Cov riam phom nuclear yog qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej hais txog tus nqi / kev ua haujlwm: tus nqi txhua xyoo ntawm kev tsim kho, ntsuas, tsim khoom thiab tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov riam phom no ua los ntawm 5 txog 10 feem pua ntawm kev siv nyiaj tub rog ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab Lavxias Lavxias - cov tebchaws uas twb tau tsim cov txheej txheem tsim khoom nuclear, tsim cov tshuab hluav taws xob atomic thiab muaj cov dav hlau supercomputers rau kev ua lej ua piv txwv ntawm kev tawg nuclear.
Kev siv cov cuab yeej siv nuclear rau lub hom phiaj ua tub rog yog ua raws cov cuab yeej ntawm cov khoom hnyav ntawm cov tshuaj hnyav kom tawg mus rau hauv atoms ntawm cov khoom sib zog nrog tso tawm lub zog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm hluav taws xob hluav taws xob (gamma thiab X-ray ntau yam), ntxiv rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub zog siv hluav taws xob ntawm kev faib ua ntu ntu (neutrons, protons thiab electrons) thiab nuclei ntawm atoms ntawm cov khoom sib zog (cesium, strontium, iodine thiab lwm yam)
Cov khoom hnyav tshaj plaws yog uranium thiab plutonium. Lawv cov isotopes, thaum fissioning lawv cov nucleus, tawm los ntawm 2 txog 3 neutrons, uas nyob rau hauv lem ua rau fission ntawm nuclei ntawm atoms nyob sib ze, thiab lwm yam. Kev nthuav tawm tus kheej (thiaj li hu ua saw) cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog kev tso tawm ntau ntawm lub zog tshwm sim hauv cov khoom. Txhawm rau pib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, yuav tsum muaj qee qhov hnyav tseem ceeb, qhov ntim uas yuav txaus rau kev ntes cov neutron los ntawm atomic nuclei yam tsis muaj kev tso tawm ntawm neutron sab nraud ntawm cov khoom. Qhov hnyav hnyav tuaj yeem txo qis nrog qhov pom ntawm neutron thiab pib qhov chaw neutron
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv fission yog pib los ntawm kev sib txuas ob pawg sib txawv hauv ib qho supercritical ib lossis los ntawm kev sib zog ua lub plhaub kheej kheej ntawm cov supercritical loj rau hauv ib puag ncig, yog li ua kom muaj qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov teeb meem tawg hauv ib qho ntim. Cov khoom tawg tau muab sib xyaw lossis sib xyaw los ntawm kev qhia ua kom muaj tshuaj lom tawg.
Ntxiv rau qhov fission cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov khoom hnyav, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov khoom siv lub teeb tau siv hauv kev tsub nqi nuclear. Thermonuclear fusion yuav tsum tau cua sov thiab sib zog ntawm qhov teeb meem mus txog ntau kaum tawm lab tus degrees thiab cov cua, uas tuaj yeem muab tau tsuas yog vim lub zog tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm fission cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog li ntawd, thermonuclear tsub nqi tsim los raws li txheej txheem ob theem. Cov isotopes ntawm hydrogen, tritium thiab deuterium (xav tau yam tsawg kawg ntawm qhov kub thiab txias kom pib qhov kev sib xyaw fusion) lossis cov tshuaj sib xyaw, lithium deuteride (tom kawg, nyob rau hauv kev ua ntawm neutrons los ntawm kev tawg ntawm thawj theem, tau muab faib) rau hauv tritium thiab helium) tau siv ua lub teeb pom kev zoo. Lub zog nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv fusion raug tso tawm hauv daim ntawv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob thiab lub zog hluav taws xob ntawm neutron, electrons thiab helium nuclei (thiaj li hu ua alpha particles). Lub zog tso tawm ntawm fusion cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ib chav loj yog plaub npaug siab dua li ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv fission
Tritium thiab nws cov khoom lag luam tus kheej deuterium kuj tseem siv ua lub hauv paus ntawm neutron los pib ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv fission. Tritium los yog sib xyaw ntawm hydrogen isotopes, nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kev sib zog ntawm plutonium plhaub, ib nrab nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv fusion nrog kev tso tawm ntawm neutrons, uas hloov plutonium rau hauv lub xeev supercritical.
Lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws niaj hnub no yog raws li hauv qab no:
-ruaj khov (spontaneously non-fissile) isotope ntawm uranium U-238, rho tawm los ntawm uranium ore lossis (hauv daim ntawv ntawm qhov tsis huv) los ntawm phosphate ore;
-hluav taws xob (tsis tuaj yeem tawg) isotope ntawm uranium U-235, rho tawm los ntawm uranium ore lossis tsim los ntawm U-238 hauv cov reactors nuclear;
isotope hluav taws xob isotope ntawm plutonium Pu-239, tsim los ntawm U-238 hauv nuclear reactors;
isotope ruaj khov ntawm hydrogen deuterium D, rho tawm los ntawm cov dej ntuj lossis tsim los ntawm protium hauv cov reactors nuclear;
isotope radioactive isotope ntawm hydrogen tritium T, tsim los ntawm deuterium hauv nuclear reactors;
- isotope ruaj khov ntawm lithium Li-6, rho tawm los ntawm ore;
- isotope ruaj khov ntawm beryllium Be-9, rho tawm los ntawm ore;
- HMX thiab triaminotrinitrobenzene, tshuaj lom neeg tawg.
Qhov hnyav ntawm lub pob ua los ntawm U-235 nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 17 cm yog 50 kg, qhov hnyav ntawm pob ua los ntawm Pu-239 nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 10 cm yog 11 kg. Nrog lub beryllium neutron reflector thiab tritium neutron qhov chaw, qhov hnyav tseem ceeb tuaj yeem txo qis rau 35 thiab 6 kg, feem.
Txhawm rau tshem tawm qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm tshwm sim ntawm tus nqi nuclear, lawv siv qhov hu ua. riam phom-qib Pu-239, ua kom huv los ntawm lwm qhov, tsawg isotopes ruaj khov ntawm plutonium mus rau qib 94%. Nrog lub sijhawm ntev ntawm 30 xyoo, plutonium tau ua kom huv los ntawm cov khoom lag luam ntawm spontaneous nuclear lwj ntawm nws cov isotopes. Txhawm rau txhawm rau ua kom lub zog muaj zog, plutonium tau sib xyaw nrog 1 pawg feem pua gallium thiab txheej nrog txheej txheej npib tsib xee kom tiv thaiv nws los ntawm oxidation.
Qhov kub ntawm hluav taws xob ua kom sov nws tus kheej ntawm plutonium thaum khaws cov nqi nuclear tsis tshaj 100 degrees Celsius, uas qis dua li qhov kub hnyiab ntawm cov tshuaj lom tawg.
Raws li xyoo 2000, cov riam phom -qib plutonium ntawm kev pov tseg ntawm Lavxias teb sab yog kwv yees li ntawm 170 tons, Tebchaws Asmeskas - ntawm 103 tons, ntxiv rau ntau kaum tawm tons tau txais los ntawm NATO lub tebchaws, Nyiv thiab Kaus Lim Qab Teb, uas tsis muaj riam phom nuclear. Tsoomfwv Lavxias muaj peev xwm tsim plutonium ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb hauv daim ntawv ntawm riam phom-qib thiab lub zog nuclear nrawm nrawm. Ua ke nrog plutonium ntawm tus nqi kwv yees li 100 Asmeskas las rau ib gram (5-6 kg rau ib tus nqi), tritium tau tsim los ntawm tus nqi kwv yees li 20 txhiab Asmeskas las ib gram (4-5 grams ib zaug).
Qhov kev tsim qauv ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm kev them nqi hluav taws xob nuclear yog Kid thiab Fat Man, tsim hauv Tebchaws Meskas thaum nruab nrab xyoo 1940s. Hom kawg ntawm kev them nqi sib txawv los ntawm thawj zaug hauv cov cuab yeej nyuaj rau synchronizing lub foob pob ntawm ntau lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab hauv nws qhov loj me me.
"Tus Me Nyuam" tau ua raws li lub phiaj xwm phom loj - rab phom loj tau teeb tsa raws qhov ntev ntawm lub dav hlau lub cev, ntawm qhov kawg muffled uas yog ib nrab ntawm cov khoom tawg (uranium U -235), ib nrab thib ob ntawm cov khoom fissile yog qhov projectile nrawm dua los ntawm hmoov hmoov. Kev siv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm uranium hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv fission yog kwv yees li 1 feem pua, qhov seem ntawm U-235 qhov hnyav poob tawm hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj tua hluav taws xob poob qis nrog ib nrab ntawm lub neej ntawm 700 lab xyoo.
