Nyom tsis loj hlob ntawm chaw nres tsheb. Tsis yog, tsis yog vim lub cav hluav taws kub heev uas cov neeg sau xov xwm nyiam sau txog. Cov tshuaj lom ntau dhau tau nchuav rau hauv av thaum thauj cov neeg nqa khoom thiab thaum lub sijhawm tso tawm roj thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev, thaum cov foob pob hluav taws tawg ntawm lub ncoo tso tawm thiab me me, tsis tuaj yeem xau hauv cov raj xa dej.
/ kev xav ntawm tus kws tsav dav hlau Pyotr Khrumov-Nick Rimer hauv S. Lukyanenko zaj dab neeg "Star Shadow"
Thaum tham txog kab lus "Dabneeg ntawm Cov foob pob hluav taws", qhov teeb meem mob heev tau hais txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws ua kua, nrog rau lawv cov khoom tawg, thiab me ntsis txog kev sau lub tsheb. Kuv tsis yog tus kws tshaj lij hauv thaj chaw no, tab sis "rau ib puag ncig" nws yog kev txaj muag.
Hloov chaw ntawm cov lus qhia ua ntej, Kuv qhia koj kom koj paub koj tus kheej nrog kev tshaj tawm " Tus nqi nkag mus rau qhov chaw sab nrauv."
Cov rooj sib tham (tsis yog txhua yam siv hauv kab lus no, tab sis lawv yuav yooj yim hauv lub neej. Cov ntawv Greek tsis yooj yim sau hauv HTML - yog li lub screenshot) /
Cov Lus Txhais (tsis yog txhua yam siv hauv kab lus no).
Kev nyab xeeb ib puag ncig ntawm foob pob ua ntxaij, kuaj thiab txhim kho kev siv tshuab (PS) ntawm lub dav hlau (AC) feem ntau yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov khoom siv ntawm cov tshuab siv hluav taws xob (MCT). Ntau MCTs yog qhov txawv los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj tshuaj lom, lom, tawg thiab phom sij txaus ntshai.
Ua rau hauv tus account qhov muaj kuab lom, CRT tau muab faib ua plaub chav kawm muaj kev phom sij (nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov txaus ntshai):
- thawj chav kawm: cov nplaim hluav taws hydrazine series (hydrazine, UDMH thiab Luminal-A khoom);
- chav kawm thib ob: qee cov roj carbon hydrocarbon (kev hloov pauv ntawm cov roj av thiab cov khoom siv hluavtaws) thiab cov tshuaj oxidizing hydrogen peroxide;
- qib peb: oxidants nitrogen tetroxide (AT) thiab AK -27I (sib xyaw HNO3 - 69.8%, N2O4 - 28%, J - 0.12 β¦ 0.16%);
- chav kawm plaub: roj carbon hydrocarbon RG-1 (kerosene), ethyl cawv thiab aviation roj av.
Cov kua hydrogen, LNG (methane Π‘Π4) thiab cov pa oxygen tsis muaj tshuaj lom, tab sis thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov cim qhia CRT, nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account lawv cov hluav taws thiab kev phom sij tawg (tshwj xeeb yog hydrogen hauv kev sib xyaw nrog cov pa thiab cua).
Cov qauv huv thiab huv si ntawm KRT tau muab rau hauv lub rooj:
Feem ntau cov hluav taws kub hnyiab tau tawg thiab raws li GOST 12.1.011 lawv tau muab cais ua pawg IIA kev phom sij tawg.
Cov khoom lag luam ntawm kev ua tiav thiab ib nrab oxidation ntawm MCT hauv cov tshuab cav thiab lawv cov khoom sib txuas, raws li txoj cai, muaj cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua tsis zoo: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides (NOx), thiab lwm yam.
Hauv cov cav thiab lub zog hluav taws xob ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws, feem ntau ntawm cov cua sov muab rau cov dej ua haujlwm (60 β¦ 70%) raug tso tawm mus rau ib puag ncig nrog lub dav hlau ntws ntawm lub dav hlau cav lossis lub tshuab ua kom txias (thaum ua haujlwm ntawm lub dav hlau cav, dej tau siv ntawm lub rooj zaum ntsuas). Kev tso cov cua sov tso rau hauv huab cua tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lub microclimate hauv zos.
Cov yeeb yaj kiab hais txog RD-170, nws cov khoom tsim tawm thiab kuaj.
Daim ntawv tshaj tawm tsis ntev los no los ntawm NPO Energomash: ob lub qhov chim loj loj ntawm cov ntsuas ntsuas pom, nrog cov tsev thiab ib puag ncig ntawm Khimki:
Ntawm lwm sab ntawm lub ru tsev: koj tuaj yeem pom cov tso tsheb hlau kheej kheej rau cov pa oxygen, lub tog raj kheej kheej kheej rau nitrogen, cov tso tsheb hlau luam kerosene me ntsis rau sab xis, lawv tsis suav nrog hauv tus ncej. Hauv Soviet lub sijhawm, cov tshuab rau Proton tau sim ntawm cov sawv no.
Zoo heev ze rau Moscow.
Tam sim no, ntau lub "pej xeem" foob pob hluav taws siv cov roj carbon hydrocarbon. Lawv cov khoom lag luam ntawm kev sib txuas ua ke (H2O cov pa dej thiab CO2 carbon dioxide) tau pom zoo tsis suav tias yog tshuaj lom ib puag ncig cov pa phem.
Tag nrho lwm cov khoom siv yog cov pa luam yeeb lossis cov tshuaj lom uas muaj kev phom sij rau tib neeg thiab ib puag ncig.
