"Cov lus dab neeg ntawm Mamayev tua neeg pov tseg" - Ntawv, Monument lossis Qhov Chaw?

"Cov lus dab neeg ntawm Mamayev tua neeg pov tseg" - Ntawv, Monument lossis Qhov Chaw?
"Cov lus dab neeg ntawm Mamayev tua neeg pov tseg" - Ntawv, Monument lossis Qhov Chaw?

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"Qhov pib ntawm zaj dab neeg ntawm yuav ua li cas Vajtswv tau txais kev yeej rau Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich tom qab Don dhau qhov kev lim hiam Mamai thiab yuav ua li cas Orthodox Christianity - thaj av Lavxias tau tsa thaj av Lavxias nrog kev thov ntawm Tus Niam Dawb Huv ntawm Vajtswv thiab Cov neeg ua haujlwm txuj ci tseem ceeb Lavxias, thiab ua rau Hagarians tsis muaj kev txaj muag "…

"Cov lus dab neeg ntawm Mamayev tua neeg pov tseg" - Ntawv, Monument lossis Qhov Chaw?
"Cov lus dab neeg ntawm Mamayev tua neeg pov tseg" - Ntawv, Monument lossis Qhov Chaw?

"Cov lus dab neeg ntawm Mamaev tua neeg pov tseg" yog lub npe paub zoo ntawm cov ntawv Lavxias thaum ub, qhia txog kev ua siab loj, kev txom nyem thiab kev ua tub rog ntawm cov neeg Lavxias thiab nws tus thawj coj tub rog, Dmitry Donskoy. Nws yog lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub npe ntawm ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm Cov ntawv Lavxias qub. Qhia txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd - Tsov rog ntawm Kulikovo. Tab sis qhov no puas yog qhov peev txheej ntseeg tau? "Dab Neeg" qhib nrog zaj dab neeg hais txog cov cim saum ntuj ceeb tsheej uas kwv yees kev yeej ntawm cov neeg Lavxias. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv thiab … tsis yog nws ntau dhau? Tsis tas li ntawd, tus sau muab ntau qhov tseeb nthuav thiab piav qhia hauv theem cov xwm txheej cuam tshuam nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua no: phiaj xwm ntawm pab pawg Lavxias los ntawm Moscow mus rau thaj chaw Kulikovo, Dmitry Donskoy mus ntsib Trinity Monastery, ntsib nrog Sergius ntawm Radonezh thiab tau txais koob hmoov los tiv thaiv Russia thaj av, xa "tus saib xyuas", pib ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua - duel ntawm tus hero Peresvet nrog "tub sab" tub rog, kev ua ntawm Ambush Regiment.

Lub sijhawm sau cov dab neeg ntawm lub voj voog Kulikovo tseem tsis tau txiav txim siab txog tam sim no, tsuas yog tsis muaj kev pom zoo txog lub sijhawm sau cov voj voog ntawm cov dab neeg. Nws tsuas yog tsim los kom pom qhov ze tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim lub xyoo nco txog xyoo 1380 yog "Zadonshchina" - ib txoj haujlwm uas qhuas txog kev nkag siab thiab ua siab loj ntawm Dmitry Donskoy thiab cov thawj coj ncaj ncees rau nws, kev ua siab loj ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm cov ntawv sau keeb kwm sau tseg "The Legend" "Lay of Igor's Campaign", muaj 200 xyoo dhau los, los ntawm cov lus uas tau sau tag nrho, nrog rau cov nqe lus thiab qee cov lus ntawm "Cov Lus …", thiab txhua qhov no tau nyiam rau zaj dab neeg ntawm kev yeej ntawm pab pawg tseem ceeb tshaj Tatars qab Don. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau xyoo XIV, Phau Ntawv Teev Npe ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Don tau sau, uas tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nws suav nrog ntau phau ntawv keeb kwm. Qhov "Tale" no tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi los ntawm kev ua tub rog. Cov kws tshawb fawb faib cov npe ntawm "Tale …" ua ob tsab ntawv: "Dav", sau nyob rau xyoo 1390, muaj cov lus piav qhia ntxaws txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm thaj chaw Kulikovo, thiab "Luv", rov qab mus rau thawj ib nrab ntawm kaum tsib caug xyoo.

