Tsov rog, kub thiab pyramids. (ntu ob). Sneferu - Pyramid Builder

Tsov rog, kub thiab pyramids. (ntu ob). Sneferu - Pyramid Builder
Tsov rog, kub thiab pyramids. (ntu ob). Sneferu - Pyramid Builder

Video: Tsov rog, kub thiab pyramids. (ntu ob). Sneferu - Pyramid Builder

Video: Tsov rog, kub thiab pyramids. (ntu ob). Sneferu - Pyramid Builder
Video: Kuv tsis zoo lawm ces cia koj mus 4/1/2019 2024, Kaum ib hlis
Anonim

Yog li koj tau mus rau lub pyramid ntawm Djoser, xav nce nws, thiab … koj yuav tau qhia tam sim ntawd tias qhov no yog qhov nws txwv tsis pub ua! Thiab koj tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv lub qhov taub tsuas yog nrog phau ntawv qhia thiab tso cai tshwj xeeb. Qhov tseeb yog tias tsuas yog ob chav nyob tau pom nyob ntawd, tag nrho ntawm cov puav uas qias neeg, thiab koj yuav tsum tau nqis mus rau qhov tob ntawm 26 meters. Ntawm phab ntsa ntawm ob chav, koj yuav pom cov khaub ncaws zoo nkauj thiab … yog li ntawd! Tsis muaj sarcophagus hauv nws, thiab nws tsis yog. Qhov ntxim nyiam tshaj plaws raug coj tawm ntawm lub qhov ntxa ntev los lawm! Phab ntsa nyem nyob hauv Tsev khaws puav pheej Cairo, ib yam li tus mlom ntawm Djoser nws tus kheej (42nd chav ntawm chav hauv qab), thiab hauv chav thov Vajtswv ntawm lub hauv paus tsuas muaj daim ntawv theej ntawm nws, thiab lub qhov rooj thav duab, uas Djoser lub npe yog sau ntawv, nyob hauv Berlin. Muaj tseeb, taug kev ncig nws yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig. Txhawm rau pom ntxhib txiav cov pob zeb, "nruab nrab uas tsis txawm tias rab riam yuav hla", raws li cov neeg koom nrog ntawm kev coj noj coj ua antediluvian thov, tawg hauv qab nthab thiab pob zeb dai saum taub hau. Txhua yam yog nyoos, thawj, thiab tsis muaj dab tsi supernatural.

Duab
Duab

Pyramid hauv Medum

Lub pyramid ntawm Sekhemkhet, tus tub ntawm Djoser, nyob ib nrab ib puas kilometers los ntawm nws txiv hauv lub pyramid thiab txog nws muaj phau ntawv zoo heev "The Lost Pyramid" los ntawm M. Goneim, uas nws tus kheej tau khawb nws tawm. Tab sis txawm tias cov pyramids tsis meej pem tseem nyob ntawm III dynasty, uas nws nyuaj rau tau txais (lawv nyob hauv thaj tsam kaw), thiab ntxiv rau, lawv nyob hauv cov suab puam, thiab nyob deb ntawm Saqqar. Muaj qhov tsis meej pem nyob hauv muag, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Fayum oasis. Ntxiv mus, nws yog qhov pom tseeb tias lawv tau raug puas tsuaj, tab sis txhua yam zoo ib yam lawv yog pyramids. Muaj ntau li plaub lub pyramids me me hauv lub nroog El Kul, tsuas yog 3 kilometers ntawm Nile. Lawv tau tshawb fawb los ntawm cov neeg Belgians xyoo 1946 thiab 1949, tab sis … qhov nkag mus rau lawv tsis tau pom dua, thiab dab tsi hauv lawv yog qhov zais cia rau niaj hnub no. Thiab, los ntawm txoj kev, leej twg muaj nyiaj thiab xav tau, nws yuav ua tau zoo. Tom qab tag nrho, tsis muaj leej twg paub lawv yog leej twg thiab dab tsi yog zais hauv qab lawv! Thiab ntxiv rau, muaj xya ntawm lawv - txaus rau txhua tus!

Tsov rog, kub thiab pyramids. (ntu ob). Sneferu - Pyramid Builder
Tsov rog, kub thiab pyramids. (ntu ob). Sneferu - Pyramid Builder

Qhov tsis meej pem hauv muag. Sab qab teb. Nyob ntawm lub roob ntawm Fayum thiab Nile, 6 km sab qaum teb ntawm txoj kev tsheb nqaj hlau uas txuas lub nroog Vasta thiab Fayum. Nws tau pom xyoo 1898 los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm Ludwig Borchardt. Xyoo 1987, tau rhuav tshem lub thaj thiab ob lub steles nyob ze nws, thiab vim qee qhov ntawm ib ntawm lawv muaj daim npav ntawm Pharaoh Sneferu. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws txog nws yog nws ob sab yuav luag raws nraim raws plaub txoj kev qhia, uas tsis tau pom dua ua ntej.

Zoo, tam sim no peb hais lus zoo rau cov vaj ntxwv ntawm Pharaohs ntawm III dynasty thiab mus (raws li lub ntsuas hluav taws xob, qhov no yog 80 km ntawm Cairo) mus rau lub zos Medum, los ntawm qhov uas nws tsuas yog 3 km mus rau qhov tshwj xeeb hauv lub hauv paus Tim lyiv teb chaws - Medum pyramid. Nws yog 4600 xyoo, tab sis nws dais me ntsis zoo ib yam li lub hauv paus; es, nws yog lub hauv paus ntawm qee qhov qub … lub teeb pom kev zoo.

Duab
Duab

Ntu ntawm lub hauv paus hauv Medum: 1 - tiers npog nrog cov xuab zeb, 2 - xav tias, qib kawg ntawm lub hauv paus, 3 - chav faus neeg tuag, 4 - ib feem ua kom siab dua saum cov xuab zeb.

Qhov tseeb, txawm li cas los xij, nws yog thawj qhov "tseeb" hauv tim lyiv teb chaws, tsis yog qib pyramid uas tau tsim ua ntej nws. Tab sis … tsuas yog cov theem peb thiab plaub tseem nyob ntawm nws, thiab nws tag nrho cov cladding tau tawg los ntawm nws, nthuav tawm cov tub ntxhais sab hauv. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv cov av xuab zeb, nws tseem raug khaws cia, thiab los ntawm nws ib tus tuaj yeem txiav txim siab nws qhov loj me, thiab txawm tias kwv yees qhov siab. Uas, kwv yees, tuaj yeem ncav cuag 118 meters nrog lub hauv paus ntawm 144 x 144 meters.

Duab
Duab

Kev nkag mus rau lub hauv paus hauv Medum nyob hauv nws cov txheej qhib qis tshaj, kwv yees li 20 metres saum lub hauv paus. Nws tau pom nyob rau xyoo 1882. Tsis muaj sarcophagus nyob hauv qhov chaw faus neeg, tsuas muaj cov ntoo ntawm lub hleb tau pom, uas, raws li cov qauv ntawm kev tsim khoom, koom nrog Lub Nceeg Vaj Qub. Lub chaw faus neeg nyob hauv qab qhov siab ntawm lub hauv paus.

Duab
Duab

Tawm sab nraud.

Ntxiv mus, nws tau pom tseeb tias lawv tau pib tsim nws raws li cov kauj ruam, tab sis tom qab ntawd cov kauj ruam tau muab tso nrog pob zeb thiab tso tawm. Lawv txawm pom cov pobzeb uas cov kws kes duab vajtse thaum ub piav qhia nws cov duab nrog peb thiab plaub theem. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntawv sau qhia txog huab tais uas tau xaj kom tsim nws tseem tsis tau pom txog tam sim no. Yav dhau los, nws tau ntseeg tias nws yog Pharaoh Sneferu - thawj tus vaj ntxwv ntawm IV dynasty, tab sis tam sim no nws ntseeg tias nws tus tsim yog Pharaoh Huni - tus huab tais kawg ntawm III dynasty thiab, tej zaum, Sneferu txiv, thiab nws tsuas yog xaj nws yuav tsum tiav. Vim li cas lawv thiaj pib xav li ntawd? Thiab qhov tseeb yog qhov ntawd Sneferu tau txiav txim siab los tsim nws tus kheej ob lub pyramids ntxiv (!) Hauv Dashur, thiab lawv txawv ntawm Medum ib qho. Ntawd yog, peb tuaj yeem hais tias thawj theem ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tsim cov pyramids tau ua tiav ntawm nws: pib nrog cov kauj ruam Djoser, nws xaus nrog thawj "tseeb", txawm tias tsuas yog sab nrauv, Sneferu pyramid!

Duab
Duab

Cov phiaj xwm sab hauv ntawm chav ntawm Medum pyramid.

Duab
Duab

Nco tseg qhov tsis raug ntawm lub qab nthab ntawm lub tsev. Pom tseeb, cov neeg Iyiv tseem tsis tau paub yuav ua lub vault tiag, thiab lawv tau teeb lub qab nthab nrog "tus ntaiv".

Duab
Duab

Qhov qub cuav vaults tau pom hauv cov pyramids thiab cov tuam tsev ntawm Maya Isdias Asmesliskas. Los ntawm txoj kev, txoj haujlwm yog ntxhib heev.

Nov yog qhov peb tuaj rau lub npe ntawm tus vaj ntxwv no, leej twg ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv Egyptian "vaj tsev vaj", tab sis rau cov neeg feem coob nws tsis paub kiag li. Yog li ntawd, thawj zaug peb yuav qhia me ntsis txog nws, thiab tom qab ntawd txog nws lub hauv paus.

"Palermo Stone" (nws yog dab tsi, yuav tsum tau qhia cais) piav qhia Sneferu (kav 2575 - 2551 BC) ua tus kav thiab ua rog zoo li tus kav. Yog li, nce toj ib ncig 2595 BC. NS. hauv Nubia, sab qab teb ntawm qhov pib 1, tso cai nqa 4,000 tus txiv neej raug kaw, 3,000 tus poj niam ntxiv, thiab ntxiv rau 200,000 tus nyuj thiab yaj. Kwv yees li plaub lossis rau xyoo tom qab, nws ntes lwm 1,100 tus neeg thiab 13,100 lub taub hau nyuj hauv lub tebchaws Tehena, uas yog, nyob hauv Libya niaj hnub no. Sneferu xa kev ntoj ncig 40 lub nkoj mus rau Phoenician chaw nres nkoj ntawm Byblos, thiab lawv tau xa rov qab nrog cov khoom ntawm Lebanese cedar rau kev tsim cov tuam tsev thiab cov nkoj loj. Sinai ceg av qab teb, nplua nuj hauv tooj liab thiab turquoise, tau ua colonized. Muaj daim duab ntawm Sneferu tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab, thiab qhov uas nws tau hu ua "Victorious Barbarians". Zoo, nws nkag siab tias cov tooj liab yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam thiab kev nom kev tswv rau tebchaws Iziv uas ib qho ntawm cov mines tau muaj npe tom qab nws; thiab nws tau suav hais tias yog tus tswv vaj tswv ntawm cov av no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Sneferu, uas kav 24 xyoo, kuj yog tus tsim khoom loj tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm Egypt, thiab cov pyramids tshwj xeeb uas tau ua thaum nws kav.

Duab
Duab

Ntxiv rau cov pyramids, muaj mastabs hauv Dashur ib sab ntawm lawv. Nov yog ib ntawm lawv # 17.

Duab
Duab

Ntxiv mus, yog tias tsis muaj sarcophagi hauv Sneferu's pyramids, tom qab ntawd hauv mastab # 17 nws yog!

