev ua tub rog ntawm txhua lub neej, suav nrog cov pab pawg ua pawg.
Cov Celts tau ua ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo rau keeb kwm ntawm metallurgy hauv Europe: tag nrho cov kws ua hlau ntau lawm tau tsim los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm.
Lawv tau kawm txuj ci thev naus laus zis ntawm vuam, tawv, ua ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tsim cov cuab yeej hlau, thiab, ntawm chav kawm, riam phom. Qhov tseeb tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm Celtic zej zog yog txheej txheem kev tsim kho hauv nroog, los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog nrog nws uas cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm cuam tshuam txog lub sijhawm tseem ceeb tshiab: txij li nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua II. BC NS. tsis muaj cov cuab yeej siv tub rog raug kaw hauv Celtic faus.
Peb paub lub nroog Celtic loj ntawm Alesia (97 hectares), Bibracta (135 hectares) thiab Gergovia (Clermont) (75 hectares) thiab lwm yam.
Tib neeg tab tom txav mus rau theem tshiab, hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev muaj nyiaj ntau, thaum riam phom poob lawv lub cim tseem ceeb. Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas ib nthwv dej ntawm Celtic tsiv teb tsaws chaw tau mus txog qhov siab tshaj ntawm Vistula hauv Central Europe hauv xyoo pua II. BC e., Txij lub sijhawm no pib lub sijhawm sib cuam tshuam ntawm Slavs thiab Celts thaum ntxov. Los ntawm lub sijhawm no, Przeworsk kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm pib tsim.
Przeworsk keeb kwm kev coj noj coj ua yog cuam tshuam nrog Slavs thaum ntxov, txawm hais tias muaj cov cim ntawm kev nyob ntawm Celts thiab Germans pom nyob ntawm nws thaj chaw. Monuments ntawm archaeology muab ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev txhim kho ntawm cov khoom siv kab lis kev cai, khoom cuav ua tim khawv rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua tub rog ntawm cov Slavs thaum tig ntawm lub xyoo txhiab.
Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam yog txheej txheem ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm Celts, uas yog nyob rau qib siab ntawm kev txhim kho, ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm Slavs, uas tau xav txog hauv cov tuam tsev kev ntseeg thiab kev faus neeg. Tsawg kawg, dab tsi tuaj yeem txiav txim hnub no yog qhov yuav tshwm sim. Tshwj xeeb, hauv kev tsim kho nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab ntawm cov tuam tsev pagan ntawm Western Slavs hauv Arkona, ntawm cov kob Rügen, cov kws sau keeb kwm pom cov yam ntxwv ntawm Celtic cov tuam tsev kev ntseeg. Tab sis yog tias riam phom ploj hauv qhov ntxa ntawm Celts ntawm nruab nrab Tebchaws Europe, tom qab ntawd nyob ib puag ncig ntawm Celtic ntiaj teb lawv nyob twj ywm, uas yog qhov nkag siab tau zoo nyob hauv qhov kev nthuav dav ntawm kev ua tub rog. Thiab cov Slavs pib siv tib txoj kev cai.
Kev koom tes ntawm Celts hauv kev tsim Przeworsk kab lis kev cai coj mus rau thawj qhov kev faib loj hauv keeb kwm ntawm Slavs: mus rau yav qab teb (nruab nrab Europe) thiab sab qaum teb (Powisle). Kev txav mus los ntawm Celts hauv Central Europe, muaj peev xwm ua tau los ntawm kev nthuav dav tub rog mus rau thaj tsam Vistula, yuam qee pawg neeg hauv nroog pib txav mus rau thaj tsam Dnieper. Lawv mus ntawm thaj tsam Vistula thiab Volyn mus rau thaj tsam Dniester sab saud thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog mus rau Middle Dnieper. Qhov kev txav no, tig mus, ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm pab pawg neeg Baltic (Zarubinskaya keeb kwm kev coj noj coj ua) uas nyob ntawm no mus rau sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub tuaj.
Txawm hais tias qee tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los koom nrog Zarubinskaya kab lis kev cai nrog Slavs.
Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas cov neeg nyob sab hnub poob ntawm Slavs thaum ub pib hu lawv tias "Venets". Thiab ntawm no, ib yam, muaj kab Celtic.
Ib qho ntawm qhov kev xav yog ua raws qhov tseeb tias lub npe "Veneta" yog tus kheej lub npe ntawm pab pawg neeg Celtic uas nyob hauv Powisle, tab sis thaum lawv tawm tsam nrog cov neeg German thaum pib ntawm peb lub sijhawm, lawv thim rov qab mus rau thaj av ntawm sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Poland tam sim no, qhov uas lawv kov yeej Proto-Slavs thiab muab lawv lub npe: "Wends" lossis "Veneti".