Cov ntaub ntawv ntxaws tshaj plaws, xav txog cov xwm txheej uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1380, tau suav tias yog "Dab neeg ntawm Mamaev tua neeg pov tseg." Dmitry Ivanovich, tus tub huabtais ntawm thaj av Moscow thiab nws tus tij laug, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vladimir Serpukhovskoy tau piav qhia ntawm no ua tus ntse thiab tsis ntshai tub rog cov thawj coj. Lawv lub siab tawv thiab kev ua tub rog muaj koob meej. Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm "Tale …" yog kev koom ua ke ntawm Lavxias tus thawj coj tawm tsam tus yeeb ncuab. Tsuas yog hauv kev sib koom ua ke yog lawv lub zog, tsuas yog tom qab ntawd lawv yuav muaj peev xwm muab qhov tsim nyog tawm tsam rau tus yeeb ncuab. "Dab neeg …" hais lus hnyav rau kev ntxeev siab ntawm tus tub huabtais Ryazan Oleg thiab kev dag ntxias ntawm tus tub huabtais Lithuanian Olgert, uas xav ua Mamai cov phoojywg. Zoo li feem ntau ua haujlwm ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, "Cov Dab Neeg …" muaj lub ntsiab lus kev ntseeg. Piv txwv li, kev thov Vajtswv monologues hais txog kev ntseeg ntawm Dmitry. Tsis ntseeg, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm "Zadonshchina" ntawm "Legend …": qhov no tau pom hauv qee kab lus, ntxiv, cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm cov tub rog thiab xwm.

Yog li, nyob rau hmo ua ntej ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, hmo ntuj ua ntej lub tsiab peb caug ntawm lub Virginity, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Dmitry Donskoy thiab Voivode Volynets mus rau qhov chaw ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua yav tom ntej, hauv thaj tsam ntawm ob sab Lavxias thiab Tatar. Thiab lawv hnov lub suab nrov nrov los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab sab thiab qw thiab qw, thiab roob zoo li tshee tshee - zoo li xob quaj, zoo li "ntoo thiab nyom tau poob qis." Xws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov xwm txheej tau qhia meej txog qhov tuag ntawm "qias neeg". Thiab qhov twg muaj pab pawg Lavxias - "nyob ntsiag to" thiab lub teeb ci. Thiab Volynets pom "tus cim zoo" nyob rau hauv yuav ua li cas "kaj ntug tau raug tshem tawm ntawm cov neeg coob coob ntawm cov hluav taws."

Txog ib puas daim ntawv theej ntawm txoj haujlwm no tau paub txog niaj hnub no. Cov neeg thuam cov ntawv faib lawv ua plaub qhov kev xaiv (txawm hais tias muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv lawv): Yooj Yim, Faib, Chronicle thiab Kiprianovsky. Txhua tus ntawm lawv hais txog cov ntawv qub uas tseem tsis tau muaj sia nyob rau peb lub sijhawm, uas tshwm sim tam sim tom qab Tsov Rog Kulikovo. Qhov ntxov tshaj plaws, uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, tau suav tias yog Cov Ntawv Tshaj Lij, uas tsim lub hauv paus rau lwm qhov peb. Raws li tau hais los saum no, cov phab ej tseem ceeb ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawm 1380 yog Tub Vaj Ntxwv Dmitry Ivanovich, nrog rau nws tus tij laug, Vladimir Andreevich, uas tau kav hauv Serpukhov. Ntawm cov txiv plig, Cheeb Tsam Cyprian sawv sib nrug, uas tom qab Tsov Rog Kulikovo tsiv los ntawm Kiev mus rau Moscow, tau txais qib siab, thiab, ntxiv rau, tau koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Moscow. Cyprian tau tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ze rau tus tub ntawm Dmitry Donskoy, Vasily Dmitrievich, uas, tom qab nws txiv tuag, tau tuav lub tseem fwv + ua tus thawj hauv nws tus kheej tes. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj ntawm "Cov Dab Neeg …" sawv cev rau tus tub huabtais Lithuanian Olgerd ua tus phooj ywg ntawm Mamai, txawm hais tias nws tau paub tias xyoo 1377, peb xyoos ua ntej cov xwm txheej ntawm thaj chaw Kulikovo, tus tub huabtais twb tuag lawm thiab Jagailo, nws tus tub, kav tebchaws Lithuania.