Hauv tag nrho, peb lub pyramids yog lub sijhawm nws kav: lub qhov ntxa Medum (tej zaum lub cenotaph yog qhov "faus" faus, lossis "ua tiav" ntawm qhov Huni pib.), Sab qab teb ("tawg") pyramid hauv Dashur, thiab ntawm no, mus rau sab qaum teb ntawm nws - Sab qaum teb ("Paj yeeb" lossis "Liab") pyramid.

Duab
Duab

Sab qab teb lossis "tawg paj tawg" thiab nws cov pyramid tus khub.

Egyptologists yeej tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab vim li cas Sneferu txiav txim siab tso tseg lub hauv paus ntoo, tab sis txiav txim kom ua rau lub ntsej muag ncaj ncaj. Txawm li cas los xij, ob qho tib si ntawm nws lub hauv paus dais lub thwj cim ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav, uas pom tseeb, ib tus tsuas yog yuav tsum saib lawv. Qhov tseeb yog tias yav Qab Teb Pyramid hauv Dakhshur hu ua "tawg", thiab tsis yog yam tsis muaj laj thawj. Tsis zoo li lwm cov pyramids ntawm Lub Nceeg Vaj Qub, nws muaj ob lub qhov rooj nkag - sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub poob. Kev nkag mus rau sab qaum teb ntawm cov pyramids tau ua nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm Lub Nceeg Vaj Qub. Tab sis vim li cas koj thiaj xav tau kev nkag mus rau sab hnub poob thiab? Tsis muaj sarcophagus hauv nws, tab sis nws yog qhov tseeb ntawm Sneferu lub hauv paus, txij li nws lub npe tau pom nyob hauv nws, thiab nws kuj tseem pom ntawm lub stele hauv lub laj kab ntawm cov phooj ywg pyramid - ib lub pyramid me me ua nyob ib sab ntawm qhov loj.

Duab
Duab

Saib ntawm "Cov Pyramid tawg" los ntawm kaum sab qaum teb hnub poob.

Lub kaum sab xis ntawm nws cov npoo thaum xub thawj muaj 50 degrees 41 feeb, tab sis ntawm qhov siab ntawm 45 nws zoo li "tawg" thiab hloov txoj kab nqes los ntawm 42 degrees 59 feeb kom ua tiav txoj haujlwm sai. Tam sim no, nws qhov siab yog 100 meters, tab sis nws tuaj yeem siab dua nrog qhov qub nqes hav ntawm phab ntsa - 125 meters! Nws tau qhia tias lub hauv paus nyob hauv Medum thiab yav qab teb lub hauv paus hauv Dashur tau tsim yuav luag ib txhij, thiab thaum cov tawv nqaij tawg ntawm lub hauv paus hauv Medum, lawv txiav txim siab txo qis lub kaum sab xis ntawm ob sab ntawm lub hauv paus hauv Dashur, ntxiv mus, thaum nws tau ua tiav ib nrab.

Duab
Duab

Schematic txoj kev npaj ntawm "Broken Pyramid".

Cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm tau tshawb pom tias lub hauv paus tau rov tsim dua peb zaug, raws li muaj pov thawj los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov pob zeb hauv nws. Pom tau tias, lawv xav ua kom nws ruaj khov dua, tab sis "nws tau hloov pauv raws li ib txwm muaj," uas yog, nws tsuas yog zuj zus. Lub siab ntawm cov pob zeb thaiv ntawm cov chav sab hauv tau nce, ua rau cov kab nrib pleb tshwm, uas tuaj yeem ua rau tawg.

Duab
Duab

"Pink" lossis "Red pyramid" Sneferu.

Thawj theem, lub hauv paus tau khawm thiab kwv yees li 12.70 m ntawm qhov nkag tau ua ntawm txoj kev nkag (txoj hauv kev nqes los) thiab kwv yees li 11, 60 m ntawm txoj kev hauv ntej. Nyob rau theem thib ob, cov neeg tsim khoom tau txiav txim siab txo lub kaum sab xis ntawm kev xav mus rau 54 °, thiab rau qhov no txhawm rau ua kom ntev ntxiv ntawm txhua sab ntawm lub hauv paus pyramid ntau npaum li 15, 70 m. Qhov ntev ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab tam sim no sib npaug rau 188 m. lub hauv paus yog 188 m, nws qhov siab tuaj yeem yog 129, 4 m, thiab ntim - 1, 592, 718, 453 m³. Tab sis ntawm no, ntawm qhov siab ntawm 49 meters, kev tsim kho tam sim ntawd nres.

Duab
Duab

Cov phiaj xwm phiaj xwm ntawm Sneferu pyramid.

Hauv theem peb ntawm kev tsim kho, kev hloov pauv hloov pauv hauv txoj kab nqes ntawm lub siab - ib feem ntawm qhov ua tsis tiav ntawm lub hauv paus tau ua tiav - nws tau txo qis mus rau 42 degrees 59 feeb. Raws li, tag nrho qhov siab ntawm lub hauv paus tau tam sim no kuj tau poob mus rau 105 m. Vim li cas thiaj li muaj ob txoj hauv kev, thiab ob qho tib si muaj lawv cov neeg txhawb nqa thiab tawm tsam. Thawj qhov kev piav qhia yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws. Pharaoh tuag, thiab nws tus txais cuab yeej hais kom ua tiav lub hauv paus sai li sai tau. Qhov kev piav qhia thib ob yog qhov nyuaj dua. Nws tau tsim ua zoo ib yam li cov kauj ruam hauv Saqqara, tab sis nws cov ntu sab saud tau tawg thiab … cov neeg tsim khoom hloov pauv lub kaum sab xis ntawm nws cov npoo kom cov cladding yuav tuav tau zoo dua! Nws tau ntseeg tias qhov kev xav thib ob muaj pov thawj ntau dua, vim tias muaj ntau cov khib nyiab nyob ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub hauv paus uas tuaj yeem tsuas yog poob los saum toj no, txwv tsis pub lawv yuav tsis muaj qhov twg los. Zoo, yog, thiab tom qab ntawd huab tais tuag, thiab lawv tsis tau pib ntxuav lawv.

Duab
Duab

Qhov nkag mus rau lub hauv paus.

Sab Qab Teb Pyramid tuaj yeem raug hu ua thawj "pyramid" hauv tebchaws Iziv, vim tias … nws yog pyramid tiag tiag - tsis muaj cov kauj ruam thiab kinks. Vim li cas nws thiaj hu ua liab lossis liab? Qhov no yog vim cov xim ntawm cov pob zeb thaiv hauv cov kab ntawm lub hnub teeb, dhau los ua liab lossis liab. Thaum nws tau tsim, nws cov phab ntsa tau npog nrog cov nplais ntawm cov limestone dawb. Tab sis tom qab ntawd lub ntsej muag ntawm lub hauv paus poob lawm. Ntxiv mus, nws tau nyob ntawm ob peb lub ntsej muag ntawm pom nyob ze ntawm lub hauv paus uas lub npe Sneferu tau pom, sau ua xim liab. Ntawd yog, nws tau meej meej nws lub hauv paus.

Duab
Duab

Kev nqis los rau hauv lub hauv paus.

Duab
Duab

Kev hla ntawm thawj chav mus rau qhov thib ob.

Duab
Duab

"Cuav" (hla) lub tsev pheeb suab, thiab qee tus neeg ruam, tau kawg, kos npe rau nws.

