Kuv pom tus Tswv Nws tus kheej tshwm rau peb hauv lub yeeb koob, Yuav ua li cas Nws tawg cov txiv hmab ntawm kev npau taws nrog lub zog loj, Yuav Ua Li Cas Nws Thiaj Hlau Ntaj Nrog Ib Leeg Xwb
Nws khaws cov kauj ruam ntawm qhov tseeb.
Riam phom los ntawm tsev cia puav pheej. Ntawm cov riam phom ntawm Asmeskas Kev Ua Rog Tsov Rog nruab nrab ntawm cov xeev sab qaum teb thiab yav qab teb, tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg tias cov dab tau nco txog - lub nroog Columbia tsis zoo ntawm 381 thiab 508 mm caliber, "Dictator" mortars. Tab sis lawv tsis txiav txim siab qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Asmeskas cov tub rog, thiab lawv tsis yog qhov ntau tshaj plaws hauv cov khoom siv ntawm ob qho tib si. Feem ntau, loj heev thiab nrov yog phom peb-ntiv tes, lossis 76.2 hli. Thiab nws yog lawv uas muaj ntau yam kev hloov pauv tshiab thaum lub xyoo ua tsov rog no. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov riam phom nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm no yog rab phom ntsaws cov phom phom loj uas tau siv los ntawm Asmeskas Cov Tub Rog hauv xyoo 1861 thiab tau siv dav hauv kev siv phom loj. Nws tau tua 9.5-phaus (4.3 kg) qhov projectile ntawm qhov deb ntawm 1830 yards (1670 m) nrog lub thoob siab ntawm 5 °. Cov phom loj 3-nti tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tua cov phom loj li hnyav dua 12-phaus Napoleon, tab sis nws tau ua pov thawj kom raug qhov tseeb ntawm qhov ntev thaum tua cov foob pob tawg lossis tawg. Tsuas muaj ib qho kaw tseg ntawm rab phom 3-nti thaum ua haujlwm. Tib yam tsis tuaj yeem hais rau 10-phaus Parrott phom ntev ntawm qhov loj me, uas tau tawg ntau zaus. Lub Xeev Confederate of America tsis muaj peev xwm siv thev naus laus zis los tsim kev ua tiav ntawm cov riam phom zoo li no. Tab sis Cov Tub Rog ntawm Lub Xeev Confederate tau siv lawv, nyiag los ntawm feds ua khoom plig.
Thiab nws tau tshwm sim tias xyoo 1835, thaum tswj kev tshuaj ntsuam, muaj ntau rab phom phom rau-phom phom tau tawg uas American Artillery Tus Thawj Coj tau txiav txim siab tso tseg cov hlau cam khwb cia thiab muaj cov phom phom loj tshwj xeeb ua los ntawm tooj liab. Yog li tau yug los ua tiav zoo M1841 rau-phaus phom phom. Txawm li cas los xij, Asmeskas cov kws tsim txuj ci tsis tau tso tseg lawv qhov kev sim ua cov phom loj hlau, txawm li cas los xij, yam tsis tau ua tiav ntau. Yog li, xyoo 1844, thaum sim tshuaj xyuas ntawm lub nkoj Princeton, rab phom 12-nti vuam "Peacemaker" tau tawg, thiab ntau tus tswv cuab ntawm qhov kev sim ntsuas raug tua. Qhov laj thawj, raws li nws muab tawm, yog qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom pib. Txawm li cas los xij, dhau sijhawm, cov hlau tau zoo tuaj. Thaum ntxov li xyoo 1854, Safe Harbor Steel Works hauv Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, tsim cov pas hlau ntawm cov khoom zoo uas lawv tau siv hauv kev tsim teeb pom kev zoo. Thiab tom qab ntawd tus thawj saib xyuas ntawm lub tuam txhab John Griffen tau thov kom ua rab phom los ntawm kev txuas nws lub thoob los ntawm cov pas nrig forged, thiab reaming lub qhov hauv lub thoob. Tom qab ntawd, cov txheej txheem tau txhim kho los ntawm kev xa cov pas nrig hauv cov kauv ib ncig ntawm lub tog raj kheej hlau, tom qab ntawd cov khoob khoob khoob tau raug vuam sov. Tom qab ntawd cov trunnions tau ntxiv thiab lub qhov dej raug drilled. Samuel J. Reeves, tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm niam txiv lub tuam txhab Safe Harbor Phoenix Iron Works, pom zoo Griffen tus txheej txheem, thiab thaum kawg xyoo 1854, thawj lub phom loj nrog lub thoob hnyav 700 phaus (318 kg) tau siv cov thev naus laus zis no.
Cov phom Griffen tau xa mus rau Fort Monroe, qhov chaw uas Captain Alexander Bridey Dyer tau sim nws xyoo 1856, nrog rau Griffen nws tus kheej ua tim khawv. Nws tau txiav txim siab los nrhiav seb muaj pes tsawg qhov txhaj tshuaj hauv lub thoob yuav tiv taus ntawm qhov txwv, tab sis rab phom tau tua 500 zaug yam tsis pom kev puas tsuaj. Tom qab ntawd lawv pib tua los ntawm nws nrog nce nqi ntawm rab phom. Cov phom loj tau tawg ntawm qhov kev txhaj tshuaj thib kaum thaum lub thoob tau ntim rau hauv qhov ncauj nrog 13 rab phom loj thiab 7 phaus (3 kg) ntawm rab phom. Qhov no tau ua tiav, tom qab ntawd, nrog rau Dyer cov ntawv tshaj tawm zoo, plaub rab phom Griffen ntxiv tau tsim thiab xa mus kuaj.
Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 21, 1861, Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv tau thov plaub rab phom loj 3.5-nti (89 hli). Tsoomfwv tau them $ 370 rau txhua qhov ntawm ob rab phom. (Tsis muaj ib tus ntawm lawv muaj txoj sia nyob.) Lub tuam txhab Phoenix Iron kuj tau tsim ob peb 6-pounder 3.67-in. (93 mm) phom, uas yog xya leej uas muaj sia nyob txij xyoo 1861 thiab dais lub xyoo 1855 Griffen stamp luam tawm ntawm ib qho twg. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 24, 1861, US Army General James Wolfe Ripley tau xaj 300 rab phom hlau ua los ntawm tsob ntoo Phoenix. Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Cov Phiaj Xwm tau ua tiav qhov tsim ntawm rab phom, tshem tawm txhua qhov kev dai kom zoo nkauj los ntawm lub thoob, kom lub thoob tau txais cov duab ntawm txoj kab nkhaus. Cov nqi tsim khoom tau txawv ntawm $ 330 txog $ 350 rau ib lub thoob.
Txawm li cas los xij, sai sai no zoo ib yam Samuel Reeves tau tshawb pom tias kev siv Griffen tus txheej txheem qub ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tau txais tsuas yog ib rab phom zoo ntawm peb. Cov thev naus laus zis tseem tsis zoo. 40% ntawm cov thoob tau ua tiav tsis tsim nyog siv. Tsis txaus siab, Reeves txiav txim siab sim tsim txoj hauv kev tshiab ntawm kev tsim khoom, thiab nws ua tiav. Nws nqa lub raj hle lossis cov pas nrig hlau thiab qhwv lawv hauv cov ntawv hlau. Lub thoob ntawm txoj kab uas xav tau muab tawm. Tom qab ntawd cov ntawv yob tau welded, thiab lub thoob ua tiav tau dhuav los ntawm sab hauv. Reeves ntseeg tus kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas daim ntawv pov thawj tias nws txoj kev sib txawv ntawm daim ntawv patent thaum lub Plaub Hlis 29, 1862, muab rau David T. Yickel, thiab tau txais daim ntawv patent thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 9, 1862. Thiab txawm hais tias kev lag luam ntawm Confederation muaj peev xwm tsim kev tsim khoom ntawm Parrott cov phom, lawv tsis ua tiav hauv kev luam cov 3-rab phom loj.
Yog li, dab tsi yog riam phom uas tau siv ntau los ntawm ob tog ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb? Caliber 3.0 nti (76 hli). Lub phom ntawm rab phom hnyav 820 phaus (371.9 kg) thiab tua lub foob pob uas hnyav 9.5 phaus (4.3 kg). Tus nqi hmoov yog 1.0 phaus (0.5 kg), uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tshaj tawm qhov projectile nrawm mus rau 1215 ft / s (370 m / s) thiab pov nws ntawm qhov deb ntawm 1830 yards (1673 m) ntawm qhov nce ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm cev 5 °. Nrog nce ntawm qhov nce ntawm lub thoob mus rau 16 °, Griffen rab phom tuaj yeem tsoo lub foob pob hluav taws uas twb muaj lawm ntawm 4180 yards (3822 m). Tsis zoo li rab phom mos txwv, peb-nti rab phom rab phom khaws cia ob feem peb ntawm nws qhov ncauj qhov ncauj thawj zaug ntawm 839 ft / s (256 m / s) ntawm 1,500 yards (1,372 m), yog li nws qhov projectile tsis pom hauv dav hlau. Lub plhaub ntawm rab phom uas ntsiag to khaws cia tsuas yog ib feem peb ntawm nws qhov pib nrawm, thiab nws tau pom hauv dav hlau. Txawm li cas los xij, rab phom phom tuaj yeem pom pom tau yog tias lub foob pob ya tawm yam tsis tig, uas tshwm sim vim qhov tseeb tias nws lub lauj kaub tsis nthuav dav txaus thiab tsis nkag mus rau hauv rab phom phom. Lub thoob nws tus kheej muaj xya qhov nqaj, uas sib tw ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis. Kev nrawm ntawm kev sib hloov ntawm qhov projectile yog ib qho kev hloov pauv ntawm 11 ko taw (3.4 m).
Lub phom ntawm rab phom tau teeb tsa ntawm lub tsheb thauj khoom siv rau phom hnyav rau phaus. Txij li lub plhaub ntawm rab phom tshiab hnyav dua li yav dhau los, thim rov qab thaum raug rho tawm qee zaum ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lub tog raj kheej thiab lub log tsheb. Lub tsheb thauj khoom hnyav 900 phaus (408 kg), uas yog qhov siv tau zoo rau kev thauj phom los ntawm rau tus nees, suav nrog lub thawv them nyiaj.
Cov phom tuaj yeem ua rau lub foob pob tawg thiab tawg. Kev siv cov "ntsia liaj qhov rooj" (khoom "armor-piercing" shells) yog qhov tsawg. Ntxiv mus, kev tsim phom ua rau nws muaj peev xwm siv ntau hom mos txwv, suav nrog Hotchkiss thiab Shankle shells. Parrott lub plhaub kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv tau, tab sis thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev, vim lawv ua tsis tau zoo - vim tias lawv tau tsim los rau 10 -phaus Parrott cannon, uas tsuas muaj peb rab phom, tsis yog xya, zoo li hauv Griffen rab phom.
Vim li cas thiaj txhaj tshuaj los ntawm 12-pounder "Napoleon" lossis 12-pounder M1841 howitzer zoo dua li txhaj los ntawm peb-nti? Ua ntej, qhov ntsuas me me txhais tau tias tsawg dua "pob" hauv kev txhaj tshuaj txiv hmab. Qhov thib ob, vim yog kev txiav ntawm lub thoob, cov buckshot tau muab pov rau hauv lub khob hliav qab dav heev. Vim li no, Union General Henry Jackson Hunt ntseeg tias qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm peb-rab phom loj yog kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm 12-phaus Napoleon, uas tso siab rau lub hom phiaj nrog rau qhov tsoo 400 yards (366 m).
Thaum pib ua tsov rog, cov phoojywg roj teeb muaj rau rab phom zoo ib yam. Ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Gettysburg, Lub Xya Hli 1-3, 1863, 50 ntawm 65 lub roj teeb ntawm cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb suav nrog rau rab phom, thiab 64 ntawm cov roj teeb no muaj peb rab phom loj. Qhov kev zam yog Sterling's 2nd Light Artillery Battery. Txhua lub roj teeb nrog rau rab phom xav tau 14 tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm rau tus swb thiab xya tus nees seem. Cov neeg ua haujlwm tau lav txog rau daim phom loj, rau lub thawv them nyiaj, ib lub tsheb thauj khoom thiab ib qho chaw tsim khoom. Txhua rab phom tso siab rau 50 lub plhaub hauv txhua lub thawv them nyiaj.
Raws li xyoo 2004, muaj ntau dua 350 rab phom peb-nti nyob hauv Tebchaws Meskas, ntau yam nyob hauv cov tiaj ua si hauv tebchaws. Qhov twg, qhov xwm txheej, qhia tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm qhov riam phom no. Qhov txaus siab, Asmeskas cov tub rog siv lawv txog thaum xyoo 1880. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm xyoo 1879 thiab 1881, rau ntawm cov phom no tau rov ua dua tshiab rau 3.18 ntiv tes (81 hli) thiab rov tsim kho dua tshiab rau lub nra nra. Cov phom ua tau zoo, thiab qhov kev sim no thaum kawg coj mus rau kev siv 3.2-nti M1897 rab phom. Xyoo 1903, ntau tshaj 200 rab phom peb-nti uas tsis siv lawm tau hloov pauv mus ua foob pob hluav taws.
Thaum Tsov Rog Ntawm Gettysburg thaum Lub Xya Hli xyoo 1863, tus qauv xyoo 1861 yog riam phom tseem ceeb ntawm Sab Qab Teb thiab Sab Qab Teb cov tub rog. Yog li, tawm ntawm 372 daim phom loj los ntawm tsoomfwv, 150 yog rab phom peb-nti. Kwv yees li 75 ntawm tib qho kev sib ntaus sib tua yog koom nrog Cov Neeg Sab Qab Teb. Thaum Tsov Rog Ntawm Antietam thaum Lub Cuaj Hli 17, 1862, Cov tub rog hauv Union tau siv 93 rab phom no, thaum cov tub rog Confederate muaj 48. Thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov rog, tsuas muaj ib lub tshuab hlau hauv Phoenixville, Pennsylvania tau tsim 866 tus piv txwv ntawm rab phom no. Thiab lwm 91 tau tsim ua ntej kaw kev tsim khoom thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1867. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob uas ntau ntawm cov phom no tau muaj txoj sia nyob.
Qhov raug siab ntawm qhov hluav taws ntawm Asmeskas rab phom peb-ntiv tes no tau sau tseg. Piv txwv li, thaum ib ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Atlanta xyoo 1864, Confederate artilleryman ntawm Lumsden roj teeb tau tshaj tawm tias ib qho ntawm nws rab phom tau teeb tsa hauv kev tiv thaiv nrog kev tiv thaiv tsuas yog ib txhais taw dav (30 cm). Hauv lub sijhawm luv luv, peb lub plhaub ntawm "peb-nti" cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb tau ya los ntawm lub qhov, thiab lawv tsis tawg. Thawj ntaus cov neeg sab qab teb 'rab phom nruab nrab ntawm cov phom thiab tsoo tawm qee cov hlau. Qhov thib ob puas sab laug "sab plhu" ntawm rab phom nqa phom. Qhov thib peb tsoo ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub qhov ncauj, thawb nws sab hauv, ua rau nws tsis muaj peev xwm.
Cov phom loj Griffen muaj "kwv tij txheeb ze" ntawm lwm tus tsim qauv, tab sis ua los ntawm tooj dag. Nrog cov zawj sab hauv, lawv tsis txawv ntau ntawm nws rab phom, tsuas yog tooj liab tsis yog hlau zoo tshaj plaws rau cov phom loj. Cov kab hauv lawv tau raug tshem tawm sai, yog li cov pob tw yuav tsum tau rov ua dua thiab rov ua dua!