Mamai, ua kom zoo dua qhov tseeb tias Russia thiab Lithuania nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd muaj kev sib raug zoo nyuaj, xaus qhov kev pom zoo nrog Yagailo thiab Ryazan tus tub huabtais Oleg, uas ntshai tsam txhawb Moscow txoj cai. Mamai vam tias yuav tsoo Moscow tus thawj tswj hwm nrog lawv pab.

Ntau yam tsis paub thiab paub tsis meej tshwm sim hmo ntuj ua ntej sib ntaus sib tua. Hauv "Dab Neeg" qee tus txiv, Thomas Katsibey, tub sab, tau saib xyuas los ntawm Dmitry Donskoy ntawm Churova River los ntawm Mamaysky pab tub rog. Thiab Thomas muaj lub zeem muag zoo. Sawv ntawm ib lub roob siab, nws pom huab los ntawm sab hnub tuaj, loj heev, zoo li nws tsis yog huab, tab sis cov yeeb ncuab pab tub rog tau txav mus rau sab hnub poob. Thiab los ntawm sab qab teb, nws zoo li yog ob tug tub hluas tab tom taug kev, lawv lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj, nyob rau hauv ntshav liab, txhua txhais tes muaj rab ntaj ntse, thiab lawv nug tus yeeb ncuab tus thawj coj: "Leej twg hais rau koj kom rhuav tshem peb lub tebchaws, uas yog Tus Tswv muab rau peb? " Thiab lawv tau pib ntaus lawv thiab rhuav tshem lawv tag nrho, thiab tsis muaj leej twg dim. Thiab los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd Thomas tau dhau los ua neeg ntseeg siab, tsis tshua muaj neeg dawb huv ntawm sab ntsuj plig, tus txiv neej. Thaum sawv ntxov, ntawm tus kheej, nws tau hais txog lub zeem muag tsis meej rau Tub Vaj Ntxwv Dmitry Ivanovich. Thiab tus tub huabtais teb nws: "Tsis txhob hais li ntawd, phooj ywg, rau leej twg," thiab, tsa nws txhais tes rau saum ntuj, nws quaj, hais tias: "Tus Tswv, Tus Tswv, tus ua siab dawb!" Thov Vajtswv pab rau cov neeg tua neeg dawb huv Boris thiab Gleb, pab kuv, zoo li Mauxes tawm tsam Amaleketyans, thiab zoo li Yaroslav qub tawm tsam Svyatopolk, thiab kuv yawm txiv, Grand Duke Alexander, tawm tsam huab tais ntawm Rome, uas xav ua kom puas tsuaj. nws txiv. Tsis txhob them rov qab rau kuv rau kuv cov kev txhaum, tab sis nchuav tawm koj txoj kev hlub tshua rau peb, ua siab ntev rau peb, tsis txhob cia peb cov yeeb ncuab thuam peb, yog li ntawd peb cov yeeb ncuab tsis thuam peb, lub tebchaws tsis ncaj ncees tsis hais: "Qhov twg yog tus vajtswv uas lawv cia siab heev. " Tab sis pab, Tswv, Cov ntseeg, vim lawv muaj npe nrov rau koj lub npe dawb huv!"