"Txiv neej rog" tau ua raws li cov txheej txheem cuam tshuam-ib puag ncig hollow ntawm cov khoom tawg (Pu-239 plutonium) tau nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm lub plhaub ua los ntawm uranium U-238 (pusher), aluminium plhaub (quencher) thiab lub plhaub (implosion) lub tshuab hluav taws xob), ua los ntawm tsib- thiab hexagonal ntu ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg tawg, nyob rau sab nrauv uas cov tshuab hluav taws xob tau teeb tsa. Txhua ntu yog lub lens tawg ntawm ob hom kev tawg nrog sib txawv ntawm cov foob pob tawg, hloov pauv qhov sib txawv ntawm lub zog mus rau hauv lub voj voos kheej kheej sib sau ua ke, sib txig sib luag ntawm lub plhaub txhuas, uas tig rau hauv lub plhaub uranium, thiab ib qho - plutonium kheej kheej kom txog thaum nws puab kab noj hniav kaw. Ib tug txhuas absorber siv los nqus cov recoil ntawm lub siab nthwv dej thaum nws kis tau rau hauv ib lub khoom uas muaj ib tug ntau dua kev ceev, thiab ib tug uranium voom siv los mus inertly tuav plutonium thaum lub sij hawm lub fission cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Hauv kab noj hniav sab hauv ntawm plutonium kheej kheej, muaj qhov chaw neutron nyob, tsim los ntawm cov xov tooj cua isotope polonium Po-210 thiab beryllium, uas tau tso tawm neutrons nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm alpha tawg los ntawm polonium. Kev siv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov teeb meem tawg yog kwv yees li 5 feem pua, ib nrab ntawm lub neej ntawm cov hluav taws xob poob qis yog 24 txhiab xyoo.
Tam sim ntawd tom qab tsim "Kid" thiab "Fat Man" hauv Asmeskas, kev ua haujlwm pib ua kom zoo dua tsim cov nqi nuclear, ob qho tib si rab phom thiab phom sij, txhawm rau txo qis qhov hnyav, nce kev siv tus nqi ntawm cov khoom tawg, ua kom yooj yim dua hluav taws xob foob pob hluav taws thiab txo qhov loj me. Hauv USSR thiab lwm lub xeev - tus tswv ntawm riam phom nuclear, cov nqi raug tsim thaum xub thawj raws li cov phiaj xwm cuam tshuam. Raws li qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tsim qauv, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom tawg tau raug txo qis, thiab qhov sib npaug ntawm nws qhov kev siv tau nce ntau zaus vim yog siv lub neutron reflector thiab neutron source.
Lub beryllium neutron reflector yog lub plhaub hlau txog li 40 mm tuab, lub hauv paus neutron yog gaseous tritium txhaws kab noj hniav hauv plutonium, lossis tritium-impregnated iron hydride nrog titanium khaws cia hauv ib lub tog raj kheej cais (txhawb) thiab tso tawm tritium raws li qhov ua kom sov los ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim ua ntej siv tus nqi nuclear, tom qab uas tritium tau pub los ntawm cov raj xa dej mus rau qhov nqi. Cov txheej txheem daws teeb meem tom kawg ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj zog ntawm lub zog nuclear nyob ntawm qhov ntim ntawm cov twj tso kua mis tritium, thiab tseem pab txhawb kev hloov cov roj sib xyaw nrog cov tshiab txhua txhua 4-5 xyoos, txij li ib nrab ntawm lub neej ntawm tritium yog 12 xyoos. Qhov ntau dhau ntawm tritium hauv lub zog ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txo qhov hnyav ntawm plutonium mus rau 3 kg thiab ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm qhov ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj xws li hluav taws xob neutron (los ntawm kev txo cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lwm yam kev puas tsuaj - nthwv dej yoj thiab lub teeb tawg). Raws li qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tsim kho kom zoo, cov khoom siv fissile tau nce mus rau 20%, thaum muaj ntau tshaj ntawm tritium - txog 40%.
Cov phiaj xwm phom loj tau yooj yim vim yog kev hloov pauv mus rau kev sib hloov radial-axial los ntawm kev ua cov khoom tawg yooj yim hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub tog raj kheej hollow, tsoo los ntawm kev tawg ntawm ob kawg thiab ib qho khoom tawg tawg.
Cov txheej txheem implosive tau ua kom zoo (SWAN) los ntawm kev ua lub plhaub sab nrauv ntawm qhov tawg ntawm ellipsoid, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txo tus naj npawb ntawm cov iav tawg mus rau ob chav sib nrug sib nrug ntawm tus ncej ntawm ellipsoid - qhov sib txawv hauv Qhov nrawm ntawm lub foob pob tawg nyob hauv ntu ntu ntawm lub foob pob tawg kom ntseeg tau tias txoj kev mus ib txhis ntawm qhov kev poob siab nthwv dej mus rau lub ntsej muag kheej kheej txheej sab hauv ntawm cov khoom tawg, lub foob pob uas ua kom zoo sib xws ua rau lub plhaub beryllium (sib txuas ua haujlwm ntawm neutron reflector thiab lub zog nthwv dej rov qab damper) thiab plutonium kheej kheej nrog sab hauv kab noj hniav uas muaj tritium lossis nws sib xyaw nrog deuterium
Qhov kev cog lus me me tshaj plaws ntawm cov txheej txheem implosion (siv nyob rau hauv Soviet 152-mm projectile) yog kev ua tiav ntawm kev sib tsoo-beryllium-plutonium sib dhos hauv daim ntawv ntawm hollow ellipsoid nrog cov phab ntsa tuab sib txawv, uas muab cov lej deformation ntawm kev sib dhos nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kev poob siab nthwv dej los ntawm kev tawg mus rau hauv cov qauv kheej kheej zaum kawg
Txawm hais tias muaj ntau yam kev txhim kho, lub zog ntawm nuclear fission tsub tseem txwv rau qib ntawm 100 Ktn hauv TNT sib npaug vim qhov tsis tuaj yeem nthuav dav ntawm txheej txheej ntawm qhov tawg ntawm qhov teeb meem thaum tawg nrog kev tshem tawm cov teeb meem los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv fission.
Yog li ntawd, kev tsim qauv tau npaj tseg rau qhov ntsuas hluav taws xob, uas suav nrog ob qhov hnyav fission ntsiab thiab lub teeb fusion ntsiab. Thawj thermonuclear nqi (Ivy Mike) tau ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub tank cryogenic uas muaj cov kua sib xyaw ua ke ntawm tritium thiab deuterium, nyob rau hauv uas muaj kev cuam tshuam nuclear nqi ntawm plutonium nyob. Vim tias qhov loj me heev thiab xav tau kev txias txias ntawm lub tank cryogenic, cov txheej txheem sib txawv tau siv hauv kev coj ua - ib qho "puff" (RDS -6s), uas suav nrog ob peb txheej txheej ntawm uranium, plutonium thiab lithium deuteride nrog sab nrauv beryllium reflector thiab sab hauv tritium qhov chaw
Txawm li cas los xij, lub zog ntawm "puff" kuj tseem raug txwv los ntawm qib 1 Mtn vim yog qhov pib ntawm kev sib tawg thiab sib xyaw cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hauv cov txheej sab hauv thiab nthuav tawm ntawm txheej txheej uas tsis tau ua dua tshiab. Txhawm rau txhawm rau kov yeej qhov kev txwv no, cov phiaj xwm tau tsim los rau kev sib zog ntawm cov teeb pom kev ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv fusion los ntawm X-duab hluav taws xob (theem thib ob) los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom hnyav (thawj theem). Lub zog loj ntawm cov hluav taws xob xoo hluav taws xob tso tawm hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tso cai rau lithium deuteride kom nrawm 10 zaug nrog qhov nce ntawm qhov ntom los ntawm 1000 zaug thiab ua kom sov thaum lub sijhawm txheej txheem, tom qab ntawd lithium tau nthuav tawm mus rau neutron flux los ntawm fission cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tig mus rau tritium, uas nkag mus rau hauv fusion tshua nrog deuterium. Cov txheej txheem ob-theem ntawm kev ntsuas thermonuclear yog qhov huv tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, vim tias cov neutron thib ob los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv fusion hlawv tawm cov tshuaj uranium / plutonium uas tsis muaj tshuaj tiv thaiv mus rau lub sijhawm luv luv hauv cov xov tooj cua, thiab cov neutron lawv tus kheej tau tua nyob hauv huab cua nrog thaj tsam li ntawm 1.5 km.
Rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua kom zoo ib yam crimping ntawm theem ob, lub cev ntawm thermonuclear them nyiaj tau ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov txiv laum huab xeeb, tso qhov sib dhos ntawm thawj theem hauv qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas ntawm ib feem ntawm lub plhaub, thiab sib dhos ntawm theem ob hauv kev tsom xam geometric ntawm lwm qhov ntawm lub plhaub. Cov rooj sib txoos raug tshem tawm hauv qhov ntau ntawm lub cev siv ua npuas dej lossis airgel muab tub lim. Raws li txoj cai ntawm kev kho qhov muag, X-ray hluav taws xob los ntawm kev tawg ntawm thawj theem tau tsom mus rau qhov nqaim nruab nrab ntawm ob feem ntawm lub plhaub thiab tau faib ua tusyees thoob plaws saum npoo ntawm theem ob. Txhawm rau txhawm rau nce qhov kev xav hauv X-ray ntau yam, sab hauv ntawm lub cev them nyiaj thiab sab nrauv ntawm kev sib dhos theem ob tau npog nrog txheej txheej ntawm cov khoom ntom ntom: txhuas, tungsten, lossis uranium U-238. Hauv qhov xwm txheej tom kawg, thermonuclear them nyiaj dhau los ua peb theem-raws li kev ua ntawm neutrons los ntawm kev sib xyaw fusion, U-238 hloov mus rau U-235, uas nws cov atoms nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv fission thiab ua rau lub zog tawg.
Cov phiaj xwm peb theem tau suav nrog hauv kev tsim qauv ntawm Soviet AN-602 lub foob pob aerial, lub zog tsim uas yog 100 Mtn. Ua ntej qhov kev sim, theem thib peb tau raug cais tawm ntawm nws qhov kev hloov pauv los ntawm kev hloov uranium U-238 nrog cov hmoov txhuas vim tias muaj kev pheej hmoo nthuav dav thaj tsam ntawm cov hluav taws xob uas poob los ntawm qhov tawg ntawm U-238 dhau ntawm qhov chaw sim. Lub peev xwm tiag ntawm ob-theem kev hloov pauv ntawm AN-602 yog 58 Mtn. Kev nce ntxiv ntawm lub zog ntawm thermonuclear tsub kom tuaj yeem ua los ntawm kev nce tus lej ntawm thermonuclear tsub rau hauv cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke tawg. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tsim nyog vim tsis muaj lub hom phiaj txaus - qhov sib piv niaj hnub ntawm AN -602, tso rau ntawm lub nkoj Poseidon hauv qab dej, muaj lub vojvoog ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov tuam tsev thiab cov qauv los ntawm kev poob siab ntawm 72 km thiab ib puag ncig. ntawm qhov hluav taws kub ntawm 150 km, uas txaus txaus los rhuav tshem cov nroog loj xws li New York lossis Tokyo
Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm kev txwv qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev siv riam phom nuclear (thaj chaw hauv cheeb tsam, txo qhov tso tawm xov tooj cua, qib kev siv tswv yim), thiaj li hu ua kev them nqi ib zaug nrog lub peev xwm txog li 1 Ktn, uas tau tsim los rhuav tshem lub hom phiaj - foob pob hluav taws, lub hauv paus chaw, chaw sib txuas lus, radars, tiv thaiv huab cua tiv thaiv kab mob, nkoj, submarines, cov phiaj xwm foob pob, thiab lwm yam.
Kev tsim cov nqi no tuaj yeem ua rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev sib dhos sib dhos, uas suav nrog ob lub qhov muag ellipsoidal lub qhov muag tawg (tshuaj lom los ntawm HMX, cov khoom tsis ua los ntawm polypropylene), peb lub ntsej muag kheej kheej (neutron reflector ua los ntawm beryllium, piezoelectric generator ua los ntawm cesium iodide, cov khoom tawg los ntawm plutonium) thiab sab hauv (lithium deuteride fusion roj)
Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm kev sib hloov yoj yoj, cesium iodide tsim lub zog hluav taws xob muaj zog, lub tshuab hluav taws xob ntws tsim hluav taws xob gamma hauv plutonium, uas cuam tshuam tawm neutrons los ntawm nuclei, yog li pib ua rau nws tus kheej-nthuav tawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, xoo hluav taws xob thiab ua kom sov lithium deuteride, neutron flux tsim tritium los ntawm lithium, uas nkag mus rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog deuterium. Qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev sib faib thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke kom ntseeg tau 100% kev siv roj thermonuclear.
Kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob them nqi hluav taws xob kom txo qis lub zog thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm kev hloov plutonium nrog cov cuab yeej rau laser nrawm ntawm lub tsiav tshuaj nrog sib xyaw ntawm tritium thiab deuterium.
