Cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau muaj peev xwm 37 hli tau nrov tsis yog hauv Wehrmacht thiab Luftwaffe, tab sis kuj tseem nyob hauv Kriegsmarine. Txawm li cas los xij, German admirals tsis txaus siab nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tsim rau hauv av. Cov neeg tsav nkoj tau ntseeg tias lub lawj 37-mm phom tiv thaiv dav hlau yuav tsum muaj qhov raug zoo dua thiab ntau qhov kev tua ntau dua.
Xyoo 1920s lig, Rheinmetall Borsig AG thiab Friedrich Krupp AG tau pib tsim cov phom me me uas muaj rab peev xwm los daws tau cov haujlwm tiv thaiv huab cua thiab sib ntaus sib tua hauv nkoj ceev. Tom qab tsim muaj ntau qhov kev sim phom loj, Rheinmetall txhawj xeeb nthuav tawm 37-mm universal rab phom ceev 3, 7 cm SK C / 30. Cov ntawv "SK" hauv qhov cim ntawm rab phom sawv rau Schiffskanone (German phom phom), thiab "C" sawv rau Construktionsjahr (German rau xyoo tsim), qhia txog ob tus lej kawg ntawm lub xyoo cais los ntawm ib feem. Qhov kev saws me nyuam ntawm cov tub rog 37-mm tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab -30s, tom qab Nazis tau los ua hwj chim thiab tsis kam ua raws li cov lus cog tseg ntawm Versailles. Yog li, 3, 7 cm SK C / 30 tau dhau los ua thawj rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau 37-mm, uas tau nkag mus rau hauv kev pabcuam nrog lub nkoj German tom qab kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Kawg. Txog rau qhov kev siv phom loj, muaj zog sib tua zoo rau qhov ntsuas no nrog 381 hli rooj plaub ntev tau tsim. Tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj ib leeg yog 516.5 mm. Hauv qhov ntev tsis ntev heev (ntev 2960 mm lossis 83 caliber), cov cuab yeej siv phom loj rau lub foob pob hluav taws tracer 3, 7 cm Pzgr Patr L'spur Zerl hnyav 745 g nrawm rau 1000 m / s. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov mos txwv thauj khoom suav nrog kev txhaj tshuaj nrog kev faib tawg-tracer thiab kev tawg-tawg-incendiary-tracer shells. Yuav kom txo tau qhov hnav, cov phiaj xwm nrog cov hlau-ceramic ua txoj siv sia tau txais.
Hais txog kev tua hluav taws ntau thiab nce mus txog qhov siab, 37-mm phom tub rog tseem ceeb tshaj cov phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau ntawm tib lub peev xwm, tab sis 37x380R puag ncig tsis hloov pauv nrog 37-mm tiv thaiv lub tank, tiv thaiv dav hlau thiab phom dav hlau. Raws li German cov ntaub ntawv, ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 2,000 m, 3,7 cm SK C / 30 tau raug ob zaug raws li 3,7 cm Flak 18 rub phom tiv thaiv dav hlau.
Ob rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau 3, 7 cm SK C / 30 sib xyaw ua ke ua qhov tsim tau zoo tshaj plaws nrog kev hais daws cov cuab yeej siv ncaj ncees. Yog li, nyob rau nruab nrab-30s, Cov Neeg German tau dhau los ua tus tho kev, txhim kho 37-hli tubrog nkoj ntxaib ntawm lub platform ruaj khov hauv peb lub dav hlau. Ob rab phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau ruaj khov tau txais lub npe Dopp. LC/30 (German: Doppellafette C / 30-Ob rab phom thauj khoom qauv ntawm xyoo 30). Nrog rau qhov hnyav tag nrho ntawm 3670 kg, yuav luag 20% ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm kev teeb tsa (630 kg) yog qhov hnyav ntawm qhov ua kom ruaj khov, uas tuaj yeem them nyiaj rau qhov xav tau los ntawm ib sab thiab ua kom lub nkoj nyob hauv +/- 19.5 °. Cov ces kaum ntawm kev taw qhia ntsug: los ntawm -9 ° txog + 85 °, thiab hauv kab rov tav dav hlau, tau muab hluav taws ncig. Ob rab phom muaj lub tshuab ua kom rov zoo li qub thiab lub tshuab rov qab caij nplooj ntoo hlav. Cov phom 37-hli tiv thaiv dav hlau tsis tau pib muaj kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv, tsis suav nrog 14-20 hli hlau "parapets" ntawm cov neeg caij nkoj thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua. Txawm li cas los xij, txij li xyoo 1942, cov kev teeb tsa no tau nruab nrog cov ntaub thaiv npog 8 hli hlau ua hlau.
Txawm hais tias 37-mm German tub rog ntxaib tau zoo dua hauv kev tua qhov raug rau txhua 37-40-mm naval thiab av phom tiv thaiv dav hlau uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, nws muaj ib nrab tsis siv neeg ntsug ntsug zawv zawg zawg zawg npoo nrog phau ntawv thauj khoom ntawm txhua qhov txhaj tshuaj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev sib tua ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau ncaj qha nyob ntawm qib kev qhia ntawm cov neeg coob thiab feem ntau tsis tshaj 60 rds / min, uas yuav luag ob zaug tsawg dua li ntawm thaj av ib rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau 3, 7 cm Flak 18. Txawm hais tias qhov no, ua ke 37 -mm kev teeb tsa tau tsim tawm hauv ntau qhov loj, tau nthuav dav thoob plaws hauv German fleet thiab tau siv rau feem ntau ntawm cov tub rog German ntawm cov chav kawm puas tsuaj thiab saum toj no. Cov neeg rhuav tshem nqa 2 lub tshuab zoo li no, lub nkoj cruisers muaj 4 lub tshuab ntxaib, lub nkoj hnyav muaj 6, kev sib ntaus sib tua muaj 8 lub chaw sib koom ua ke. Heev feem ntau lawv tau muab tso rau ntawm cov nkoj loj ntawm cov tub lag luam, uas tau koom nrog hauv kev thauj tub rog. Kev tsim tawm ntawm 3, 7 cm SK C / 30 tau xaus rau xyoo 1942, nrog rau tag nrho txog 1,600 rab phom ib leeg thiab ntxaib tsim.
Tom qab muaj kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam, nws muab tawm tias nrog nthwv dej muaj zog thiab txaws, txoj kev ruaj ntseg feem ntau ua tsis tau vim nkag los ntawm dej hiav txwv mus rau hauv cov hluav taws xob. Ib qho ntxiv, thaum lub zog tswj kev txav ntawm cov neeg tua rog tau tawm tsam los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab dav hlau, lub zog hluav taws xob tsis muaj zog tsis tas yuav muaj sijhawm los them rau qhov nrawm nrawm. Ntau qhov ua tsis tiav hauv kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua tsawg ntawm cov hluav taws tau dhau los ua qhov laj thawj uas cov neeg German xyoo 1943 pib hloov pauv cov phom ib nrab 3, 7 cm SK C / 30 37-mm ib leeg thiab rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau 3, 7 cm Flak M42 thiab 3, 7 cm Flak M42. Cov phom loj tsis siv neeg no tau tsim los ntawm Rheinmetall rau qhov xav tau ntawm Kringsmarine raws lub hauv paus ntawm cov phom loj ntawm 3, 7 cm Flak 36 tiv thaiv lub dav hlau phom tshuab.
Tom qab kev rhuav tshem qhov tsis ruaj khov uas tsis tsim nyog, kev tso tawm los tiv thaiv dav hlau tau ntxiv dag zog rau kev tiv thaiv huab cua ntawm cov hauv paus tub rog thiab chaw nres nkoj. Vim tias tsis muaj cov tsheb laij teb, qhov hnyav dua Dopp. LC/30 khub tau muab tso rau hauv txoj haujlwm nyob ruaj khov, thiab lawv kuj tau siv rau sab caj npab tiv thaiv dav hlau tsheb ciav hlau roj teeb.
Ntawm ntau lub nkoj pabcuam ntawm kev txav chaw me me, ib rab phom 37-hli ib lub tshuab tsis siv neeg Einh. LC/34 (Einheitslafette C / 34-Ib leeg nqa rab phom, qauv 34) tau teeb tsa nrog cov lus qhia ntsug: -10 … + 80 °. Kev taw qhia kab rov tav ntawm rab phom tau ua tiav vim nws txoj kev sib hloov dawb hauv kab rov tav dav hlau siv lub xub pwg so.
Rau kev taw qhia ntsug, muaj lub iav nqa lub tshuab. Qhov hnyav ntawm kev teeb tsa ib leeg tsis tshaj 2000 kg. Txij li xyoo 1942, daim ntaub thaiv npog tau siv los tiv thaiv cov neeg coob ntawm cov mos txwv thiab cov phom me.
Xyoo 1939, Ubts. LC/39 ib leeg-barreled 37-mm thoob ntiaj teb rab phom loj nrog 3, 7 cm SK C / 30U rab phom, tau npaj rau kev siv phom submarines, tau saws. Qhov hnyav ntawm qhov kev teeb tsa no tau txo mus rau 1400 kg, thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws kev taw qhia lub kaum sab xis tau coj mus rau 90 °. Ib qho ntxiv, cov hlau tsis xeb tau siv hauv kev tsim kho ntawm Ubts. LC/39. Txawm hais tias qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov phom tua phom ib nrab tsis tshaj 30 rds / min, nws muaj kev ntseeg tau ntau dua thiab kev cog lus ntau dua li cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau siv rau hauv av, thiab tuaj yeem coj mus rau qhov chaw tua sai dua. Lub tswv yim, German 37-mm universal phom loj tau nyob ze rau Soviet 45-mm semi-automatic 21-K rab phom thoob ntiaj teb, tab sis muaj rab phom zoo dua thiab qhov hluav taws kub zoo dua.
Pib xyoo 1943, tus lej tseem ceeb ntawm Einh. LC/34 thiab Ubts. LC/39 kev teeb tsa tau raug xa mus rau cov chaw tiv thaiv huab cua thiab muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw tiv thaiv ntawm phab ntsa Atlantic. Txawm hais tias los ntawm 1945 ib leeg thiab ntxaib ib leeg tsis siv neeg 37-mm rab phom thoob ntiaj teb tau suav tias yog tsis siv lawm, lawv txoj haujlwm tseem txuas ntxiv mus txog thaum kawg ntawm kev tawm tsam.
Ntxiv rau 37-hli phom tiv thaiv dav hlau uas tsim los ntawm lawv tus kheej lub tuam txhab, cov tub rog ntawm Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees muaj ntau rab phom uas tau siv tib lub peev xwm. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, hais txog yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm 1939 Soviet 37mm tsis siv phom tiv thaiv dav hlau, tseem hu ua 61-K.
Tom qab cov nroj tsuag npe tom qab. Kalinin No. 8 hauv Podlipki ze Moscow, hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm 30s, ua tsis tiav txoj kev tsim khoom loj ntawm 37-mm tiv thaiv lub dav hlau phom tshuab, cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov khoom tiav ib nrab uas tau txais los ntawm Rheinmetall tuam txhab, hauv USSR xyoo 1939 lawv tau txais daim ntawv 37-mm ntawm 40-mm tsis siv neeg phom tiv thaiv dav hlau Bofors L60. Hais txog nws cov yam ntxwv, Soviet 37-mm tiv thaiv lub dav hlau phom tshuab tau ze rau Swiss tsab. Qhov hnyav ntawm 61-K hauv qhov chaw sib ntaus yam tsis muaj ntaub thaiv npog yog 2100 kg, kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm hluav taws tau txog 120 rds / min. Ntsug taw qhia kaum: ntawm -5 txog + 85 °. Kev thauj khoom tau nqa tawm nrog cov yeeb yaj kiab ntawm 5 txhaj tshuaj, qhov hnyav ntawm daim clip nrog daim cartridges tau ntau dua 8 kg. Ib qho tawg tawg tracer grenade uas hnyav 732 g tau pib ua ntej ntawm 880 m / s, thiab cov kab ntau txog li 4000 mA cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tracer projectile hnyav 770 g nrog qhov pib ceev ntawm 870 m / s, ntawm qhov deb ntawm 500 m raws qhov ib txwm tuaj yeem nkag mus rau 45 mm cov cuab yeej … Piv rau German 37-mm anti-aircraft gun 3, 7 cm Flak 36, Soviet 37-mm automatic anti-aircraft gun ntawm 1939 tus qauv muaj qhov zoo me ntsis hauv cov yam ntxwv ntaus nrig. Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm qhov hluav taws kub ntawm 3, 7 cm Flak 36 thiab 61-K yog kwv yees tib yam. Lub phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau German muaj kev cog lus yooj yim dua thiab yooj yim ob lub tsheb thauj khoom, uas tuaj yeem rub ntawm qhov nrawm dua.
Txij xyoo 1939 txog 1945, ntau tshaj 12,000 37-mm 61-K phom tau xa mus rau cov tub rog tiv thaiv dav hlau ntawm Red Army. Raws li Lub Rau Hli 22, 1941, cov tub rog muaj txog 1200 phom tiv thaiv dav hlau. Thaum sib ntaus, cov neeg German tswj hwm kom tau txog 600 lub Soviet 37-hli phom tiv thaiv dav hlau, uas tau txais los ntawm Wehrmacht raws li lub npe 3, 7 cm Flak 39 (r).
Txawm li cas los xij, nyob hauv ib nrab ntawm kev ua tsov rog, Cov Neeg German tau ntsib qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov mos txwv rau ntes Soviet 37-hli phom tiv thaiv dav hlau, uas txwv lawv kev siv rau lawv lub hom phiaj. Hauv qhov no, xyoo 1944, feem ntau ntawm rab phom 61-K uas raug ntes tau siv los ua phom tiv thaiv lub tank hauv cov chaw muaj zog.
Tom qab Ltalis tshem tawm kev ua tsov rog thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1944, ntau dua 100 37 mm 37 mm / 54 Breda Mod phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau dhau los ua cov tub rog German. 1932/1938/1939, uas tau txais lub npe los ntawm cov neeg German 3, 7 cm Flak Breda (i).
Lub tshuab rab phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau 37-mm tau tsim los ntawm Breda los ntawm kev ntsuas phom 13.2-mm Hotchkiss M1930 tshuab rab phom, tau cog lus los ntawm Italian Navy los hloov lub qub tebchaws Askiv 40-mm hiav txwv tiv thaiv dav hlau phom QF 2 pounder Mark II. Txog rau rab phom phom tshiab ntawm cov tub rog tshiab, 37x232mm SR mos txwv tau txais. Kev thauj khoom tau nqa los ntawm lub thawv ntawv xov xwm rau rau puag ncig. Tus nqi hluav taws ntawm lub tshuab rab phom loj tuaj yeem hloov kho los ntawm 60 txog 120 rds / min. Lub foob pob tawg tawg tawg tawg hnyav 820 g tawm ntawm lub thoob nrog qhov pib nrawm txog 800 m / s. Kev tua ntau ntawm lub hom phiaj huab cua yog nce txog 4000 m. Kev sib tw tubrog nkoj sib tw Breda 37/54 mod 1932 ntawm lub rooj zaum ruaj khov hnyav txog 4 tons.
Txawm hais tias ua khub 37-hli phom tiv thaiv dav hlau "Breda" tuaj txog. Xyoo 1932 thiab 1938 tuaj yeem tua ntau dua 160 lub foob pob ib feeb, lawv tau muaj kev vibration ntau ntxiv thaum raug foob pob tawg, uas txo lawv qhov tseeb. Hauv qhov no, xyoo 1939, 37 mm / 54 Breda mod. Xyoo 1939 nrog rau cov khoom siv ntawm lub plhaub los ntawm sab laug. Cov phom tau xub tsim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv nyob ruaj ruaj ntawm lub tubular carriage, tsim los tso rau ntawm lub nkoj ntawm lub nkoj lossis hauv cov haujlwm nyob ruaj ruaj.
Xyoo 1942, 37-hli phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau muab tso rau hauv kev tsim ntawm thawj lub log qag log tsheb thiab lub laub qiv los ntawm kev ntes 40-mm Bofors. Qhov hnyav ntawm rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm ob rab phom nqa phom yog 1480 kg, ntawm lub tsheb Bofors-1970 kg. Ntsug taw qhia kaum - los ntawm -10 / +80 degrees.
Sib tham txog rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau me me uas siv los ntawm cov neeg German thaum ua tsov rog, nws tsis yooj yim sua kom tsis txhob hais txog tus qauv "thoob ntiaj teb" tiag tiag-rab phom Bofors L60 40-mm. Ib lub xov tooj ntawm cov peev txheej hais tias nws tsim qauv pib thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1. Xyoo 1918, cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm kev txhawj xeeb ntawm Friedrich Krupp AG tau ua haujlwm ntawm tus qauv ntawm rab phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau nrawm nrog lub tshuab tsis siv neeg raws li kev siv lub thim rov qab nrog lub ntsais luv. Hauv kev txuas nrog kev txwv txwv los ntawm Versailles Treaty ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, qhov kev txhim kho uas twb muaj lawm ntawm rab phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau tau raug xa mus rau Swedish lub tuam txhab AB Bofors, uas ua rau nqa phom mus rau qib uas yuav tsum tau ntawm kev ntseeg tau thiab muab nws rau lub peev xwm Cov neeg yuav khoom hauv xyoo 1932. Thaum pib, Swedish Navy tau txaus siab rau 40-mm phom ntev, tab sis 40-mm Bofors tau sib tw nrog 20-mm thiab 25-mm anti-aircraft phom. Raws li feem ntau yog rooj plaub, kev lees paub hauv tsev tau tshwm sim ntau dua li txawv teb chaws. Thawj tus neeg siv khoom ntawm L60 phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau xyoo 1932 yog Dutch lub nkoj, uas tau teeb tsa 5 khub 40mm kev teeb tsa ntawm lub teeb cruiser De Ruyter. Cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau teeb tsa ntawm kev txhim kho ruaj khov tsim los ntawm Dutch tuam txhab Hazemeyer.
Xyoo 1935, daim av ntawm rab phom no tau tshwm sim. Nws tau teeb tsa ntawm ob-lub tog uas tau rub lub laub, uas, thaum hloov mus rau qhov chaw tua, tau dai rau ntawm lub tsho. Yog tias xav tau sai, kev tua tuaj yeem nqa ncaj qha "ntawm lub log", yam tsis muaj cov txheej txheem ntxiv, tab sis nrog qhov raug tsawg dua. Qhov hnyav ntawm rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau hauv qhov chaw sib ntaus yog kwv yees li 2400 kg. Ntsug taw qhia kaum: ntawm -5 ° txog + 90 °. Tus nqi hluav taws: ntawm 120 txog 140 rds / min. Kev sib ntaus tua hluav taws - txog 60 rds / min. Suav: 5-6 tus neeg. Cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau thauj los ntawm kab rov tav tso rau hauv 4 kab.
Txog rab phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau tsim nyob hauv Sweden, tau siv 40x311R rab phom nrog rau ntau hom foob pob. Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb tau txiav txim siab qhov tawg-tracer 900 g projectile, nruab nrog 60 g ntawm TNT, tawm hauv lub thoob ntawm qhov ceev ntawm 850 m / s. Cov cuab yeej siv phom ntev 40 mm tau tho qhov hnyav 890 g, nrog qhov pib ceev ntawm 870 m / s, ntawm qhov deb ntawm 500 m tuaj yeem nkag mus rau 50 mm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv. Hais txog qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev tua thiab qhov hnyav, Bofors L60 rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau zoo dua me ntsis rau German thiab Soviet 37-mm tshuab rab phom 3, 7 cm Flak 36 thiab 61-K, muaj kwv yees li qhov sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov hluav taws, tab sis hnyav dua.
Hauv ib nrab ntawm 30s rub thiab naval 40-mm phom tiv thaiv dav hlau ntawm "Bofors" lub tuam txhab tau nrov nrog cov neeg siv khoom txawv teb chaws. Hauv Tebchaws Europe, ua ntej pib Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, lawv tau yuav lossis tau txais daim ntawv tso cai rau cov khoom lag luam: Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Hungary, Greece, Denmark, Ltalis, Netherlands, Norway thiab Poland, Finland, Fabkis thiab Yugoslavia.
Wehrmacht tau dhau los ua tus tswv ntawm 40-mm "Bofors" xyoo 1938, thaum, raws li Anschluss, 60 phom tiv thaiv dav hlau ntawm pab tub rog Austrian tau txais. Hauv tebchaws Yelemes, cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau no tau xaiv los ua 4, 0 cm Flak 28. Tom qab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Belgium, Holland, Greece, Denmark, Norway, Poland, Fabkis thiab Yugoslavia, txog 400 Bofors L60 phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau raug pov tseg. ntawm cov tub rog German. Ntxiv mus, tom qab kev ua haujlwm hauv German, kev tsim cov phom ntev 40 -mm tiv thaiv dav hlau txuas ntxiv ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom hauv qab no: Österreichinschen Staatsfabrik - hauv Austria, Hazemeyer B. V - hauv Netherlands, Waffenfabrik Kongsberg - hauv Norway. Hungarian metallurgical thiab tshuab tsim lub tuam txhab MÁVAG tau xa txog 1300 40-mm Bofors thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1944. Nrog rau qhov siab tshaj ntawm kev tsim cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau hauv kev sib piv nrog lwm lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe, Cov kws tsim khoom hauv Hungarian tau ua ntau yam kev hloov pauv tshiab, tshwj xeeb, lawv tau tsim thiab nthuav tawm rau hauv kev tsim khoom tshiab rau lub tshuab ua haujlwm ntawm qhov tig ib feem ntawm kev teeb tsa, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txo lub sijhawm qhia hauv lub dav hlau kab rov tav. Lub ncov ntawm kev tsim khoom ntawm "Bofors" ntawm cov tuam txhab tswj hwm los ntawm cov neeg German poob rau lub Peb Hlis-Plaub Hlis 1944, thaum txog 50 rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau hauv ib lub hlis tau muab rau cov neeg siv khoom.
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, Wehrmacht thiab Kringsmarine muaj ntau dua 2,000 raug ntes thiab tshiab 40-hli phom tiv thaiv dav hlau, txog 300 Bofors tau nyob hauv chav tiv thaiv dav hlau ntawm Luftwaffe. Kev tsim cov mos txwv rau lawv tau tsim los ntawm Renmetall cov chaw tsim khoom. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias Bofors L60 phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau, tsim tawm hauv ntau lub tebchaws, tau koom ua ke raws li cov mos txwv, tab sis feem ntau, vim cov qauv tsim hauv nroog thiab qhov sib txawv hauv kev tsim khoom siv tshuab, lawv tsis muaj cov chav sib pauv thiab hloov pauv tau. Nyob rau thawj theem, German hais kom daws qhov teeb meem no los ntawm kev siv 40-mm phom tiv thaiv dav hlau hauv cov tebchaws uas lawv tau tsim, uas ua rau nws tuaj yeem kho thiab muab phom rau ntawm cov chaw lag luam hauv zos.
Txawm li cas los xij, raws li qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub ntsej muag zuj zus, nrog rau qhov xav tau los them nyiaj rau qhov kev puas tsuaj uas tau tshwm sim, Bofors cov roj teeb tiv thaiv lub dav hlau tau hloov pauv los ntawm txoj haujlwm nyob tom qab ze dua rau pem hauv ntej, uas tau ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev khiav lag luam thiab txo kev npaj ua rog Thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov rog, "Bofors", zoo li lwm yam phom tiv thaiv dav hlau, feem ntau raug tua ntawm lub hom phiaj hauv av.
Ib qho piv txwv me ntsis paub yog 50-mm tsis siv neeg phom tiv thaiv dav hlau 5, 0 cm Flak 41 (Flugabwehrkanone 41). Kev tsim cov phom no pib thaum nruab nrab -30s, thaum cov tub rog pom tias nruab nrab ntawm 20-37-mm tshuab rab phom thiab 75-88-mm rab phom tsis siv neeg ntawm qhov siab ntawm 2000 txog 3500 m muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov nrawm- tua phom me-caliber tshuab rab phom tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua, thiab rau hnyav phom tiv thaiv dav hlau nrog lub fuse nyob deb, qhov siab no tseem me me. Txhawm rau daws qhov teeb meem, nws zoo li tsim nyog los tsim cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau ntawm qee qhov nruab nrab nruab nrab, thiab cov tsim qauv ntawm Rheinmetall Borsig AG kev txhawj xeeb tau xaiv rau 50-mm 50x345B puag ncig.
Kev sim ntawm tsab ntawv 50-mm tiv thaiv dav hlau phom pib xyoo 1936, thiab tsib xyoos tom qab tau siv rab phom. 5, 0 cm Flak 41 phom nkag rau hauv cov tub rog tiv thaiv dav hlau ntawm Luftwaffe, uas tiv thaiv lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm 5, 0 cm Flak 41 automation tau ua raws txoj hauv kev sib xyaw. Xauv lub qhov, tshem cov kab tawm, ntuav cov ntsia liaj qhov rooj rov qab thiab zawm lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav ntawm lub qhov rooj pob qhov rooj vim yog cov hmoov av tso tawm los ntawm cov channel sab hauv lub thoob. Thiab kev muab cov cartridges tau nqa tawm vim lub zog ntawm cov thim rov qab. Lub thoob tau xauv nrog cov npoo ntev ua ntu zawv zawg. Fais fab mov ntawm lub tshuab nrog daim cartridges ib sab, nrog rau kab rov tav noj rooj siv daim clip rau 5 lossis 10 daim cartridges. Tus nqi hluav taws - 180 rds / min. Tus nqi sib ntaus tiag tiag ntawm hluav taws tsis tshaj 90 rds / min. Ntsug taw qhia kaum: ntawm - 10 ° txog + 90 °. Ib qho tawg tawg-tracer projectile, hnyav 2, 3 kg, tawm ntawm lub thoob ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm 840 m / s thiab tuaj yeem tsoo lub hom phiaj ya ntawm qhov siab ntawm 3500 m. Log kev puas tsuaj ntawm qhov projectile tau nyob ntawm qhov deb ntawm 6800 m. ntawm qhov deb ntawm 500 m raws qhov qub 70 hli.
Kev teeb tsa tau thauj ntawm lub laub ob-qag. Hauv txoj haujlwm sib ntaus, ob lub log taug kev rov qab, thiab lub cruciform puag ntawm lub tsheb thauj khoom tau qib nrog lub tsho. Lub phom tig tawm hnyav heev, nws qhov hnyav hauv kev sib ntaus yog 4300 kg. Suav - 7 tus neeg. Lub sijhawm hloov pauv los ntawm kev thauj mus rau txoj haujlwm sib ntaus yog 5 feeb.
Vim tias lawv lub hom phiaj, 50-mm phom tiv thaiv dav hlau feem ntau nyob hauv cov haujlwm nyob ruaj ruaj. Txawm li cas los xij, tus naj npawb ntawm 5, 0 cm Flak 41 tau teeb tsa ntawm Mercedes-Benz L-4500A cov log tsheb loj.
Vim muaj kev thim rov qab muaj zog, ua ntej tua, txhawm rau zam kev thim rov qab ntawm qhov tsis raug cai ZSU, nws yuav tsum tau thim rov qab ntxiv cov kev txhawb nqa sab. Cov hlau sab ntawm lub tsheb thauj khoom, tso tawm hauv lub dav hlau kab rov tav, tsim lub platform ntxiv thaum kev teeb tsa raug coj mus rau hauv txoj haujlwm sib ntaus. Ntxiv nrog rau rab phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau, kuj tseem muaj lub tshuab kho qhov muag pom nyob tom qab.
Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv kev sib ntaus ntawm ZSU nrog 50-mm cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tsis paub, tab sis txiav txim los ntawm cov duab uas muaj txoj sia nyob, 5, 0 cm FlaK 41 tau teeb tsa ntawm cov tsheb uas muaj kev tiv thaiv tiv thaiv phom rau lub tsheb thiab lub cav. Kuj tseem muaj kev txwv tsis pub muaj kev hloov pauv nrog qhib lub cockpit.
Hauv ntau qhov chaw, tus naj npawb ntawm 50-mm tiv thaiv dav hlau phom tshuab tau tsim los ntawm 50 txog 200 units. Xws li qhov tsis tseem ceeb los ntawm cov qauv txheej txheem kev ua tsov rog tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias rab phom 5, 0 cm FlaK 41 tau hais ncaj qha tsis ua tiav. Cov lus tsis txaus siab tseem ceeb cuam tshuam txog mos txwv. Txawm tias thaum nruab hnub, kev tawg ntawm qhov muag tsis pom cov neeg coob, thiab lub plhaub rau qhov ntsuas no tau dhau los ua lub zog qis. Lub tsheb muaj plaub-log, thaum taug kev ntawm txoj kev av, hnyav heev thiab tsis yooj yim. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tua phom ntawm cov hom phiaj txav nrawm yog qhov nyuaj vim tias txoj kev qhia kab rov tav qis dhau. Txawm li cas los xij, 50-hli rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau siv kom txog rau thaum lub tebchaws Yelemes swb. Hauv thaj tsam Ruhr, 24 rab phom tso rau hauv qhov chaw ruaj khov tau dhau los ua Asmeskas cov khoom plig.
Txheeb xyuas qhov kev nqis tes ua ntawm German rab phom me me tiv thaiv lub dav hlau loj, nws tsim nyog sau cia tias nws ua haujlwm tau zoo heev. Cov tiv thaiv dav hlau npog ntawm cov tub rog German tau zoo dua li Soviet, thiab qhov xwm txheej no tseem nyob thoob plaws hauv kev ua rog. Hauv cov lus hais rau ntu uas mob siab rau 20-mm phom tiv thaiv dav hlau, ib tus nyeem tau hais cov hauv qab no:
Thiab tseem, dab tsi yog qhov ua tau zoo tiag ntawm kev siv phom loj tiv thaiv lub dav hlau thaum lub sijhawm ntawd? Puas yog nws tsim nyog cov peev txheej siv lossis nws muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua los tsim kev ya dav hlau? Qhov poob ntawm huab cua tseem ceeb / kev ncaj ncees ua ntej poob rau lub sijhawm ntawd thiab tam sim no. Yog li qhov kev xav tau tsim (tsawg kawg rau kuv) tias cov phom loj tiv thaiv dav hlau zoo li cov tshuaj tua tuag …
Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheeb cais ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua poob qhia qhov txawv. Nws yog qhov hluav taws kub me me uas muaj rab phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau uas tau rhuav tshem feem ntau ntawm Il-2 ploj vim kev tawm tsam. Tus sau V. I. Perov and O. V. Rastrenin hauv nws phau ntawv "Sturmovik Il-2" hais txog cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no:
… xyoo 1943, los ntawm qhov hluav taws kub ntawm German lub dav hlau tiv thaiv lub dav hlau ntawm txhua lub calibers ntawm Air Force, lub dav hlau poob 1468 Il-2, tom qab ntawd xyoo 1944 (Yasso-Kishinev, Sevastopol, Vyborg, Belorusskaya thiab lwm yam kev ua phem) " Ilov "tau poob 1859 lub tshuab, thiab hauv thawj rau lub hlis ntawm 45th (Vistula-Oder, Konigsberg thiab Berlin kev ua haujlwm), tus naj npawb ntawm Ilovs nqis yog 1,048. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov nce ntawm qhov poob ntawm Il-2 los ntawm kev tua hluav taws ntawm German lub dav hlau tiv thaiv dav hlau tau nrog los ntawm kev txo qis hauv kev poob los ntawm kev ua ntawm Luftwaffe cov neeg tua rog. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv 43rd hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua huab cua 1,090 Il -2s raug tua, hauv 44th - 882, thiab hauv 45th (raws li lub Tsib Hlis 1) - 369 "Ilov". Ntawd yog, hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua huab cua saum ntuj 44th "Ilyushins" nws tau ploj 2, 1 zaug tsawg dua los ntawm hluav taws rau txhua qhov ntsuas, thiab hauv 45th nws twb yog 2, 8 zaug tsawg dua. Tag nrho cov kev sib ntaus sib tua poob ntawm Il-2 lub dav hlau tua yeej tseem nyob hauv tib qib: xyoo 1943, Tub Rog Tub Rog ntawm lub dav hlau poob 3515 Il-2 ntawm qhov muag, hauv 1944-3344 tsheb sib ntaus, thiab hauv 45 (raws li ntawm Tsib Hlis 1) - 1691.