Lwm tus kws sau ntawv ntseeg tias qhov no yog lub npe ntawm haiv neeg tsis yog Slavic uas tau tsiv mus rau sab qab teb, thiab los ntawm lub npe no cov neeg nyob ze tau pib hu cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Slavs uas tseem nyob ntawm no.
Armament ntawm Slavs nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov lub sij hawm
Tacitus, raws li peb pom, hais rau peb me me, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv no tsis muaj nuj nqis, txij li peb tab tom tham txog Slavs feem ntau yog cov neeg nyob ntsiag to uas tsis nyob zoo li Sarmatians hauv lub tsheb, tab sis tsim tsev, uas tau lees paub los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, thiab raws li lawv cov riam phom zoo ib yam li lawv cov neeg nyob sab hnub poob.
Ntawm cov Slavs, zoo li feem ntau ntawm cov pab pawg neeg uas tau nyob hauv thaj tsam hav zoov-steppe thiab tau mus rau txoj kev ntawm kev txhim kho keeb kwm, hom tseem ceeb ntawm riam phom yog hmuv, uas, ib txwm, tshuav lawv cov keeb kwm rau cov ntse. Muab kev sib cuag thaum ntxov nrog Celts, uas nws lub zej zog nyob rau theem siab dua ntawm kev tsim khoom, kev cuam tshuam hauv riam phom yog pom tseeb ntawm no. Nws tseem tau xav txog hauv kev pam tuag, thaum riam phom lossis ib qho tho thiab txiav cov cuab yeej raug puas ntsoog. Nov yog qhov Celts tau ua thaum faus cov tub rog tub rog.
Diodorus Siculus, (80-20 BC) sau tias:
“… Lawv [Celts. - V. E.] sib ntaus nrog ntaj ntev, uas tau hnav, dai rau ntawm cov hlau lossis tooj liab txuas mus rau sab xis … dav - me ntsis tsawg dua dipalesta (15, 5 cm) ". [Diodorus Siculus "Bibliotheca Historica" V. 30.3., V.30.4.]
Thaum lub sijhawm sib tham nrog Celts thaum ntxov, cov Slavs nquag siv Celtic ntev thiab nqaim tus hmuv nrog lub ntsej muag zoo.
Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau lub sijhawm Loos thaum ub, cov hmuv Slavic muaj cov ntsiab lus nrog cov nplooj ntoo luv, thiab nyob rau lub sijhawm Roman lig - nrog lub luv rhomboid lossis nplooj zoo li tus taw tes, nrog tus tav nthuav tawm ib feem ntawm lub tes tsho.
Thaum ntxov heev, uas yog qhov txawv txav rau thaj tsam hav zoov-steppe, cov Slavs pib siv spurs, tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov mos txwv, uas cov neeg Iran hais lus steppe horsemen ntawm Eastern Europe tsis muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Hauv qhov chaw faus neeg ntawm Przeworsk kab lis kev cai, tsis tsuas yog pom cov taub hau xwb, tab sis kuj tseem ua rau tawg. Yog li, cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Slavs pib ntxov txaus siv nees hauv kev sib ntaus. Tej zaum nws tsuas yog txhais tau tias kev xa khoom rau tus tub rog, zoo li tau tshwm sim ntawm ntau lwm cov neeg hauv hav zoov, piv txwv li, tom qab ntawd, Scandinavians. Tab sis muaj cov spurs, uas muaj tetrahedral lossis cylindrical qaum, feem ntau yuav hais txog qhov xav tau los tswj tus nees, thiab feem ntau yuav tshwm sim thaum lub zog nres nees.
Tacitus sau hais tias Slavs siv daim ntaub thaiv; los ntawm kev tshawb pom keeb kwm, peb paub tias lub xub pwg ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog no yog conical nrog tus pos ntev lossis nrog lub caj dab cylindrical xaus rau hauv cov pos pos. Qhov loj me lossis qhov ntsuas twg yog cov ntaub thaiv npog, ib tus tuaj yeem kwv yees tau, tej zaum lawv zoo ib yam li cov neeg nyob sib ze. Tej zaum, lawv tau ua los ntawm cov khoom siv kho kom zoo nkauj - ntoo, muaj peev xwm npog nrog tawv kom ntseeg tau, lub paj tau txuas nrog lawv. Cov ntaub thaiv npog tau riveted los ntawm thiab dhau los. Hauv lub xub pwg nyom, kev cuam tshuam tsis yog tsuas yog Celts, tab sis kuj yog cov neeg German thaum ub pom tau yooj yim, thiab los ntawm lawv cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg Loos raws li cov khoom siv kev coj noj coj ua tau nthuav dav mus rau tag nrho cov neeg ntiaj teb kev npam ntawm Europe.
Cov Slavs, raws li tuaj yeem kwv yees tau, tseem tsis tau txog theem ntawm kev ua hlau thaum nws yuav ua kom cov khoom siv ntau lossis cov cuab yeej siv cuab yeej siv siab. Lawv tsis tshua muaj neeg tsawg, tab sis lawv siv ntaj thiab Saxons.
Ntaj, ntawm chav kawm, yog riam phom kim heev, thiab muaj Saxon nyob rau hauv riam phom ntawm Slavs thaum ntxov rov hais lus rau peb ntawm Germanic cawv. Nov yog rab ntaj dav ib leeg nrog rau kev tsim khoom siv tib yam li ntaj.
Ob peb qhov piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub qhwv los yog cov tsiaj txhu tau nqis los rau peb. Lawv ua tim khawv rau qhov siab ntawm lawv tus tswv. Ntawm kev txaus siab tshwj xeeb yog cov ntaj los ntawm Grinev faus av (Ukrainian Griniv), ib lub zos hauv Pustomytovsky koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cheeb tsam Lvov ntawm Ukraine (Upper Dniester cheeb tsam).
Obverse tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov phaj qhib tooj liab tooj liab piav qhia txog qhov sib txawv: tus dais nrog cov tsiaj txhu, griffin, ob daim duab, tejzaum nws yog tus phab ej thiab vajtswv poj niam, thiab, thaum kawg, tus neeg caij nees nrog daim ntaub thaiv me me thiab hmuv. Kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm riam phom yog cuam tshuam nrog Celtic, thiab tej zaum Roman kev cuam tshuam, thiab tau tshwm sim nyob hauv Europe nruab nrab hauv ib puas xyoo dhau los BC. NS.
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm keeb kwm, peb tsis tuaj yeem hais tias Proto-Slavs siv hneev thiab xib xub hauv kev ua tsov rog, lossis lawv cov xub tsis muaj cov lus qhia hlau. Cov xub xub tsis tshua pom nyob hauv kev faus los ntawm lub sijhawm no. Cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig Germanic thiab Celtic siv cov riam phom no tsis zoo, thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev coj noj coj ua nom tswv tau xav tsuas yog nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm ciam teb ntawm Slavs thaum ntxov.
Cov peev txheej thiab Ntawv Sau:
Diodorus ntawm Siculus Lub tsev qiv ntawv keeb kwm. Phau ntawv IV - VII. ib. los ntawm ancient Greek., nkag. tsab xov xwm thiab lus pom los ntawm O. P Tsybenko. PAB, 2005.
Cornelius Tacitus. Kev sib xyaw hauv ob qho tag nrho. SWB, 1993.
PVL. Kev npaj cov ntawv, txhais lus, kab lus thiab lus pom Likhachev D. S. SPb., 1996.
Podosinov A. V., Skrzhinskaya M. V. Roman qhov chaw nyob: Pomponius Mela thiab Pliny tus Txwj Laug. M., 2011.
Archaeology: Phau ntawv / Kho los ntawm kws tshawb fawb ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb V. L. Yanin. M., 2006.
Babichev AS Comment // Cornelius Tacitus. Kev sib xyaw hauv ob qho tag nrho. S-Peb., 1993.
Martynov V. V. Praradism ntawm Slavs. Kev ntseeg lus. Mansk. 1998.
Niederle L. Slavic antiquities, M., 2013.
Sedov V. V. Slavs. Cov neeg Lavxias qub. Kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm. M., 2005
Tretyakov P. N. Nyob rau hauv cov footsteps ntawm ancient Slavic pab pawg neeg. Ib., 1982.
Shakhmatov A. A. Rau lo lus nug ntawm kev sib raug zoo Finnish-Celtic Finnish-Slavic. Ntu 1-2 // Xov Xwm ntawm Imperial Academy of Sciences. Series 6. Social sciences. 1911. Ntu 1. No. 9. S707-724, Ntu 2. Tsis yog 10.
Rosen-Przerworska J. Spadek rau Celtach. Wroclaw; Warszawa; Krakὸw; Gdansk. Xyoo 1979.