Nws:
sulfur compounds (S02, S03, thiab lwm yam); cov khoom lag luam ntawm kev sib txuas tsis tiav ntawm cov roj carbon hydrocarbon - soot (C), carbon monoxide (CO), ntau yam hydrocarbons, suav nrog cov uas muaj oxygen (aldehydes, ketones, thiab lwm yam), tau txiav txim siab raws li CmHn, CmHnOp lossis yooj yim CH; nitrogen oxides nrog rau kev xaiv dav NOx; khoom (tshauv) ua los ntawm cov ntxhia tsis huv hauv cov roj; sib txuas ntawm txhuas, barium thiab lwm yam uas ua rau cov roj ntxiv.
Piv rau cov tshuab cua sov ntawm lwm hom, tshuaj lom ntawm lub cav foob pob hluav taws muaj nws tus yam ntxwv, vim yog cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb ntawm lawv cov haujlwm, cov roj siv thiab qib ntawm lawv qhov kev siv huab hwm coj, kub ntau dua hauv cheeb tsam cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, qhov tshwm sim tom qab hlawv ntawm cov pa nkev hauv cov cua, thiab qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm lub cav tsim qauv.
Lub sijhawm siv cov tsheb tso tawm (LV), poob rau hauv av, raug rhuav tshem thiab cov khoom pov tseg uas ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom siv roj av seem uas tshuav hauv cov tso tsheb hlau luam ua paug thiab lom thaj tsam ntawm thaj av lossis lub cev dej uas nyob ib sab ntawm qhov chaw sib tsoo.
Txhawm rau txhawm rau nce lub zog yam ntxwv ntawm lub tshuab ua kua, cov khoom siv roj tau pub rau hauv chav sib txuas ntawm qhov sib piv sib piv rau oxidizer ntau tshaj coefficient Ξ±dv <1.
Ib qho ntxiv, cov txheej txheem kev tiv thaiv cua sov ntawm cov chav tua hluav taws suav nrog cov txheej txheem tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom sib txuas nrog cov ntsuas kub qis uas nyob ze ntawm phab ntsa hluav taws los ntawm kev muab roj ntau dhau. Ntau qhov kev tsim qauv niaj hnub no ntawm cov chav tua hluav taws muaj cov kab hlau thaiv los ntawm cov roj ntxiv uas tau muab rau txheej phab ntsa. Qhov no ua ntej tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab ua kua zoo ib yam nyob ib puag ncig ntawm chav, thiab tom qab ntawd yog txheej txheej roj ntawm cov roj tso tawm. Phab ntsa txheej ntawm cov khoom siv sib txuas uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv cov roj tau khaws cia mus rau ntu ntu lub qhov hluav taws xob.
Kev hlawv tom qab ntawm cov khoom siv nplaim hluav taws kub hnyiab tshwm sim thaum muaj kev sib tov sib xyaw nrog huab cua. Qee qhov xwm txheej, qhov ntsuas kub tau tsim nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no tuaj yeem siab txaus rau kev tsim cov nitrogen oxides NOx los ntawm nitrogen thiab oxygen hauv huab cua. Kev suav suav qhia tias tsis muaj nitrogen nitrogen O2zh + H2zh thiab O2zh + kerosene daim ntawv tom qab hlawv, feem, 1, 7 thiab 1, 4 zaug ntau dua nitrogen oxide TSIS muaj dua li roj nitrogen tetroxide + UDMH.
Kev tsim cov nitric oxide thaum lub sij hawm hlawv tom qab tshwm sim tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob ntawm qhov chaw siab.
Thaum txheeb xyuas qhov tsim ntawm nitrogen oxide hauv cov pa taws, nws kuj tseem yuav tsum tau coj mus rau hauv tus account qhov muaj cov kua nitrogen hauv cov kua ua kua txog li 0.5 β¦ 0.8% los ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm cov kua nitrogen.
"Txoj cai lij choj ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov hloov pauv mus rau qhov zoo" (Hegel) ua qhov kev tso dag tso dag rau peb ntawm no ib yam, uas yog, qhov thib ob pawg ntws ntawm TC: ntawm no thiab tam sim no.
Piv txwv li: kev siv cov tshuaj tua hluav taws thaum lub sijhawm pib ntawm Proton LV yog 3800 kg / s, Chaw Shuttle - ntau dua 10000 kg / s thiab Saturn -5 LV - 13000 kg / s. Cov nqi zoo li no ua rau muaj cov khoom sib txuas ntau hauv cov chaw tsim tawm, huab cua muaj kuab paug, kua qaub los nag thiab hloov pauv huab cua ntawm thaj tsam 100-200 km2.
NASA tau kawm txog kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig ntawm qhov chaw Shuttle xa mus rau lub sijhawm ntev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txij li Kennedy Space Center nyob hauv qhov chaw tshwj xeeb thiab yuav luag nyob ntawm ntug hiav txwv.
Thaum lub sijhawm tshaj tawm, peb lub tshuab ua haujlwm ntawm lub dav hlau ncig lub qhov muag hlawv cov kua hydrogen, thiab cov khoom siv roj ua kom hlawv ammonium perchlorate nrog txhuas. Raws li NASA kwv yees, huab huab nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm lub ncoo thaum lub sijhawm tso tawm muaj txog 65 tons ntawm dej, 72 tons ntawm carbon dioxide, 38 tons ntawm aluminium oxide, 35 tons ntawm hydrogen chloride, 4 tons ntawm lwm cov tshuaj chlorine, 240 kg ntawm carbon monoxide thiab 2.3 tons ntawm nitrogen. β¦ Tons ntawm cov kwv tij! Kaum tawm tons.