Cov ntawv ntawm hom no yog tus yam ntxwv zoo ntawm Lavxias cov ntawv ntawm xyoo ntawd, uas feem ntau ua raws li phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum thiab nws yog los ntawm nws tias nws tau coj nws cov phiaj xwm. Kev sib piv thiab kev qiv nyiaj ncaj ncees los ntawm nws, tub sab uas ntseeg thiab dhau los ua "dawb huv" - txhua yam no tsis yog keeb kwm, tab sis kev txhim kho, thiab qhov no yuav tsum nkag siab zoo.

Thiab tom qab ntawd tau los txog "yim teev" ntawm hnub, thaum "sab ntsuj plig sab qab teb" rub (nws tsis yog cua sab qab teb, tab sis yog Vajtswv pab rau pab tub rog Lavxias). Zoo siab teev. Thiab Volynets tau quaj, tsa nws txhais tes rau saum ntuj: "Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vladimir, peb lub sijhawm los txog, thiab lub sijhawm yooj yim tau los txog!" - thiab ntxiv: "Kuv cov kwv tij, cov phooj ywg, ua siab tawv: lub hwj chim ntawm lub hwj chim dawb huv pab peb!"

"Axis" lub sijhawm no yog qhov txaus luag heev. Tus kws sau keeb kwm Soviet thiab niaj hnub no A. N. Piv txwv li, Kirpichnikov ntseeg tias Bobrok tau tos kom lub hnub kom tsis txhob ci ntsa iab ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias. Lwm tus txawm hais tias nws tau tos kom cua tuaj nqa cov hmoov av hauv qhov muag ntawm "raug Tatar". Qhov tseeb, "sab ntsuj plig sab qab teb", uas tau hais hauv "Legend …" feem ntau tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim rau peb cov tub rog, vim tias nws tau nqa plua plav hauv lawv lub ntsej muag! Tom qab tag nrho, cov tub rog Lavxias nyob rau sab qaum teb, thiab Mamai cov tub rog nyob rau sab qab teb! Tab sis tej zaum tus tsim ntawm "Tale …" tau txais nws tsis raug? Tsis yog, nws paub txhua yam tseeb thiab sau tias Mamai tau tsiv mus rau Russia los ntawm sab hnub tuaj, Dej Danube nyob sab hnub poob, thiab lwm yam. Thiab tus tib neeg tub sab ntawd Thomas Katsibeev hais dab tsi? "Vajtswv qhib … los ntawm sab hnub tuaj … mus rau sab hnub poob." "Los ntawm nruab nrab lub tebchaws" (piv txwv li los ntawm sab qab teb) "ob tug tub hluas tuaj" - Kuv txhais tau hais tias Tsoom Haiv Neeg Ntseeg Boris thiab Gleb, uas tau pab pab tub rog Lavxias kom yeej. Yog lawm, tam sim no txhua tus zoo li ntseeg hauv Vajtswv, tab sis nws puas tsim nyog tso siab rau keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev pab ntawm ob tug tub hluas uas muaj kev ntseeg, txawm hais tias tsis raug tua? Ntxiv mus, "sab ntsuj plig sab qab teb" yog qiv nyiaj ncaj qha los ntawm Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum, qhia tias Lavxias ua rau Vajtswv txaus siab thiab tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv. Yog li ntawd, nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem tsis xa mus rau "sab ntsuj plig sab qab teb" raws li qhov tseeb ntseeg tau: Phau Vajlugkub tseem tsis tau hais li ntawd.

Tab sis kev sib ntaus sib tua tau xaus rau yeej rau cov tub rog Lavxias. Thiab Tus Tub Vaj Ntxwv Dmitry tau hais tias: "Qhuas koj, tus Tsim Txiaj Ntsim, tus vaj ntxwv saum ntuj ceeb tsheej, tus Cawm Seej txoj kev hlub tshua, uas nws muaj kev hlub tshua rau peb, cov neeg txhaum, thiab tsis muab rau peb txhais tes ntawm peb cov yeeb ncuab, qias neeg noj zaub nyoos. Thiab koj, cov kwv tij, cov thawj coj, thiab boyars, thiab cov tswv xeev, thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas, cov tub rog Lavxias, tau mus rau qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm Don thiab Nepryadva, ntawm thaj chaw Kulikovo, ntawm tus dej Nepryadva. Koj tau tso koj lub taub hau rau thaj av Lavxias, rau kev ntseeg Christian. Zam txim rau kuv, cov kwv tij, thiab foom koob hmoov rau kuv hauv lub neej no thiab yav tom ntej! " Tub Vaj Ntxwv Dmitry Ivanovich thiab cov tswv xeev tu siab heev rau cov neeg raug tua thaum lawv ncig thaj tsam tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua. Thaum ua raws li Dmitry Donskoy, cov neeg tuag tau faus nrog kev hwm rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm Nepryadva. Thiab cov neeg yeej tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm txhua tus ntawm Moscow, tos txais lawv nrog lub tswb nrov. Olgerd Lithuanian, tau kawm tias Dmitry Donskoy yeej yeej Mamai, tau mus rau Lithuania "nrog kev txaj muag heev." Thiab tus tub huabtais Ryazan Oleg, kawm paub tias Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy npaj siab mus ua rog tawm tsam nws, ntshai thiab khiav tawm ntawm nws tus thawj coj ua ke nrog nws tus poj niam thiab nrog cov tub hluas nyob ze nws; Ryazan tom qab ntawd yeej Grand Duke nrog lub hauv pliaj, nug Dmitry Ivanovich kom tso lawv cov tswv xeev hauv Ryazan.

Thiab Mamai, zais nws lub npe tiag tiag, raug yuam kom txaj muag khiav mus rau Kafa (tam sim no Theodosia), qhov uas nws tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm cov tub lag luam hauv zos, raug ntes thiab tua los ntawm fryagami. Nov yog yuav ua li cas Mamai lub neej thiaj li ploj mus.

Lub koob meej ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias uas yeej kev sib ntaus sib tua loj nrog cov tub rog ntawm Mamai tau nthuav tawm thoob plaws ntiaj teb sai. Thiab cov tub lag luam txawv teb chaws tau pab hauv qhov no, cov qhua - surozhians, uas tau koom nrog kev sib tw nrog Dmitry Donskoy. "Shibla qhuas rau Iron Gates, rau Rome thiab rau Kafa los ntawm hiav txwv, thiab rau Tornav, thiab rau Tsaryugrad rau kev qhuas: Great Russia yeej Mamai ntawm Kulikovo teb" …

Ntawd yog, peb tuaj yeem hais meej meej, kwv yees tib yam: raws li kev sib raug zoo nrog Kev Sib Tw ntawm Cov Dej khov - muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua, cov neeg Lavxias yeej, qee qhov xwm txheej nrog rau kev nom kev tswv tau tshwm sim, thiab tus neeg ua txhaum loj, Mamai, khiav mus rau Kafa (Feodosia)) thiab raug tua nyob ntawd! Thiab … yog li ntawd! Lub ntsiab lus? Yog, muaj, thiab ib qho tseem ceeb heev! Thiab tag nrho lwm qhov "cov ntsiab lus" los ntawm "Tale …" yog … cov ntawv teev ntuj hauv tsev teev ntuj thiab rov hais dua cov ntawv hauv phau npaiv npaum, qhia txog "kev ntseeg" ntawm nws tus sau. Thiab qhov no yuav tsum txaus siab rau lub sijhawm ntev, yog tias tsis yog tas mus li!

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