Kuv muab tus nqi rau hauv rab phom nruj
Thiab kuv xav tias: Kuv yuav kho tus phooj ywg!
Tos, kwv tij musyu!
Dab tsi yog qhov yuav tsum tau cunning, tej zaum mus rau kev sib ntaus sib tua;
Peb yuav tsoo phab ntsa
Cia peb sawv nrog peb lub taub hau
Rau koj lub tebchaws!"
M. Y. Lermontov. Borodino
Cam hlau npas qhov txhia chaw
Lawv dhia ntawm lawv, tawm tsam, Lawv khawb ashes thiab hiss hauv cov ntshav.
A. S. Pushkin. Poltava
Riam phom xyoo 1812. Cov phom loj ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias nyob rau xyoo dhau los ua ntej "cua daj cua dub ntawm xyoo kaum ob", tswj kom pom nws tus kheej los ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Ua tsaug rau nws qhov kev ua, ntau qhov kev sib ntaus yeej, ntawm Tib Xyoo Kev Tsov Rog, nws tau siv los ntawm Suvorov, thiab hauv kev ua tsov rog nrog Napoleon, nws tau qhia nws tus kheej tias yog ib pab tub rog niaj hnub no. Ntxiv mus, nws qhov kev hloov pauv tom ntej tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo 1802, thaum, ua tsaug rau Minister Arakcheev, tau tsim kho cov cuab yeej ua rog, uas tau txais nws lub npe, lossis "lub zog ntawm 1805". Raws li qhov txheej txheem no, rab phom hnyav 12 phaus yuav tsum muaj lub peev xwm ntawm 120 hli, lub thoob hnyav txog 800 kg, lub tsheb thauj khoom hnyav 640 kg; qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm rab phom 6-pounder yog 95 mm, qhov hnyav ntawm lub thoob yog 350 kg, lub tsheb thauj khoom yog 395 kg. Qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm 1-2-phaus unicorn yuav tsum yog 152 hli nrog lub cev hnyav ntawm 490 kg thiab phom nqa phom ntawm 670 kg, thiab qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm 1/4-phaus unicorn yog 120 hli nrog lub cev hnyav ntawm 335 kg thiab nqa phom ntawm 395 kg. Nyob rau tib lub 1802, pom tau pom nyob rau hauv cov phom loj, txawm hais tias tshem tawm tau, nrog ntau qhov ntsuas uas muaj kev sib faib los ntawm 5 txog 30 kab (nrog qhov nrug nruab nrab ntawm 2, 54 mm). Nws tau tsom mus rau nws txoj kev pab los ntawm lub qhov nyob rau hauv daim duab plaub, uas, nyob ntawm qhov deb ntawm lub hom phiaj, tau teeb tsa ntawm ib qho ntawm kev sib cais. Hloov pauv qhov siab ntawm lub thoob, tus neeg tua phom (tus lej phom thib 4) ua ke lub qhov ntawm lub bar, pom sab xub ntiag thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm kab pom, thiab, taw rab phom, muab cov lus txib kom tua hluav taws, thiab cov phaj pom qis ua ntej tua
Arakcheev saib los ntawm teev uas tsis pub dhau 30 vib nas this dhau los ntawm teeb tsa rab phom mus rau txoj haujlwm, nthuav tawm lub thoob thiab txog thaum tua nws tus kheej. Ntawd yog, cov neeg ua haujlwm phom tsis nkees qhia tau tias muaj hluav taws ntau heev nyob rau xyoo ntawd!
Cov phom, txawm hais tias txhua qhov lawv pom yooj yim, tau saib xyuas. Hauv qhov chaw khaws tseg, piv txwv li, txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov av los ntawm kev nkag mus rau hauv lub hauv paus, lawv tau kaw nrog cov ntoo tshwj xeeb ntsaws. Lub qhov hluav taws kub kuj raug kaw. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, siv cov ntaub qhwv nrog cov tawv tawv siv.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv phom loj ntawm Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog yog "unicorns" - phom nrog lub conical charging chamber, uas tau txais lawv lub npe los ntawm unicorn piav qhia ntawm lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm lawv tus tsim, General Feldzheikhmeister Shuvalov. Lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab tau dai nws lub breech, thiab txawm hais tias lawv tsis tau dai kom zoo nkauj lub cev los ntawm 1805, lub npe tau khaws cia rau hom riam phom no. Unicorns tau zoo nyob rau hauv uas lawv tau sib koom ua ke lub zog ntawm rab phom thiab cov phom sij thiab tuaj yeem tua ob rab phom loj thiab foob pob hluav taws thiab phom. Qhov no tau tso cai los ntawm lub thoob me me thiab lub conical loading chamber piv rau cov phom zoo ib yam. Lub thoob tau dhau los ua qhov tsawg dua, thiab qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txo ob qhov hnyav ntawm lub tsheb thauj mus los thiab ua tiav qhov kev ua haujlwm zoo dua qub hauv tshav rog. Tseeb tiag, rab phom Lavxias muaj cov qag ntoo (cov hlau tau tshwm sim xyoo 1845), uas yog vim li cas lawv thiaj tawg ntau thiab yuav tsum tau ntub tas li. Yog li, lub thoob roj tau muab rau txhua rab phom thiab lub thoob thib ob rau dej (nrog kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo) - txhawm rau ua kom cov bannik ua ntej ntxuav lub thoob tom qab txhaj tshuaj, vim tias muaj qhov kub hnyiab ntawm lub hau uas tuaj yeem ua rau tus nqi tom ntej taws. Kev ntsuas kab rov tav tau ua tiav los ntawm txoj cai (sab xis thiab sab laug) - cov hlua tso rau hauv qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lub nraub qaum ntawm rab phom nqa phom. Ntsug hom phiaj tau ua tiav nrog tus tuav tes. Qhov pom tau raug tshem tawm ua ntej txhaj tshuaj, uas tsis yooj yim heev.
1/2-pound unicorn tua ntawm 2300 m, 1/4-pud ntawm 1500 m, thaum lub hom phiaj ntau (uas yog, qhov hluav taws kub zoo tshaj plaws) rau 1/2-phaus unicorn yog 900-1000 m. Pood unicorns tau siv raws li qhov ntev (cov mos txwv hlau nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 30 thiab 49, 5 mm)-400-500 m qhov chaw tua thiab luv luv (cov mos txwv kuj tau ua los ntawm cov hlau cam khwb cia, tab sis muaj txoj kab uas hla ntawm 21 thiab 26 mm), rau kev tua ntawm qhov deb ntawm 50 txog 400 m.
Cov phom loj hauv Fab Kis tseem suav nrog phom 6- thiab 12-phaus, tab sis sib zog thiab muaj peev xwm txav tau ntau dua 3 phaus (70 mm) thiab 4-phaus (80 mm) phom, nrog rau rab phom luv 6-nti, tau tshwj xeeb rau kev sib tw hauv Russia. howitzers (caliber 152 mm). Cov phom loj ntawm Cov Tub Rog Loj tau muab faib ua 8 pawg, txhua tus muaj 12 lub tuam txhab (roj teeb). Lub tuam txhab (roj teeb), nyeg, suav nrog rau rab phom loj (6 lossis 12 phaus) thiab ob lub foob pob. Tus nqi tua hluav taws ntawm Fab Kis cov phom loj yog kwv yees li ib rab phom ib feeb nrog rab phom loj thiab foob pob, thiab ob zaug txhaj ib feeb. Qhov nruab nrab qhov sib tua ntawm cov phom loj yog 400-1000 metres rau cov phom loj thiab 400-1600 meters rau cov phom loj. Cov txiv hmab raug rho tawm ntawm 400-800 meters. Ntxiv mus, kev tsub rau hauv cov phom ntawm cov phom Fabkis tau nkag nrog qhov sib txawv me dua li cov neeg Lavxias. Thiab txij li qhov kev tawg ntawm cov roj cua vim qhov no tsawg dua, tom qab ntawd thaj tsam ntawm cov phom Fabkis tau siab dua. Tab sis, ntawm qhov tod tes, rab phom Lavxias tau nrawm dua, raws li lawv tau them sai dua.
Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua epochal ntawm Borodino, Napoleon muaj 587 rab phom, thiab Kutuzov muaj 640. Nws rab phom loj tau txawb ntau dua, vim nws suav nrog 3- thiab 4-phom phom. Cov neeg Lavxias muaj rab phom 95- thiab 120-mm- tsis muaj peev xwm txav tau, tab sis ntau qhov ntev. Tseeb, ntawm Borodino, Napoleon kuj muaj 80 rab phom hnyav thiab ntev, nrog kev pab los ntawm lawv nws vam tias yuav tsoo cov kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias. Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus tawm tswv yim, nws tau txiav tawm saum Kutuzov, txij li nws tsis kam faib nws rab phom nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws cov tub rog, thiab coj lawv ua ke hauv ob peb lub roj teeb hauv cov lus qhia ntawm kev tawm tsam loj. Ntxiv mus, nws cov roj teeb loj heev: 50 thiab txawm tias 100 rab phom! Hauv lub roj teeb zoo li no, thaum rab phom zaum kawg raug rho tawm, thawj zaug twb tau rub tawm, yog li lub hom phiaj raug rho tawm tsis tu ncua. Tab sis, ntxiv rau cov roj teeb zoo li no, nyob rau hmo ua ntej ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm Russia, Napoleon kuj tau xaj kom txhua tus tub rog tub rog muab ob rab phom 3 rab phom ntes cov neeg Austrian rau kev siv phom loj. Cov tub rog zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov tub rog yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm rau cov phom no, thiab qhov no tau suav tias yog kev hwm zoo, sib npaug rau qhov tau txais khoom plig, thiab ntxiv rau, nws ua rau cov tub rog muaj kev hwm!
Kutuzov tsis tau ua li ntawd. Paub txog Napoleon cov txuj ci, txawm li cas los xij nws tau tawg cov phom uas nws muaj nyob rau sab xub ntiag: sab qab teb ntawm lub zos Maslovo, 28 rab phom tau muab tso rau ntawm peb qhov hluav taws kub; nruab nrab ntawm Maslovsky flashes thiab lub zos Borodino ntawm tsib lub zog ntxiv 37 rab phom, lub trench tau khawb nyob ze ntawm lub zos Borodino thiab plaub rab phom tau tso; ntawm qhov siab Kurgan - 18 phom, thaum kawg, ntawm Semyonov flashes (ntawm peb) 12 rab phom, thiab lwm 12 tau xa ntawm Shevardinsky rov ua dua. Thiab qhov no txawm tias qhov tseeb tias, raws li keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm Soviet lub sijhawm hais tias, "Kutuzov tau txiav txim siab Napoleon txoj kev npaj yuav tawm tsam nws sab laug." Nws paub nws nyob qhov twg yog tias nws tso 12 rab phom loj rau hauv kev coj ntawm tus yeeb ncuab lub ntsiab? Tab sis nws tso 305 rab phom tseg! Thiab nws hloov tawm tias, muaj phom ntau dua li Napoleon, Kutuzov tsis muaj qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev siv phom loj hauv txhua qhov kev sib ntaus. Yog li, tib yam Shevardinsky redoubt tau tiv thaiv los ntawm 12 rab phom ntawm nws thiab 18 mus rau sab xis ntawm nws hauv txoj haujlwm qhib. Napoleon tau faib rau nws qhov kev tawm tsam … 186 phom thiab txhais tau npog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg nrog rab phom loj. Cov kab hauv qab: poob ntawm cov neeg Lavxias hauv kev tiv thaiv - 6,000 tus neeg, poob ntawm Fabkis txoj kev ua phem - 5,000! Qhov kev hais kom ua no tsis tuaj yeem hu ua lwm yam tshaj li tsis muaj peev xwm! Cov kws sau keeb kwm sau tseg tias qee zaum, nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia ntawm kev tawm tsam loj, Napoleon tau siv txog 200 rab phom ib kis lus mev ntawm pem hauv ntej, uas yog, rab phom tau txhais hais tias yog lub log rau lub log. Qhov no txhais tau tias tag nrho nws cov phom loj tau siv, thaum 305 rab phom Lavxias tau khaws cia ze lub zos Psarevo. Lub caij no, tsuas yog rau qhov kev tawm tsam zaum yim ntawm Semyonovsky (tom qab Bagrationovsky) yaug Napoleon mloog zoo 400 rab phom!
Kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Bagrationovskie flushes, raws li koj paub, tau mus rau rau teev. Nws muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas qhov twg Napoleon tau tsom mus, leej twg thaum kawg ntawm hnub tau tsom mus txog 50,000 tus tub rog thiab cov tub rog caij nees tawm tsam lawv, txhawb nqa los ntawm 400 phom. Tab sis los ntawm ib sab ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias, lawv tau tiv thaiv txog 30,000 tus neeg nrog … 300 phom. Thiab yog tias kev tshwj tseg ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm los ntawm Kutuzov tuaj yeem nkag siab (nws ntseeg tias Napoleon tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev ua haujlwm) thiab piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nws tau txuag lub zog rau kev tawm tsam muaj zog, tom qab ntawd kev tso npe ntawm cov phom loj nrog kev hloov maj mam thiab qeeb Cov phom uas tau tsoo tuaj yeem siv tau ua qhov raug cai los ntawm tsis muaj dab tsi.
Twb tau rau thawj qhov kev tawm tsam thaum pib ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, Fab Kis teeb lub roj teeb ntawm 102 phom rau lawv, uas tau tua lawv los ntawm qhov deb ntawm 1000 meters. Cov neeg tiv thaiv ntawm qhov muag, raws li koj paub, lub sijhawm no tsuas muaj 12 rab phom, tua feem ntau ntawm kev tua cov tub rog. Ntxiv mus, lawv cov hluav taws tsis ua haujlwm zoo. Yog li, thaum thaum 6 teev sawv ntxov Marshal Davout tau coj ob pawg tub rog sib tua tawm tsam lawv nrog 30 rab phom thiab pib tsim lawv los ua kab rau kev tawm tsam, nrog qhov muag pom lawv tau pib ntaus lawv nrog cov phom loj los ntawm qhov deb ntawm 500 meters. Tab sis, txawm hais tias qhov no, Fab Kis, tab tom raug hluav taws, tsis tsuas yog ua tiav kev tsim kho dua tshiab, tab sis tseem tau tawm tsam nrog kev tshaj tawm cov chij rau lub suab nruas. Los ntawm qhov deb ntawm 200 metres, peb cov phom tau hloov mus rau qhov phom sij thiab tsuas yog ua ke nrog kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub ceev xwm puas lawv tau tawm tsam Fab Kis.
Tsuas yog los ntawm qhov kev tawm tsam thib peb, Kutuzov tau faib 100 rab phom los ntawm kev khaws cia rau Bagration, yog li ntawd tag nrho cov phom nyob rau hauv nws cov lus txib tau mus txog 120. Tom qab ntawd, ntawm kev xav, nws muab lwm 180 phom rau nws, tab sis … lawv tuaj yeem nqa lawv qhov chaw tsuas yog tom qab 1, 5 -2 teev, txij li thaum lawv muaj nees traction, thiab kev txiav txim tau nqa ntawm cov nees los ntawm cov neeg pab cuam!
Yog li ntawd, Kutuzov muaj peev xwm tuav tau hauv thaj tsam Borodin, tso nws cov tub rog ntau heev. Tab sis nws tuaj yeem, yam tsis muaj kev nruj, muab ntau tus tub rog Fab Kis ntau dua, lossis tseem swb Napoleon cov tub rog. Tom qab tag nrho, Bennigsen qhia nws kom ntxiv dag zog rau sab laug tam sim. Tab sis "nws yog neeg German," yog li nws cov lus qhia "tsis zoo", yog li Kutuzov tsis mloog nws lus. Nws tsis ua, tab sis tom qab ntawd raug yuam kom ua raws li nws tau hais rau nws txog nws ua ntej kev sib ntaus. Thiab kuv tuaj yeem hais dab tsi - nws qhov kev tawv ncauj ua rau ob tus tub rog thiab lub tebchaws, tab sis tag nrho peb cov neeg muaj kev vam meej tau zoo siab thiab zoo siab ntawm qhov "yeej" rau niaj hnub no!
Txhua cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Borodino tau txais los ntawm phau ntawv qhia ntawm Stalinist lub sijhawm: "Kev Sib Ntaus ntawm Borodino" (luam tawm xyoo 1947 los ntawm Tub Rog Tshaj Tawm Tsev ntawm Ministry of Defense, thaum nws tsis yooj yim sua xav txog ib yam. "lus dag"). Tus sau phau ntawv qhia, Colonel V. V. Pruntsov, tau hais txhua yam hauv nws kom raug, zoo li yog nyob hauv phau ntawv qhia kev paub, vim tias lub sijhawm ntawd lawv tau sau cov ntawv, thiab ntau dua li cov no, ntxiv rau kho lawv, tsis hnyav heev. Tus kws sau ntawv tshaj tawm yog Major N. P. Mazunin, thiab tus kho, Major G. A. Vorozhtsov. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias Stalin cov lus, los ntawm txoj kev, tsuas yog ib qho ntawm nws cov lus ntsuas, nws tau hais hauv qhov haujlwm no, thiab Bennigsen, raws li xav tau, raug thuam, tab sis hauv txhua qhov kev hwm qhov no yog qhov ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb raws li qhov raug ntawm kev nthuav qhia ntawm qhov tseeb. Cov lej, uas, txawm li cas los xij, hais lus rau lawv tus kheej!
Cov duab kos ntawm cov phom loj tau tsim los ntawm A. Sheps.