Ntawm no, tau kawg, qhov tseeb tias "lub dav hlau thauj mus los" tsis yog tsuas yog cov tshuab ua kom muaj dej-pov thawj lub tshuab foob pob hluav taws, tab sis kuj tseem yog lub ntiaj teb muaj zog tshaj "ib txhia muaj tshuaj lom" cov tshuaj tua kab, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Feem ntau, tseem, qhov zoo heev cocktail tau txais ntawm qhov tawm.
Cov tshuaj hydrogen chloride hauv dej hloov mus rau hydrochloric acid thiab ua rau muaj teeb meem ib puag ncig loj nyob ib puag ncig lub chaw tsim tawm. Muaj cov pas dej loj nrog dej txias nyob ze ntawm qhov chaw pib, qhov twg pom ntses. Kev nce acidity ntawm qhov chaw tom qab pib ua rau tuag ntawm kib. Cov menyuam yaus loj dua, nyob tob dua, muaj sia nyob. Oddly txaus, tsis muaj kab mob pom hauv noog noj ntses tuag. Tej zaum tseem tsis tau. Ntxiv mus, cov noog tau yoog kom ya tau yooj yim prey tom qab txhua qhov pib. Qee hom nroj tsuag tuag tom qab pib, tab sis cov qoob loo ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj txiaj ntsig muaj sia nyob. Hauv cua tsis zoo, cov kua qaub tawm mus sab nraum thaj tsam peb-mais ib ncig ntawm qhov chaw tshaj tawm thiab rhuav tshem cov xim pleev xim rau ntawm lub tsheb. Yog li ntawd, NASA muab cov npog tshwj xeeb rau cov tswv uas nws lub tsheb nyob hauv thaj chaw muaj kev phom sij rau hnub pib. Aluminium oxide yog inert thiab, txawm hais tias nws tuaj yeem ua rau mob ntsws, nws ntseeg tias nws cov concentration thaum pib tsis txaus ntshai.
Okay, qhov no "Qhov Chaw Shuttle" - nws tsawg kawg ua ke H2O (H2 + O2) nrog cov khoom oxidation ntawm NH4ClO4 thiab Al β¦
Thiab ntawm no yog qhov piv txwv rau SAM 5V21A SAM S-200V:
1. Txhawb nqa lub cav foob pob hluav taws 5D12: AT + NDMG
2. Boosters cov khoom siv foob pob hluav taws 5S25 (5S28) plaub daim ntawm kev sib xyaw TT 5V28 hom RAM-10k
β Cov vis dis aus hais txog C 200 xa tawm;
β Sib ntaus sib tua ua haujlwm ntawm kev tshaj lij ntawm S200 huab cua tiv thaiv lub foob pob hluav taws.
Ua kom muaj zog ua pa sib xyaw hauv thaj chaw ntawm kev sib ntaus thiab kev tshaj tawm. Nws yog tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua uas "kev hloov pauv zoo hauv lub cev tsim thiab cov tonsils hauv lub qhov ntswg khaus."
Cia peb rov qab mus rau lub tshuab ua kom lub foob pob hluav taws ua kua, thiab ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom siv tawv tawv, lawv cov kev nyab xeeb thiab cov khoom siv rau lawv, hauv lwm tsab xov xwm (voyaka uh - Kuv nco qab qhov kev txiav txim).
Kev ua tau zoo ntawm qhov kev tawm tsam tuaj yeem raug ntsuas xwb raws li kev xeem. Yog li, txhawm rau lees paub qhov txwv qis ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis ua haujlwm (FBR) 0> 0, 99 nrog qib kev ntseeg siab ntawm 0.95, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua n = 300 qhov kev sim tsis nyab xeeb, thiab rau Π Π½> 0, 999 - n = 1000 qhov kev xeem tsis nyab xeeb.
Yog tias peb txiav txim siab lub tshuab ua kua ua kua, tom qab ntawd cov txheej txheem kev khawb av tau ua tiav hauv cov kab hauv qab no:
- kev sim ntawm cov ntsiab lus, chav nyob (sib dhos sib dhos thiab txhawb nqa lub twj tso kua mis, twj tso kua mis, lub tshuab hluav taws xob, chav sib txuas, lub valve, thiab lwm yam);
- kuaj cov kab ke (TNA, TNA nrog GG, GG nrog CS, thiab lwm yam);
- kev sim ntawm lub cav simulator;
- kev sim cav;
- kev ntsuam xyuas lub cav ua ib feem ntawm cov chaw taws teeb tswj;
- kev sim dav hlau ya dav hlau.
Hauv kev xyaum tsim cov cav, 2 txoj hauv kev ntawm kev tshem tawm lub rooj ntev zaum tau paub: ua ntu zus (tshwj xeeb) thiab ua tib zoo (nrawm dua).
Qhov ntsuas ntsuas yog cov cuab yeej siv rau teeb tsa cov khoom ntsuas hauv ib txoj haujlwm, tsim kev cuam tshuam, nyeem cov ntaub ntawv thiab tswj cov txheej txheem xeem thiab cov khoom ntsuas.