Hais txog qhov siab, qhov no yog qhov thib peb (!) Pyramid hauv Egypt, tom qab lub hauv paus ntawm Khufu thiab Khafre hauv Giza. Nws qhov ntev yog qhov loj heev: 218.5 los ntawm 221.5 meters, thiab nws qhov siab yog 14.4 m. Nws muaj qhov nqes qis heev ntawm phab ntsa - 43 degrees 36 feeb. Raws li yog tias cov kws tsim vaj tsev ntshai tias yog nws "txias", ces … nws yuav poob sib nrug. Qhov ntim ntawm lub hauv paus yog 1,694,000 m³. Tej zaum ob lub pyramids tau tsim tib lub sijhawm. Thiab qhov txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm "paj yeeb" hauv qab no tau siv hauv kev tsim kho ntawm ib sab ntawm "pyramid tawg". Koj tuaj yeem nkag los ntawm kev nkag mus rau sab qaum teb, uas coj mus rau peb chav uas nyob ib sab, txhua qhov uas siab txog 17 meters. Txhua tus ntawm lawv tuaj yeem nkag tau rau cov neeg ncig tebchaws, tab sis rau qhov no koj yuav tsum mus rau Dashur!

Duab
Duab

Cov no yog cov ntaiv koj xav tau nce mus rau chav faus neeg. Yog tias muaj qee yam nyob ntawd thiab tub sab tuaj ntawm no, koj puas tuaj yeem xav tias lawv, cov neeg pluag, yuav tsum ua haujlwm hnyav li cas?

PS: Lawv hais tias tsiaj khiav mus rau tus ntes. Peb tsis muaj sijhawm los npaj thawj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub hauv paus ntawm Djoser, thaum cov lus tau tshwm sim hauv xovxwm tias papyri tus hlob tshaj plaws tau nthuav tawm hauv Egyptian Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Cairo, uas piav qhia txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim cov pyramids hauv Giza. Txog rau hnub tim, rau ntawm 30 papyri pom hauv xyoo 2013 hauv thaj tsam ntawm lub nroog me ntawm Wadi al-Jarf ntawm Hiav Txwv Liab tau tso tawm. Lawv txhua tus yog lub sijhawm ntawm Pharaoh Cheops lossis Khufu, thiab niaj hnub no lawv yog cov ntawv qub tshaj plaws uas paub txog kev tshawb fawb, uas piav txog cov xwm txheej uas tau tshwm sim txog 4500 xyoo dhau los.

Duab
Duab

Sab qab teb ntawm "Pink Pyramid". Nws tau pom meej meej tias lub kaum sab xis ntawm kev nyiam yog "tsis zoo ib yam".

Tus thawj coj ntawm Egyptian Tsev khaws puav pheej, Tarek Taufik, tau hais tias cov papyri no tau ua pov thawj tseeb tias lawv tau tsim los ntawm cov tib neeg zoo tib yam, thiab tsis yog txhua tus los ntawm "vaj tswv" los ntawm Atlantis lossis sib npaug dab neeg "neeg txawv teb chaws". Cov ntaub ntawv no nthuav qhia yuav ua li cas thiab los ntawm qhov twg cov ntaub ntawv tau xa mus rau qhov chaw tsim kho thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tau pub nrog.

Duab
Duab

Pyramid ntsib lub ntsej muag (sab qaum teb).

Yog li, ib ntawm papyri tau koom nrog tus thawj coj loj hu ua Merrer. Nws tau pom meej los ntawm cov ntawv uas nws tau ua lub luag haujlwm thauj cov thaiv loj loj mus rau Cheops pyramid los ntawm chaw txua txiag zeb nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Sinai Peninsula. Thaum xub thawj lawv tau thauj los ntawm hiav txwv, thiab tom qab ntawd - nrog Nile thiab tus kwj dej tshwj xeeb tau khawb rau qhov no. Ib qho ntxiv, papyrus ntawm Merrer piav qhia txog peb lub hlis ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab muab cov ntawv tshaj tawm txhua hnub ntawm kev xa cov khoom siv hauv tsev mus rau lub hauv paus. Yog li ntau dua, qhov tseeb, koj tsis tuaj yeem sib cav txog dab tsi. Txhua yam poob rau hauv qhov chaw.

Pom zoo: