Griboval qhov system
Thaum lub sijhawm tag nrho ntawm Fab Kis Kev Tawm Tsam thiab Thawj Lub Tebchaws, Cov tub rog Fab Kis siv cov phom loj tsim los ntawm General Jean-Baptiste Griboval. Griboval tau ua tiav kev hloov pauv hloov pauv ntawm Fabkis txoj phom loj hauv 1776, thiab nws txoj haujlwm tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm General Jean-Jacques du Thuy (1738-1820). Kev hloov kho tau ua tiav lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua kom zoo siv cov phom loj (los ntawm kev txwv cov hom thiab ntsuas phom), txo qhov phom loj (txhawm rau txhim kho lawv lub peev xwm), ua kom tau cov cuab yeej pab tshwj xeeb (tshwj xeeb yog cov ceg thiab cov thawv mos txwv), thiab nce qib kev qhia rau cov phom.
Griboval tau qhia txog plaub hom tseem ceeb ntawm cov phom loj: 4-, 8- thiab 12-phaus phom thiab 6-nti howitzers. Hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog tom kawg, peb txhais tau tias, lawv qhov muaj peev xwm (sab hauv lub qhov ncauj ntawm lub qhov ncauj), thaum nyob hauv lwm qhov xwm txheej peb tab tom tham txog qhov hnyav ntawm cov keeb, uas yog sib npaug kwv yees li ib feem 150 ntawm qhov phom loj chim. Qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm 4-phom phom yog 84 mm, rab phom 8-pounder yog 100 mm, thiab rab phom 12-pounder yog 151 mm. Kuj tseem muaj phom ntawm cov ntsuas loj dua: 16- thiab 24-phaus riam phom siege.
Cov phom ntawm 4 -pounder rab phom muaj qhov ntev ntawm 1.6 meters thiab hnyav 289 kg, thiab nrog rab phom nqa phom - 1049 kg. Nws raug nqi 1,760 francs los tsim phom, thiab ib nrab franc los tsim ib rab phom loj. Hauv lub thawv them nyiaj ntawm rab phom no, muaj 100 tus nqi ntawm cov pob nrog cov pob loj (42 rau cov pob) thiab 50 tus nqi nrog cov pob me (60-100 rau cov pob). Ib qho ntxiv, nyob rau hauv ntej kawg, nws muaj peev xwm nqa tau 18 qhov kev tsub nqi ntxiv nrog cov pob loj nrog cov hlau lead loj. Cov riam phom zoo li no tau siv los ntawm 8 tus neeg, leej twg 5 yog tus kws tshaj lij.
Lub thoob ntawm rab phom 8 -pounder tau ntev 2 metres thiab hnyav 584 kg, thiab nrog rab phom nqa phom - 1324 kg. Kev tsim phom yuav raug nqi 2,730 francs, thiab ib rab phom loj - 1 franc. Hauv lub thawv them nyiaj ntawm rab phom no, 62 tsub nqi ntawm pob nrog cov pob hlau loj thiab 20 tus nqi nrog cov pob me. Ib qho ntxiv, hauv ntej kawg nws muaj peev xwm nqa tau 15 nqi ntxiv ntawm cov pob nrog cov pob loj. Cov riam phom zoo li no tau siv los ntawm 13 tus neeg, ntawm uas yog 8 tus kws tshaj lij.
Cov phom ntawm rab phom 12-pounder tau ntev 2.3 m thiab hnyav 986 kg. Ua ke nrog kev nqa phom, rab phom hnyav txog li 2 tons. Cov riam phom no raug nqi 3,774 francs, thiab rab phom loj - 1.5 francs. Lub thawv them nyiaj tau tuav 48 tus nqi ntawm pob nrog cov pob hlau loj thiab 20 tus nqi nrog cov pob me. Ib qho ntxiv, hauv ntej kawg nws muaj peev xwm nqa tau 9 nqi ntxiv ntawm cov pob nrog cov pob loj. Cov riam phom zoo li no tau siv los ntawm 15 tus neeg, uas yog 8 tus kws tshaj lij.
Cov phom ntawm 6-nti phom ntev 0.7 meters ntev thiab hnyav 318 kg. Tus kws tua phom nrog lub tsheb nqa phom hnyav 1178 kg. Tus nqi ntawm lub tshuab raj yog 2730 francs, thiab cov phom loj yog 1 franc. Hauv ntej qhov kawg, nws muaj peev xwm nqa tau 49 nqi ntawm cov pob nrog cov pob hlau loj thiab 11 - nrog qhov me me. Cov riam phom zoo li no tau siv los ntawm 13 tus neeg, uas yog 8 tus kws tshaj lij.
Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob ya raws, cov ntoo ntawm cov tsheb thauj neeg, cov ceg ntoo thiab lub thawv them nyiaj tau pleev xim nrog cov xim ntsuab, sib xyaw 2500 feem ntawm cov xim daj daj nrog 30 ntu ntawm tus lej. Cov hlau (tshwj xeeb yog cov phom phom) tau pleev xim nrog cov xim dub los tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm xeb. Txawm li cas los xij, cov xim pleev xim tawm sai dua thiab poob tawm tom qab ob peb qhov kev txhaj tshuaj, raws li cov thoob dej tau sov dua. Hauv kev xyaum, cov phom yuav tsum pleev xim lawv cov phom tom qab txhua qhov kev sib ntaus.