Cov rooj zaum ntsuas rau ntau lub hom phiaj feem ntau suav nrog ob ntu txuas nrog los ntawm kev sib txuas lus:
Cov duab thiab cov duab yuav muab kev nkag siab ntau dua li kuv cov lus tsim:
Siv:
Cov kws ntsuam xyuas thiab cov uas ua haujlwm nrog UDMH / heptyl / tau txais kev tso cai hauv USSR: 6-teev ua haujlwm hnub so, hnub so 36 hnub ua haujlwm, ua haujlwm laus, so haujlwm 55 xyoos, muab lawv ua haujlwm tsis zoo rau 12, 5 xyoos, noj mov dawb, daim npav tshwj xeeb rau sanatoriums thiab d / o. Lawv tau raug xa mus rau kev kho mob rau 3rd GU ntawm Ministry of Health, zoo li cov lag luam ntawm Sredmash, nrog rau qhov yuav tsum tau kuaj mob tas li. Cov neeg tuag hauv cov tuam tsev tau siab dua li qhov nruab nrab rau cov lag luam ntawm kev lag luam, feem ntau yog rau cov kab mob oncological, txawm hais tias lawv tsis raug cais raws li kev ua haujlwm.
Tam sim no, rau kev tshem tawm cov khoom hnyav (cov chaw ncig chaw nrog qhov hnyav txog 20 tons), Proton lub tsheb pib siv hauv Lavxias Lavxias siv cov tshuaj lom roj lom ntau NDMG thiab AT. Txhawm rau txo qhov kev phom sij ntawm kev tso tsheb mus rau ib puag ncig, theem thiab lub cav ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws ("Proton-M") tau hloov kho tshiab txhawm rau txhawm rau txo qis cov khoom seem hauv cov tso tsheb hlau luam thiab cov kab hluav taws xob ntawm txoj kev tawm tsam:
-BTsVK tshiab
-cov txheej txheem rau ua tib txhij tso cov foob pob hluav taws (SOB)
Txog rau kev tshem tawm ntawm kev them nyiaj hauv tebchaws Russia, kev siv tshuab foob pob hluav taws pheej yig "Dnepr", "Strela", "Rokot", "Cyclone" thiab "Kosmos-3M" tau siv (lossis tau siv), ua haujlwm ntawm cov roj lom.
Txhawm rau tso cov neeg tsav dav hlau nrog cov neeg caij nkoj, tsuas yog (ob qho tib si hauv peb lub tebchaws thiab hauv ntiaj teb, tshwj tsis yog Tuam Tshoj) Soyuz cov foob pob hluav taws tau siv cov pa oxygen-kerosene siv. TCs uas muaj kev nyab xeeb tshaj plaws yog H2 + O2, tom qab ntawd kerosene + O2, lossis HCG + O2. "Stinks" yog cov tshuaj lom tshaj plaws thiab ua tiav daim ntawv teev npe ecological (Kuv tsis xav txog cov tshuaj fluorine thiab lwm yam khoom txawv txawv).
Hydrogen thiab LRE ntsuas lub rooj zaum rau cov roj ntawd muaj lawv tus kheej "khoom siv". Hauv thawj theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog hydrogen, vim nws qhov kev tawg loj thiab muaj kev phom sij, tsis muaj kev pom zoo hauv Tebchaws Meskas txog kev pom zoo tom qab hlawv txhua hom kev tso pa hydrogen. Piv txwv li, Pratt-Whitney lub tuam txhab (Asmeskas) tau pom zoo tias kev sib xyaw ntawm tag nrho cov pa tawm ntawm hydrogen lav ua tiav kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev ntsuas, yog li ntawd, cov pa roj av propane tau tswj hwm saum toj no txhua lub qhov tso pa tawm ntawm cov pa tawm ntawm xeem zaum.
Lub tuam txhab "Douglas-Ercraft" (TEB CHAWS USA) tau txiav txim siab tias nws txaus los tso cov pa roj carbon hydrogen hauv qhov me me los ntawm cov yeeb nkab ntsug nyob ntawm qhov txiav txim siab deb ntawm qhov chaw ntsuas, tsis muaj tom qab hlawv nws.
Hauv Lavxias lub rooj zaum ntsuas, nyob hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj thiab ua qhov kev sim, cov pa tawm hydrogen tau hlawv nrog cov dej ntws ntau dua 0.5 kg / s. Ntawm tus nqi qis, hydrogen tsis tau hlawv tawm, tab sis raug tshem tawm ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm lub rooj zaum ntsuas thiab tso tawm mus rau hauv qhov chaw los ntawm kev tso dej tawm nrog nitrogen tshuab.
Nrog cov tshuaj lom ntawm RT ("tsw ntxhiab"), qhov xwm txheej phem dua. Raws li thaum ntsuas cov tshuab ua kua-propellant foob pob hluav taws:
Tib yam muaj tseeb rau kev tshaj tawm (ob qho xwm txheej ceev thiab ua tiav ib nrab):
Qhov teeb meem ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau ib puag ncig hauv qhov xwm txheej tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm qhov chaw tshaj tawm thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm kev sib cais cov foob pob hluav taws yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, vim tias cov xwm txheej no yog qhov ua tsis tau zoo.
"Cia peb rov qab mus rau peb tus txiv neej." Cia Suav xam nws tus kheej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vim muaj ntau ntawm lawv.
Nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm thaj av Altai-Sayan, muaj rau thaj tsam (thaj tsam) ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg thib ob ntawm LV pib los ntawm Baikonur cosmodrome. Plaub ntawm lawv, suav nrog hauv thaj tsam Yu-30 (No. 306, 307, 309, 310), nyob rau sab hnub poob sab hnub poob ntawm cheeb tsam, ntawm ciam teb ntawm Altai Thaj Chaw thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj Kazakhstan cheeb tsam. Ntog Ntu 326, 327 suav nrog hauv cheeb tsam Yu-32 nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws, nyob ze ntawm lub pas dej. Teletskoe.
Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm kev siv foob pob ua ntxaij nrog tus phooj ywg zoo ib puag ncig, ntsuas kom tshem tawm qhov tshwm sim hauv qhov chaw uas qhov sib cais sib tsoo poob tau txo qis rau cov txheej txheem kev siv tshuab ntawm kev khaws cov seem ntawm cov qauv hlau.
Kev ntsuas tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau ua txhawm rau tshem tawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev poob ntawm cov theem uas muaj tons ntawm UDMH tsis tau txhim kho, uas nkag mus rau hauv cov av thiab, yaj tau zoo hauv dej, tuaj yeem kis mus tau ntev. Nitrogen tetroxide sai sai rau hauv cov huab cua thiab tsis yog ib qho kev txiav txim siab hauv kev kis kab mob ntawm thaj chaw. Raws li kev kwv yees, nws yuav siv sijhawm tsawg kawg 40 xyoo txhawm rau ua kom tau thaj av uas tau siv los ua qhov chaw poob ntawm UDMH cov kauj ruam hauv 10 xyoo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, yuav tsum ua haujlwm txhawm rau khawb thiab thauj cov av tseem ceeb los ntawm qhov chaw poob. Kev tshawb nrhiav nyob rau qhov chaw ntawm lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm thawj theem ntawm Proton lub tsheb pib pom tias thaj tsam ntawm cov av sib kis nrog lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm ib theem nyob thaj tsam ntawm ~ 50 txhiab m2 nrog rau qhov chaw siab nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm 320-1150 mg / kg, uas yog ntau txhiab lub sijhawm siab dua qhov siab tshaj qhov tau tso cai.
Tam sim no, tsis muaj txoj hauv kev zoo los tshem tawm thaj chaw muaj kuab paug nrog UDMH tuaj yeem sib txuas tau
Lub Koom Haum Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Ntiaj Teb tau suav nrog UDMH hauv cov npe ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj tshuaj lom txaus ntshai. Siv: Heptyl yog 6 npaug tshuaj lom ntau dua li hydrocyanic acid! Thiab koj pom qhov twg 100 tons ntawm hydrocyanic acid ib zaug?
Cov khoom siv sib txuas ntawm heptyl thiab amyl (oxidation) thaum kuaj cov cav foob pob hluav taws lossis xa cov foob pob hluav taws.
Txhua yam ntawm wiki yog yooj yim thiab tsis muaj teeb meem:
Ntawm "tso tawm": dej, nitrogen thiab carbon dioxide.
Thiab hauv lub neej, txhua yam nyuaj dua: Km thiab alpha, feem, qhov sib piv loj ntawm cov tshuaj oxidizer / roj 1, 6: 1 lossis 2, 6: 1 = yog ib yam tsiaj qus ntau dhau ntawm oxidizer (piv txwv: N2O4: UDMH = 2.6: 1 (260 g thiab 100 g.- Piv txwv li):
Thaum pawg no ntsib lwm qhov sib xyaw - peb cov huab cua + cov teeb meem organic (paj ntoos) + hmoov av + sulfur oxides + methane + propane + thiab ntxiv rau, qhov tshwm sim ntawm oxidation / combustion zoo li no:
Nitrosodimethylamine (lub npe tshuaj: N-methyl-N-nitrosomethanamine). Tsim los ntawm oxidation ntawm heptyl los ntawm amyl. Cia peb yaj zoo hauv dej. Nws nkag mus rau oxidation thiab txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, nrog tsim heptyl, dimethylhydrazine, dimethylamine, ammonia, formaldehyde thiab lwm yam tshuaj. Nws yog cov khoom muaj tshuaj lom nyob rau qib 1 uas txaus ntshai. Carcinogen nrog cov khoom sib sau ua ke. MPC: hauv huab cua ntawm thaj chaw ua haujlwm - 0.01 mg / m3, uas yog, 10 npaug ntau dua li txaus ntshai heptyl, hauv huab cua huab cua ntawm kev sib hais haum - 0.001 mg / m3 (nruab nrab txhua hnub), hauv cov dej ntawm cov pas dej - 0.01 mg / l.
Tetramethyltetrazene (4, 4, 4, 4-tetramethyl-2-tetrazene) yog cov khoom tawg ntawm heptyl. Soluble hauv dej rau qhov txwv. Ruaj khov nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig abiotic, ruaj khov heev hauv dej. Decomposes rau tsim dimethylamine thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm unidentified tshuaj. Hais txog qhov muaj tshuaj lom, nws muaj qib kev phom sij thib 3. MPC: hauv huab cua huab cua ntawm kev sib hais haum - 0, 005 mg / m3, hauv cov dej ntawm cov pas dej - 0, 1 mg / l.
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 yog lub zog oxidizing tus neeg sawv cev, cov tshuaj sib txuas ua hluav taws kub hnyiab thaum sib xyaw nrog nws. Raws li qhov xwm txheej ib txwm muaj, nitrogen dioxide muaj nyob hauv qhov sib npaug nrog amyl (nitrogen tetraoxide). Nws muaj qhov ua rau khaus ntawm lub pharynx, tej zaum yuav ua tsis taus pa, ua pa ntawm lub ntsws, ua pa ntawm cov pa ua pa, ua tsis zoo thiab necrosis ntawm cov nqaij hauv lub siab, ob lub raum, thiab tib neeg lub hlwb. MPC: hauv huab cua ntawm thaj chaw ua haujlwm - 2 mg / m3, hauv huab cua ntawm thaj chaw muaj neeg nyob - 0, 085 mg / m3 (ntau tshaj ib zaug) thiab 0, 04 mg / m3 (nruab nrab txhua hnub), chav kawm txaus ntshai - 2.
Cov pa roj carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide)-Cov khoom lag luam ntawm kev sib txuas tsis tiav ntawm cov organic (carbon-muaj) cov roj. Cov pa roj carbon monoxide tuaj yeem nyob hauv huab cua ntev (txog li 2 hlis) yam tsis hloov pauv. Cov pa roj carbon monoxide yog tshuaj lom. Khi hemoglobin ntawm cov ntshav rau carboxyhemoglobin, cuam tshuam kev muaj peev xwm nqa oxygen rau tib neeg lub cev thiab cov nqaij. MPC: hauv huab cua huab cua ntawm thaj chaw uas muaj neeg nyob - 5.0 mg / m3 (ntau tshaj ib zaug) thiab 3.0 mg / m3 (nruab nrab txhua hnub). Thaum muaj cov pa roj carbon monoxide thiab nitrogen sib xyaw ua pa hauv huab cua, cov tshuaj lom lom ntawm carbon monoxide rau tib neeg nce.
Hydrocyanic acid (hydrogen cyanide)yog tshuaj lom muaj zog. Hydrocyanic acid yog tshuaj lom heev. Nws tau nqus los ntawm cov tawv nqaij tsis tu ncua, muaj cov tshuaj lom lom: mob taub hau, xeev siab, ntuav, ua pa nyuaj, asphyxia, qaug dab peg, tuag tuaj yeem tshwm sim. Hauv cov tshuaj lom hnyav, hydrocyanic acid ua rau ua rau tuag taus sai, nce siab, oxygen tshaib plab ntawm cov nqaij. Thaum qis dua, muaj qhov khaus khaus hauv caj pas, hlawv qhov iab hauv lub qhov ncauj, hnoos qeev, qhov txhab ntawm qhov muag ntawm qhov muag, nqaij leeg tsis muaj zog, tshee tshee, nyuaj hais lus, kiv taub hau, mob taub hau, xeev siab, ntuav, yaum kom tso quav, txhaws rau lub taub hau, nce lub plawv dhia thiab lwm yam tsos mob.
Formaldehyde (formic aldehyde) hmoov-cov tshuaj lom. Formaldehyde muaj ntxhiab tsw, nws ua rau khaus khaus ntawm qhov muag thiab qhov ntswg, txawm tias qis dua. Nws muaj cov tshuaj lom lom (ua rau lub hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb, lub cev tsis pom kev, lub siab, ob lub raum), muaj qhov ua rau khaus, ua xua, ua rau mob qog noj ntshav, ua rau lub cev hloov pauv. MPC hauv huab cua huab cua: nruab nrab txhua hnub - 0, 012 mg / m3, siab tshaj plaws ib zaug - 0, 035 mg / m3.
Cov foob pob hluav taws hnyav thiab qhov chaw ua haujlwm nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Russia nyob rau xyoo tsis ntev los no tau ua rau muaj teeb meem loj: ib puag ncig muaj kuab paug los ntawm kev sib cais ib feem ntawm lub tsheb tso tawm, cov tshuaj lom ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws (heptyl thiab nws cov khoom siv,nitrogen tetroxide, thiab lwm yam) Ib tus neeg ("koom tes") ntsiag to hnia thiab luag ntxhi ntawm tus kws sau xov xwm kev lag luam thiab cov dab neeg trampolines, ua twj ywm thiab tsis nyuab zog, hloov tag nrho thawj (thiab thib ob) theem (Delta-IV, Arian-IV, Atlas - V) ntawm cov khoom kub npau npau rau cov uas muaj kev nyab xeeb, thiab ib tus neeg tau siv zog ua haujlwm "Proton", "Rokot", "space", thiab lwm yam LVs. rhuav koj tus kheej thiab xwm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ncaj ncees, lawv tau them nrog txiav cov ntawv zoo los ntawm lub tsev luam ntawv ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Reserve System, thiab cov ntawv tseem nyob "nyob ntawd."
Tag nrho keeb kwm ntawm peb lub teb chaws txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog heptyl yog kev ua tsov rog tshuaj, tsuas yog kev ua tsov rog tshuaj lom neeg, tsis yog tsuas yog tsis tau tshaj tawm, tab sis tsuas yog tsis paub los ntawm peb.
Luv luv txog kev siv tub rog ntawm heptyl:
Cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv cov foob pob hluav taws tiv thaiv kab mob, submarine ballistic missiles (SLBMs), chaw foob pob hluav taws, ntawm chav kawm tiv thaiv cuaj luaj, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm-siv cov cuaj luaj (nruab nrab-ntau).
Cov Tub Rog thiab Tub Rog tshuav txoj hauv kev "heptyl" hauv Vladivostok thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj Sab Hnub Tuaj, Severodvinsk, Kirov cheeb tsam thiab ib puag ncig ib puag ncig, Plesetsk, Kapustin Yar, Baikonur, Perm, Bashkiria, thiab lwm yam. Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tias cov cuaj luaj tau thauj mus los, kho dua, kho dua tshiab, thiab lwm yam, txhua yam nyob hauv av, ze rau cov chaw tsim khoom uas tau tsim cov tshuaj heptyl no. Txog kev raug xwm txheej nrog cov khoom muaj tshuaj lom ntau thiab hais txog kev ceeb toom rau pej xeem, tiv thaiv pej xeem (Ministry of Emergency) thiab cov pej xeem - leej twg paub, nws yuav qhia rau koj ntxiv.
Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias cov chaw tsim khoom thiab kuaj lub tshuab tsis nyob hauv suab puam: Voronezh, Moscow (Tushino), Nefteorgsintez cog hauv Salavat (Bashkiria), thiab lwm yam.
Ob peb lub kaum os R-36M, UTTH / R-36M2 ICBMs tau ceeb toom nyob hauv Lavxias.
Thiab ntau yam ntxiv UR-100N UTTH nrog heptyl filling.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Cov Tub Rog Tiv Thaiv Kev Nyab Xeeb ua haujlwm nrog S-75, S-100, S-200 cov foob pob yog qhov nyuaj rau txheeb xyuas.
Ib zaug txhua ob peb xyoos, heptyl tau nchuav thiab yuav nchuav tawm ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws, thauj mus rau hauv cov tub yees txias thoob plaws lub tebchaws rau kev ua, nqa rov qab, rov ua dua, thiab lwm yam. Kev tsheb ciav hlau thiab tsheb sib tsoo tsis tuaj yeem zam tau (qhov no tau tshwm sim). Cov tub rog yuav ua haujlwm nrog heptyl, thiab txhua tus yuav raug kev txom nyem - tsis yog cov neeg foob pob hluav taws lawv tus kheej xwb.
Lwm qhov teeb meem yog peb qhov nruab nrab qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo kub. Nws yooj yim dua rau Asmeskas.
Raws li kws tshaj lij los ntawm Lub Koom Haum Saib Xyuas Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv (World Health Organization), lub sijhawm nruab nrab ntawm heptyl, uas yog cov tshuaj lom uas muaj kev phom sij hauv chav kawm I, ntawm peb qhov nruab nrab yog: hauv av - ntau dua 20 xyoo, hauv lub cev dej - 2-3 xyoos, hauv zaub - 15-20 xyoos.
Thiab yog tias kev tiv thaiv lub tebchaws yog peb qhov dawb huv, thiab hauv 50s thiab 90s peb tsuas yog yuav tsum tau ua nrog nws (ib qho heptyl, lossis qhov piv txwv ntawm ib ntawm ntau qhov haujlwm ntawm Asmeskas kev tawm tsam ntawm USSR), hnub no yog muaj kev nkag siab thiab kev xav siv foob pob hluav taws ntawm NDMG thiab AT kom xa mus rau lwm lub ntiaj teb, tau txais nyiaj rau qhov kev pabcuam thiab tib lub sijhawm lom koj tus kheej thiab koj cov phooj ywg? Ib zaug ntxiv "Swan, Cancer thiab Pike"?
Ib sab: tsis muaj nqi rau kev tshem tawm cov tsheb sib ntaus sib tua (ICBMs, SLBMs, cuaj luaj, OTR) thiab txawm tias tau txais txiaj ntsig thiab txuag nyiaj rau kev tshaj tawm lub tsheb xa mus rau hauv qhov chaw;
Ntawm lwm sab: teeb meem cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig, cov pej xeem nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev pib thiab poob ntawm kev siv theem ntawm kev hloov pauv LV;
Thiab ntawm peb sab: Niaj hnub no, Lavxias tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj RN raws li cov khoom siv kub npau npau.
ZhCI R-36M2 / RS-20V Voivode (SS-18 mod.5-6 SATAN) rau qee qhov kev nom tswv (PO Yuzhny Machine-Building Plant (Dnepropetrovsk), thiab yooj yim rau kev rhuav tshem ib ntus tsis tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv.
Qhov kev cia siab hnyav nruab nrab ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws RS-28 / OKR Sarmat, 15A28-SS-X-30 cov foob pob hluav taws (cov qauv) yuav ua raws cov dej kub ua kom muaj kuab lom.
Peb poob qis me ntsis hauv cov khoom ua kom muaj zog thiab tshwj xeeb hauv SLBMs:
Chronicle ntawm "Bulava" tsim txom txog xyoo 2010.
Yog li ntawd, rau SSBNs qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb (hais txog kev ua kom lub zog zoo, thiab feem ntau yog cov txuj ci) SLBM R-29RMU2.1 / OKR Liner yuav siv: AT + NDMG.
Yog lawm, ib tus tuaj yeem sib cav hais tias kev siv tshuaj tua kab tau siv nyob rau hauv Lub Tswv Yim Pabcuam Missile thiab Navy ntev thiab ntau yam teeb meem tau raug daws: kev khaws cia, kev ua haujlwm, kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov tub rog sib ntaus.
Tab sis siv kev hloov pauv ICBMs rau kev tshaj tawm lag luam yog "rov zoo ib yam qub."
Qub (lub lav lav lub neej tau tas sijhawm) ICBMs, SLBMs, TR thiab OTR tsis tuaj yeem khaws cia mus ib txhis, ib yam nkaus. Qhov kev pom zoo no nyob qhov twg thiab yuav ntes nws li cas - Kuv tsis paub meej, tab sis kuj rau M. S. Kuv tsis pom zoo kom hu rau Gorbachev.
Luv luv: cov tshuab ua kom rov ua dua tshiab rau lub tsheb nrog kev siv cov tshuaj lom
Ntawm SC rau "Proton" lub tsheb tso tawm, kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm thaum npaj thiab ua haujlwm ntawm foob pob hluav taws thiab ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas lub sijhawm thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov peev txheej ntawm kev phom sij ntau tau ua tiav los ntawm kev siv cov chaw taws teeb tswj thiab kev siv lub tshuab siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev npaj thiab tshaj tawm lub dav hlau tso tawm, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm tau ua tiav ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws. Tus yam ntxwv tsim ntawm chav pib thiab rov ua kom rov zoo thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm cov txheej txheem, muab kev npaj rau kev tshaj tawm thiab tso tawm, yog tias kev tso roj, tso kua dej, hluav taws xob thiab pneumatic kev sib txuas lus tau ntsaws los ntawm qhov chaw deb, thiab txhua qhov kev sib txuas lus tsis raug qhib. Tsis muaj cov kab hluav taws xob thiab cov kab hluav taws xob rov ua dua tshiab ntawm qhov chaw tso tawm; lawv lub luag haujlwm yog ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem txuas ntawm lub tshuab xa khoom.
Kev tshaj tawm txoj haujlwm ntawm "Cosmos-1" thiab "Cosmos-3M" LV tau tsim los ntawm R-12 thiab R-14 lub foob pob hluav taws tsis muaj qhov hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv nws kev sib txuas nrog cov cuab yeej hauv av. Qhov no coj mus rau qhov muaj ntau txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm ntawm kev tshaj tawm, suav nrog lub tsheb pib uas muaj cov khoom tiv thaiv. Tom qab ntawd, ntau txoj haujlwm tau siv tshuab thiab qib kev siv tshuab ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Cosmos-3M lub tsheb pib tau dhau 70%.
Txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov haujlwm, suav nrog rov ua dua cov kab rov ua kom rov qab tau cov roj thaum muaj kev tshem tawm qhov pib, tau ua tiav ntawm tus kheej. Cov txheej txheem SC tseem ceeb yog cov txheej txheem rau kev tso roj rov qab nrog cov kiv cua, cov pa nkev thiab cov chaw tswj chaw taws teeb kom rov siv roj. Ib qho ntxiv, SC muaj cov koog uas rhuav tshem qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv roj lom (cov dej ua kua MCT, cov kua dej uas tau tsim thaum ntau hom kev ntxhua khaub ncaws, yaug cov khoom).
Cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv roj rov qab - tso tsheb hlau luam, twj tso kua mis, tshuab pneumatic -hydraulic - tau muab tso rau hauv cov pob zeb ua vaj tsev uas tau muab faus rau hauv av. SRT cov chaw khaws khoom, chaw tso cua kom nrawm, lub kaw lus tswj chaw taws teeb rau kev tso roj yog nyob ntawm qhov deb deb ntawm ib leeg thiab pib siv cov cuab yeej txhawm rau txhawm rau ua kom lawv muaj kev nyab xeeb thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev.
Tag nrho cov haujlwm tseem ceeb thiab ntau lub koomhaum pabcuam yog siv lub tshuab ua haujlwm "Cyclone" LV.
Qib ntawm kev siv tshuab rau lub voj voog ntawm kev npaj ua ntej pib thiab pib ntawm LV yog 100%.
Detoxification ntawm heptyl:
Lub hauv paus ntawm txoj hauv kev txo qis kev lom ntawm UDMH yog muab 20% kev daws teeb meem formalin rau cov foob pob hluav taws roj:
(CH3) 2NNH2 + CH2O = (CH3) 2NN = CH2 + H2O + Q
Kev ua haujlwm no ntau dhau ntawm formalin ua kom tiav (100%) kev puas tsuaj ntawm UDMH los ntawm kev hloov nws mus rau hauv formaldehyde dimethylhydrazone hauv ib qho kev ua hauv 1-5 vib nas this. Qhov no tsis suav nrog kev tsim dimethylnitrosoamine (CH3) 2NN = O.
Cov theem tom ntej ntawm cov txheej txheem yog kev puas tsuaj ntawm dimethylhydrazone formaldehyde (DMHF) los ntawm kev ntxiv acetic acid rau cov tso tsheb hlau luam, uas ua rau dimerization ntawm DMHF rau hauv glyoxal bis-dimethylhydrazone thiab polymer loj. Lub sijhawm tshuaj tiv thaiv yog li 1 feeb:
(CH3) 2NN = CH2 + H + β (CH3) 2NN = CHοHC = NN (CH3) 2 + polymers + Q
Cov txiaj ntsig tau tshwm sim yog tshuaj lom nruab nrab, nkag tau yooj yim hauv dej.
Nws yog lub sijhawm los hloov pauv, Kuv tsis tuaj yeem tawm tsam tom qab lo lus thiab rov hais dua S. Lukyanenko:
Cia peb nco:
Qhov xwm txheej ntawm Lub Kaum Hli 24, 1960 ntawm 41st ntawm Baikonur:
Cov hluav taws kub hnyiab ntawm tib neeg tau tawg tawm ntawm nplaim taws. Lawv khiav β¦ Caij nplooj zeeg β¦ Cuam rau ntawm plaub plaub β¦ Khov hauv qhov cub ua pa.
Pab pawg neeg kho mob xwm txheej ceev tab tom ua haujlwm. Tsis yog txhua tus neeg cawm siav muaj cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv txaus. Hauv qhov chaw muaj tshuaj lom tuag ntawm qhov hluav taws kub, qee tus ua haujlwm txawm tias tsis muaj lub qhov ncauj qhov ntswg, hauv cov tsho zoo tib yam.
NTUJ NTUJ NTUJ NTUJ rau cov txiv neej. Puas muaj cov tib neeg β¦
Peb yuav tsis rau txim rau leej twg, txhua tus ua txhaum twb raug txim lawm
/ Chairman ntawm tsoom fwv commission L. I. Brezhnev
Thawj qhov chaw:
Cov ntaub ntawv, duab thiab yeeb yaj kiab siv:
