"… nws muaj qhov nrawm ntawm tus unicorn."
(Xwm Txheej Taug Kev 24: 8)
Keeb kwm ntawm phom. Yog li, zaum kawg peb pom tias txhawm rau txhawm rau nce qhov hluav taws kub, cov kws siv phom pib tso rab yaj phom thiab txawm tias rab phom nrog ob, peb, plaub, rau thiab rau xya rab phom. Qhov no tau nce lub peev xwm ntawm tus tua, tab sis ua rau riam phom loj thiab hnyav.
Yuav ua li cas ua ke tus nees thiab tus nquab ua rau kom hnyav tsis hnyav tshwj xeeb, thiab tsuas muaj ib lub thoob, thiab muaj ntau qhov txhaj tshuaj? Thiab tag nrho cov no nyob ntawm xub ntiag ntawm cov hmoov dub thiab puag ncig cov mos txwv.
Pom zoo tias qhov no ua rau cov peev txheej ntawm cov neeg tsim riam phom tsawg heev, yog li thaum pib lawv coj txoj hauv kev yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab tsim Espignol system. Nws yog cov khoom siv tooj liab tooj liab uas zoo ib yam, hnav nrog tus pas nrig ntawm tus tuav (riam phom zoo ib yam ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th), uas cov hlua hluav taws xob tau ntxig rau kom txog thaum kawg, thiab tom qab ntawd cov nqi raug txuas ntxiv, uas tau ua tib zoo tiv thaiv nrog wads los ntawm txhua lwm yam. Espignol ua zoo li no: txoj hlua tau raug hluav taws, thiab kev txhaj tshuaj los ntawm lub thoob tau ua raws ib qho tom qab ib ntus. Yuav muaj 5-7 qhov kev txhaj tshuaj thiab, txiav txim siab tias yuav muaj ntau tus neeg tua nrog riam phom no, nws hloov tawm tias qhov hluav taws kub tsis siv neeg tiag tiag tau raug tua ntawm tus yeeb ncuab.
Qhov kom zoo dua kuj yog qhov no nws tuaj yeem them tus nqi phom ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd thiab, tau muab "tawg" los ntawm nws, tom qab ntawd tua los ntawm nws nrog txhaj ib zaug, teeb hluav taws kom them los ntawm qhov hluav taws. Tau kawg, sai li sai tau cov hmoov av tawg los ntawm qhov chaw mus rau tom qab them nqi, lub thoob tawg.
Txawm hais tias qhov tsis zoo no, cov kab ke tau nthuav dav thoob plaws Europe. Piv txwv li, hauv tebchaws Askiv xyoo 1785 rab phom rab phom ntau rab phom tau tso tawm, nyob rau hauv uas ib lub flintlock tau taws ob peb nqi ua ntu zus. Nws tau txav mus tom qab txhua qhov rov qab mus rau lub qhov hluav taws kub tom ntej, ua tsaug rau nias qhov thib ob "ua". Yog lawm, tus tua yuav tsum tau ntxiv rab phom mus rau lub txee tom qab txhua qhov txhaj tshuaj thiab tsoo tus rauj, tab sis nws tseem nrawm dua txhua lub sijhawm, dua li, nchuav cov hmoov av mus rau hauv lub thoob thiab rauj rab phom nrog rab ramrod. Ntawm no, tag nrho cov haujlwm no tau ua tiav yam yooj yim, ua ntej, uas tau tso cai rau tus tswv ntawm rab phom me me hauv qhov xwm txheej nyuaj los tua ob peb zaug ua ke, siv sijhawm tsawg kawg ntawm qhov no.
Xyoo 1800 hauv London tus kws ntaus phom HW Mortimer tau ua cov cuab yeej zoo ib yam, rab phom, uas lub xauv tau txav los ntawm lub thoob mus rau lub taub. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua tus tau dhau los ntawm tsab ntawv foob pob ntawm xyoo 1815, uas muaj ob lub pob zeb xauv rau ntawm lub thoob ib zaug! Thawj zaug, thaum ua rau, tua hluav taws rau "garland" ntawm 11 tus nqi, tus nqi thib 12 yog ib qho tseg thiab tau tua hluav taws los ntawm qhov ntsuas thib ob, ua tsaug uas cov tub rog tuaj yeem siv nws ua ib zaug.
Tam sim no xav txog qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua yuav dhau los yog tias pab tub rog Askiv tau siv lub pob zeb zoo li no?
Huab ntawm cov pa luam yeeb, tsim los ntawm ntau qhov kev txhaj tshuaj los ntawm thawj kab, yuav npog tag nrho lub hom phiaj los ntawm cov tua. Cov yeeb ncuab cov tub rog (tom qab lawv thawj tus phooj ywg yuav tau poob) tuaj yeem zaum tau zoo thiab tos tag nrho cov hluav taws uas puas tsuaj no, thiab nrog lawv cov ntaus nrig rov qab los, sai li sai tau cov pa luam yeeb pib ploj mus, ua rau tsis muaj kev poob qis rau lawv. Yog li qhov kev ua si, raws li nws muab tawm, yog kiag li tsis tsim nyog tus tswm ciab!
Kaspar Kalthoff tau pib nws txoj haujlwm ua tus kws siv phom hauv tebchaws Askiv, tab sis vim yog kev hloov pauv nws tau raug yuam kom tsiv mus rau nws lub teb chaws ua ntej, mus rau Netherlands, tom qab ntawd mus rau Denmark, tab sis tom qab kho Charles II nws muaj peev xwm rov qab mus rau London. Nws yog nws tus uas tau ua thawj rab phom sib tua, thiab txawm tias muaj lub log xauv, thiab tom qab ntawd tso tawm ob peb tus qauv nrog xauv qhov flint. Tsis tas li ntawd, xya rab phom uas nws tau ua khoom plig rau kev ua haujlwm tau xaus rau hauv Russia thiab xaus rau hauv kev muaj Tsarevich Fyodor Alekseevich, thiab tom qab ntawd sau hauv Kremlin Armory. Muaj rab phom zoo sib xws hauv Xeev Hermitage. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau ua vim yog ua haujlwm nrog tus tiv thaiv tus tiv thaiv, uas yog tib lub sijhawm cov mos txwv pub rau qib.
Peter Kalthoff (Caspar lub npe) txawm tias tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj hauv tebchaws Netherlands xyoo 1641 rau nws rab phom flintlock nrog rab phom phom phom hauv qab taub hau thiab cov ntawv xov xwm mos txwv ua ntej.
Kuj tseem muaj ntau tus kws siv phom ua haujlwm ntawm cov kab ke zoo sib xws. Txawm li cas los xij, yuav luag txhua qhov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov riam phom no tau tswj hwm los ntawm Mikael Lorenzoni los ntawm Florence, uas ua haujlwm nyob rau tiam 17th - thaum ntxov 18th centuries.
Tsis muaj ntau rab phom uas ua los ntawm nws tau muaj txoj sia nyob, tshwj xeeb yog cov uas tau kos npe los ntawm nws, thaum paub qee qhov kev coj ua zoo. Lorenzoni yug hauv Siena thiab nyob tag nrho nws lub neej hauv Florence, qhov chaw nws tuag xyoo 1733. Nws cov kev pabcuam tau siv los ntawm Medici lub tsev hais plaub, qhov uas nws sib tw nrog rab phom Matteo Cecchi, nws lub npe yog Aquafresca (1651-1738). Daim ntawv tshaj tawm ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm Lorenzoni yog hais txog rab phom sib tua, tau los ntawm nws xyoo 1684 los ntawm tus xaiv tsa ntawm Saxony, Johann George III (1647-1691).
Raws li rab yaj phom kos npe los ntawm "Lorenzoni" los ntawm kev sau ntawm Metropolitan Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Kev Kos Duab hauv New York, nws muaj tus tuav walnut, thiab kos duab rau nws hais txog cov duab luam tawm los ntawm Claude Simonin (1635-1693), Adrian Rainier tus Hluas (kwv yees. 1680-1743) thiab Charles Reignier (kwv yees li 1700-1752) (ob qho tib si hu ua "Dutch"), thiab zoo ib yam li Fab Kis.
Lorenzoni cov txheej txheem yog kev txhim kho tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim los ntawm cov kws siv phom hauv tebchaws Danish Peter Kaltoff (d. 1672) thiab siv los ntawm cov kws siv phom ntawm Sab Qaum Teb Europe nyob rau peb lub hlis twg ntawm xyoo 17th.
Txawm hais tias nws yog qhov nyuaj, nws tso cai txog kaum qhov kev sib tw sib tua kom raug rho tawm, thiab rau kev rov qhib nws siv ob phau ntawv sib cais rau rab phom thiab cov mos txwv zais hauv qhov tuav. Txhawm rau thauj cov riam phom, rab yaj phom tau tuav nrog lub thoob, thiab cov hlau tuav ntawm sab laug tau tig ib puas thiab yim caum degrees kom cov phom thiab cov mos txwv tsoo ob chav hauv lub tog raj kheej tooj dag. Tom qab ntawd tus kov tau tig rov qab rau nws txoj haujlwm qub. Hauv qhov no, lub mos txwv thiab rab phom nrog lub thoob poob rau hauv lub thoob. Ntxiv mus, tib lub sijhawm, lub tswb nrov nrov, lub qhov rooj kaw tau qhib, thiab cov hmoov txheej tau nchuav rau saum lub txee.
Kev paub dhau los tau qhia tias qhov no yog thev naus laus zis txhim khu kev qha tshaj plaws rau kev tsim cov phom phom ntau yam ua ntej txhim kho cov txheej txheem tig rov los. Yog li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tsis muaj qhov xav tsis thoob uas Lorenzoni tau siv los ntawm cov kws siv phom thoob plaws teb chaws Europe thiab UK ntau tshaj li ib puas xyoo tom qab nws tsim.
Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, nws tau nrov tshwj xeeb hauv Great Britain, qhov uas nws tau siv los ntawm cov kws siv phom London zoo li Henry Knock (1741-1804) thiab Harvey Walkleight Mortimer (1753-1819). Cov Met sau ua ke suav nrog ob rab yaj phom Lorenzoni los ntawm Harvey Mortimer, ib qho uas yog ib qho piv txwv tsis tshua muaj nqa lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson (1758-1805).
Qhov tseeb, kev tsim Lorenzoni kuj tau suav nrog cov kws siv phom Italian Giacomo Berselli los ntawm Bologna thiab Rome, uas, txawm li cas los xij, tsis cuam tshuam los ntawm nws qhov txiaj ntsig. Ntxiv mus, Lorenzoni tsis yog rab phom xwb, tabsis tseem siv phom, siv peb lub qauv ntawm nws cov txheej txheem, sib txawv hauv qhov chaw ntawm cov hmoov ntim thiab teeb tsa cov khoom siv ntxiv.
Cov phom phom Askiv ntawm hom no tau txawv los ntawm lawv cov kev ua tau zoo, uas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm qib ntawm kev ua tiav los ntawm lub sijhawm no hauv tebchaws Askiv.