Los ntawm txhua qhov saum toj no, peb tuaj yeem xaus tias qhov kawg poob ntawm huab cua txoj cai nyob rau xyoo 1944 tau raug them ib nrab los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab los ntawm kev nce tus naj npawb ntawm cov hluav taws tiv thaiv dav hlau nrawm hauv cheeb tsam pem hauv ntej. Cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau ntawm 88-105-mm caliber feem ntau ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau peb lub dav hlau nres tsuas yog siv thawj lub nkoj thiab nyob deb li cas tsis tshaj 8 km. Kev poob siab ntau ntawm cov dav hlau tua los ntawm 20-40-mm phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lawv kev siv kev sib ntaus. Tsis zoo li cov foob pob thiab cov neeg tua hluav taws, lawv ua haujlwm feem ntau los ntawm qhov siab, uas txhais tau tias lawv tau ntau dua thiab ntev dua li lwm lub dav hlau hauv thaj chaw tua hluav taws ntawm German MZA. Qhov phom sij loj heev uas German rab phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau me me ua rau peb kev ya dav hlau feem ntau yog los ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm cov khoom siv ib feem ntawm cov riam phom no. Kev tsim cov phiaj xwm tiv thaiv dav hlau tau ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txav tau sai heev hauv cov dav hlau ntsug thiab kab rov tav. Raws li txoj cai, hauv kev sib xyaw ntawm lub roj teeb tiv thaiv lub dav hlau, qhov hluav taws tau raug kho siv PUAZO, uas tau kho qhov ntau, nrawm thiab chav kawm ntawm lub dav hlau. Hauv kev siv tus kheej, txhua rab phom feem ntau tau nruab nrog lub khoos phis tawj kho qhov muag, uas ua rau nws tuaj yeem hloov kho rau ntau yam. Cov neeg ua haujlwm tiv thaiv lub dav hlau German tau kawm qib siab heev, vim qhov kev tua raug yog siab thiab lub sijhawm tshuaj tiv thaiv luv. Lub roj teeb me me tiv thaiv lub dav hlau German tau npaj los muab thawj lub hom phiaj tua hauv 20 vib nas this tom qab pom lub dav hlau Soviet. Cov neeg German tau qhia txog kev hloov pauv rau chav kawm, dhia lub kaum ntse ntse, nrawm, thaj tsam mus rau lub hom phiaj tsis pub dhau 2-3 feeb. Kev kho cov hluav taws tiv thaiv dav hlau tau yooj yim los ntawm kev siv dav dav ntawm cov nplaim hluav taws xob. Qhov nruab nrab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tsoo lub dav hlau ya ntawm 400 km / h los ntawm 20-mm ib leeg-barreled Flak 38 phom ntev ntawm qhov deb ntawm 1000 m yog 0.01. siv ntau qhov kev sib tsoo sib tsoo, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev puas tsuaj tau nce ntxiv raws li. Qhov ua kom txaus ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv huab cua nrog nrawm-tua hluav taws tiv thaiv lub dav hlau tau siab heev. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov thoob npog cov hom phiaj ntawm Il-2 kev tawm tsam tau nce ntxiv tsis tu ncua, thiab thaum pib xyoo 1945, 150-200 20-37-mm lub foob pob tuaj yeem raug tua ntawm lub dav hlau tua rog ua haujlwm hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm German thaj tsam muaj zog ib pliag. Qhov siab ntawm cov hluav taws los ntawm ob peb rab phom ntawm ib lub hom phiaj tseem ua rau muaj feem yuav swb. Ib qho ntxiv, feem ntau, Il-2 thiab Il-10 tau ua ob peb txoj hauv kev mus rau lub hom phiaj, thiab cov neeg tua phom German tiv thaiv lub dav hlau muaj sijhawm tua.