Griboval cov txheej txheem kav tag nrho Kev Tawm Tsam thiab tsuas yog xyoo 1803 puas tau Napoleon Bonaparte tsim lub luag haujlwm raws li General Auguste Marmont (1774-1852) los txiav txim siab qhov ua tau ntawm kev qhia qee yam hloov pauv. Txog lub sijhawm ntawd, nws tau tshwm sim tias ntau tus tub ceev xwm Fab Kis tsis tuaj yeem tiv nrog kev xaiv cov phom loj uas tsim nyog, thiab los daws cov haujlwm hauv tshav rog, lawv siv tsis muaj zog heev (4-pounder) lossis muaj zog heev (8-pounder)) phom.
Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov tub rog Prussian thiab Austrian siv 6-phaus phom, uas ua tiav hloov ob qho 4- thiab 8-phaus. Qhov no yog vim li cas Bonaparte pom zoo cov lus pom zoo ntawm pawg thawj coj saib xyuas thiab txiav txim siab maj mam qhia cov phom 6-phaus thaum khaws 12-pounders. Tab sis tsis ntev (hauv 1805) nws tau muab tawm tias, vim kev xav tau ntau ntxiv ntawm Cov Tub Rog Loj, nws tsis tuaj yeem tso tseg kev tsim phom raws li cov txheej txheem uas twb muaj lawm ntawm Griboval. Yog li, txog thaum kawg ntawm Thawj Lub Tebchaws, cov tub rog Fab Kis siv rab phom 4-, 6-, 8- thiab 12-pounder.
Ntawm kev tawm tsam Russia, Napoleon tau siv 260 rau-phaus phom loj (uas nws suav tias yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws) thiab 30 plaub-phaus phom, tab sis, raws li cov lus pov thawj ntawm tus neeg tiv thaiv huab tais, feem ntau. Gaspar Gurgo, tsis yog ib rab phom 8-pounder. Tau poob tag nrho 6-phom phom thaum lub sijhawm tawm ntawm Moscow, Cov Tub Rog Loj hauv kev tawm tsam xyoo 1813 thiab 1814. raug yuam kom rov qab mus rau Griboval system. Ntawd yog, txhawm rau siv, ua ntej tshaj plaws, phom 4- thiab 8-phaus phom, tsis yooj yim thiab siv tau ntau yam li 6-phaus phom, uas twb tau siv dav los ntawm cov neeg Lavxias, Prussians thiab Austrians.
Riam riam phom
Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, Griboval system tau txais los ntawm lwm cov tub rog European, tshwj xeeb yog Piedmontese, Bavarian thiab Spanish. Yog li ntawd, sib ntaus cov tub rog no, Fab Kis tuaj yeem siv riam phom ntes tau, uas xyaum tsis txawv ntawm lawv tus kheej. Ib qho ntxiv, cov neeg tua phom Fab Kis tau raug cob qhia los pab phom Prussian, Austrian, Lavxias thiab Askiv, uas lawv tau npaj siv, yog tias lawv tuaj yeem ntes lawv.
Xyoo 1796 Bonaparte tau nce nws cov phom loj nrog rab phom coj los ntawm Austrians thiab Piedmontese. Marshal Louis Davout tau pib sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Auerstedt nrog 40 rab phom, thiab xaus nrog 85 rab phom ntxiv los ntawm cov neeg Prussians. Hauv kev sib tw xyoo 1807, Marshal Jean de Dieu Soult lub cev muaj 48 rab phom, uas 42 yog Austrian 6-phom phom, ntes tau ob xyoos ua ntej. Cov phom Mev tau ntes los ntawm cov tub rog Polish nyob ntawm Somosierra pass tau raug xa mus rau lub tuam txhab Polish rab phom loj txuas nrog rau qhov hu ua faib ntawm Duchy ntawm Warsaw.
Ib yam nkaus, Fab Kis siv cov mos txwv ntes. Tom qab Kev Sib Tw ntawm Wagram, piv txwv li, General Jean Ambroise Baston de Lariboisiere tau them 5 sous rau txhua rab phom loj raug tshem tawm ntawm tshav rog. Yog li, nws tau tswj kom khaws ntau dua 25,000 cores thiab ua rau ib feem peb ntawm nws cov mos txwv siv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua no.
Txij li xyoo 1806, Imperial Artillery Corps suav nrog 8 tus tub rog siv phom loj, 6 tus tub rog tub rog tub rog, 16 lub tuam txhab kev tsim vaj tsev, 22 tuam txhab thauj khoom, 2 pab tub rog caij nkoj, 4 lub tuam txhab muab khaub ncaws, 107 lub tuam txhab tua phom loj ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv thiab 28 lub tuam txhab tua phom loj. Tab sis cov txheej txheem kev teeb tsa tau siv tsuas yog nyob rau lub sijhawm muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. Thaum cov phom loj nkag mus rau hauv tshav rog, nws yeej tsis tau ua haujlwm ib zaug li nyob hauv ib qho chaw. Cov phom loj tau faib los ntawm chaw nres nkoj mus rau kev sib cais thiab cov chaw ruaj khov. Feem ntau, cov tuam txhab phom loj los ntawm cov tub rog sib txawv sib ntaus sib tua, tsis muaj kev sib txuas nrog lwm lub tuam txhab ntawm lawv tus kheej. Qib siab dua ntawm cov phom loj tas li tawm tsam cov txheej txheem no, vim tias lawv yuav luag tsis tas yuav hais kom lawv cov tub rog sib ntaus sib tua.
