"Nws tsa nws daim ntaub thaiv yam tsis xaiv, Kuv pom ob lub kaus mom hlau thiab lub suab nrov nrov"
("Ruslan thiab Lyudmila" los ntawm A. Pushkin)
Cov ntaub thaiv npog yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau txhua tus tub rog ntawm lub sijhawm dhau los. Tej zaum nws yuav tsis muaj rab ntaj, rab taus, rab hmuv … Ib leeg tsuas yog rab ntaj ua riam phom coj los tua nws cov neeg zej zog, tab sis daim ntaub thaiv yuav tsum tau ua. Tab sis li cas txog? Tom qab tag nrho, koj yuav tsum tiv thaiv koj tus kheej, koj tus hlub, ua ntej tshaj plaws. Tab sis dab tsi yog daim ntaub thaiv qub? Dab tsi yog thawj daim ntaub thaiv thiab txoj hauv kev twg muaj cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv no tau taug mus rau niaj hnub no, uas yog, rau cov ntaub thaiv npog uas peb pom hauv xov xwm yuav luag txhua txhua hnub nyob rau hauv txhais tes ntawm cov tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm uas faib cov neeg coob coob txhoj puab heev? Ntxiv mus, txij li lawv tau sib txawv, cia peb pib nrog cov ntaub thaiv npog nto moo tshaj plaws - ntoo, ua los ntawm qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws … cov laug cam!
Shield-scutum los ntawm Dura-Europos. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Zoo, thiab koj yuav tsum pib nrog qhov tseeb tias rov qab rau xyoo 1980, hauv qhov teeb meem 12 ntawm phau ntawv xov xwm "Tekhnika-hluas nkauj" (pib p. 48), ib tsab xov xwm tau tshaj tawm. Tub Ceev Xwm Dmitry Zenin "Tus Tiv Thaiv ntawm Tebchaws Russia" (hais txog qhov muaj nyob hauv tebchaws Russia ntawm kev sib tw zoo ib yam li Sab Hnub Poob) thiab ntxiv rau nws - ib tsab xov xwm los ntawm tus kws sau keeb kwm Viktor Prishchepenko "… saw xa ntawv, ntoo qhib thaiv thiab rab ntaj hlau forged los ntawm swamp ore. Los ntawm txoj kev, hauv qhov teeb meem ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm uas tau tshaj tawm hauv Is Taws Nem, ib tus neeg tau sau kab lus no. Tej zaum, nws tsis yog kuv ib leeg xwb. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis yog "ntaj swamp" thiab saw xa ntawv uas ua rau kuv xav tsis thoob li "ntoo qhib thaiv". Qhov tseeb yog tias txog xyoo 1974 Kuv nyob hauv kuv lub tsev, tsis tu ncua pom thiab txiav ntoo thiab paub tias ntoo qhib ntoo muaj zog, yog, tab sis hnyav thiab ntse. Kuv yuav tsis ua rau kuv tus kheej yog ntoo qhib daim ntaub thaiv nyob hauv ib qho kev coj ua. Yuav ua li cas thiaj paub tias leej twg yog tus raug thiab leej twg tsis yog?
Nov yog li cas daim ntaub thaiv no tau nthuav tawm hauv kev nthuav qhia ntawm Metropolitan Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Kev Kos Duab hauv New York.
Kuv tau mus rau lub tsev khaws ntaub ntawv ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm cov lus hauv zos, nug rau cov ntawv xov xwm "Soviet Archaeology" thiab pom ib tsab xov xwm hais txog puag ncig cov ntaub thaiv npog pom hauv Baltic swamps (thiab cov ntaub thaiv zoo li Vikings!), Ua los ntawm … linden! Thiab tom qab ntawv cov ntaub ntawv tau pom tias raws li cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg, uas tau paub los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb thiab sagas, uas cov ntaub thaiv npog feem ntau hu ua "Lipa ntawm ntaj", daim ntaub thaiv yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm linden. Yuav tsum, tab sis tsis yog!
Qhov tseeb yog qhov kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm tsis tau lees paub qhov no. Thiab txawm hais tias linden ntoo yog qhov tsim nyog dua rau kev ua daim ntaub thaiv, vim nws yog ob qho sib dua thiab khov dua, thiab tsis cais los ntawm kev cuam tshuam, txhua daim ntaub thaiv uas lawv pom tau yog vim qee yam ua los ntawm spruce, fir lossis ntoo thuv ntoo. Tab sis peb yuav rov qab mus rau Vikings tom qab. Ntawd yog, Soviet "kws sau keeb kwm" Viktor Prishchepenko muaj kev ua phem, muaj kev xav phem heev nrog nws "ntoo qhib thaiv", cov neeg pluag saw xa ntawv thiab "swamp swords", txawm hais tias ib tus tsis tuaj yeem sib cav nrog qhov tseeb tias cov ntaj raug tsim los ntawm swamp ore. Tab sis lawv tsis tau npaj rau cov neeg pluag neeg pluag.
Yog li, qhov twg "boardwalk" thov ua thawj zaug hauv peb lub tebchaws? Nws hloov tawm tias muaj ib qho, thiab … tsis yog qhov qub tshaj plaws. Cov ntaub thaiv npog no tau muaj sia nyob mus txog niaj hnub no (!), Tau piav qhia los ntawm cov neeg taug kev, nthuav tawm hauv tsev cia puav pheej, thiab los ntawm Australia, qhov uas cov neeg txawv tebchaws tseem siv tam sim no. Cov ntaub thaiv npog no hu ua "parrying stick" thiab nws yog cov khoom ntoo uas muaj lub qhov rau tes nyob hauv nruab nrab, yog li nws muaj tuab nyob hauv qhov chaw no. Nrog cov pas zoo li no cov neeg Australian tau sib cav txog kev ntuav cov phom - hmuv thiab boomerangs. Ntawd yog, tag nrho kev tiv thaiv kev ua haujlwm yog ua raws tes ntawm tes. Tab sis … yog tias koj ntsia ntsia daim phiaj hla mus rau tus pas no, tsoo nws tag nrho nrog ob lub slats ntxiv, lo nws txhua yam nrog ntses lossis lo lo nplaum, ces ntawm no yog daim thaiv npog rau koj, ntxiv rau, "daim thaiv npog ntawm cov laug cam". Tej zaum ib zaug tib neeg tau ua qhov no, tab sis cov neeg Australian vim li cas qee qhov hloov lawv lub siab los txhim kho thiab tseem liab qab thiab zoo siab!
Pleev xim rau cov tub rog ntawm lub qhov ntxa ntawm nomarch Mesekhti. Cairo Tsev khaws puav pheej.
Tig mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm Ancient Egypt, peb yuav pom tias cov ntaub thaiv npog tau siv tawv, tab sis nrog tus ncej ntoo. Thiab tib yam tuaj yeem pom hauv Assyria, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv Persia. Vim li cas thiaj pom meej? Tsis muaj peev txheej cuam tshuam nrog! Tsis muaj ntoo, tsis muaj "cov laug cam ua los ntawm cov laug cam", tab sis koj tuaj yeem siv cov ntaub thaiv npog (thiab peb pom lawv ntawm Assyrian nyem) thiab tawv, conical hauv cov duab.
Liab-daim duab skyphos piav txog kev sib ntaus Spartans nrog Argive shields. Phiaj xwm. Tus sau: "Tus Xib Hwb ntawm Duel". 350-320 BC BC Hermitage Tsev khaws puav pheej.
Cov ntaub thaiv npog puag ncig ntawm cov neeg Greek thaum ub (yim lub ntsej muag tiv thaiv ntawm Mycenaean era thiab Dipylon cov ntaub thaiv npog hauv VO tau piav qhia nyob rau hauv kab lus ntawm kab lus "Riam phom ntawm Trojan War"), npog nrog cov ntawv tooj liab-hu ua Argive shields, tau zoo nkauj heev Tab sis thev naus laus zis ntawm lawv kev tsim khoom tau ze dua rau cov txheej txheem ntawm ua cov tais diav ntoo. Raws li kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm, Peter Connolly xaus lus tias nws lub hauv paus tau ua los ntawm txhua hom tsiaj nyaum, piv txwv li, ntoo qhib, tom qab uas txhua qhov tsim nyog tau txuas rau sab hauv, thiab cov ntsia hlau uas tawm mus rau sab nraud ntawm daim ntaub thaiv tau khoov thiab hammered rau hauv tsob ntoo. Tom qab ntawd daim ntaub thaiv tau npog nrog cov tooj daj lossis tawv nqaij. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws taw qhia tias los ntawm qhov uas cov ntsia hlau tau khoov, ib tus tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias lub hauv paus ntoo ntawm Argive daim ntaub thaiv nyob hauv nruab nrab tsuas yog 0.5 cm tuab, yog li cov phaj txhawb ntxiv feem ntau tau muab tso rau hauv qab caj npab. Raws li Connolly, qhov hnyav ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog, uas qhov tseeb zoo li lub tais loj, yog li 7 kg. Ntawd yog, yog, qhov no yog "pawg ua los ntawm cov laug cam", tab sis nyias heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog qhov tsim nyog los muab nws lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj, txuas ib sab tiaj. Txhua qhov, nws yog cov khoom siv dag zog heev. Thiab, pom tseeb, pib ntawm cov tuab ntau dua, thiab tom qab ntawd, ib yam li lub tais pob zeb, nws tau ua tiav kom txog thaum nws tau txais nws cov duab puab thiab tuab tuab.
Crater los ntawm Puglia. "Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov Greeks nrog Oskans." Master Slip Ntev. 380-365 xyoo BC Hermitage Tsev khaws puav pheej.
Tab sis thawj cov ntoo ntau txheej tiv thaiv, ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntoo, tau pib ua los ntawm Celts thiab Loos. Nws tau paub tias ntawm qhov kawg, daim duab thaiv lub ntsej muag qiv los ntawm Celts tau raug txiav ua ntej los ntawm hauv qab thiab sab saum toj, thiab tom qab ntawd tau txais lub ntsej muag zoo ib yam nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntawv nkhaus pobzeb. Ntxiv rau cov ntaub thaiv npog no, siv hauv cov tub rog, cov neeg Loos tau siv cov ntaub thaiv lub tiaj tiaj, uas yog lub luag haujlwm tiv thaiv cov neeg caij tsheb, thiab tom qab ntawd, twb nyob rau thaum kawg ntawm Lub Tebchaws, loj oval thiab puag ncig daim thaiv, uas tau siv ob qho tib si hauv infantry thiab hauv cavalry.
Toj roob hauv pes: "Tus tub rog uas muaj ntaub thaiv npog." Tswv Cassandra. 350 xyoo BC Hermitage Tsev khaws puav pheej.
Archaeologists muaj hmoo. Hauv Dura Europos, lub nroog qub tau pom nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Syria niaj hnub no, ntau lub tsev puas thiab lub tsev huab tais, ob lub tuam tsev thiab cov duab zoo nkauj tshwj xeeb tau pom rov qab rau xyoo 1920. Tam sim no, hmoov tsis, kev ntseeg kev ntseeg los ntawm "Islamic State" (txwv nyob hauv Lavxias) tau rhuav tshem Dura-Europos. Txawm li cas los xij, qee qhov kev tshawb pom hauv nws tau raug tshem tawm thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum mus rau tsev cia puav pheej hauv Fabkis thiab Tebchaws Meskas thiab yog li ntawd khaws cia hauv Louvre thiab hauv tsev cia puav pheej ntawm Yale University. Ntawm Yale, muaj peb daim ntoo pleev xim Roman. Ntawm ib daim ntaub thaiv, daim duab ntawm tus vaj tswv ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, Mars, pom, thiab ntawm lwm qhov, qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov neeg Greek thiab Amazons. Qhov thib peb yog lub ntsiab lus nrov los ntawm Iliad. Cov ntaub thaiv npog tau rov tsim dua los ntawm Herbert J. Gute ntawm Yale University Art Gallery.
Celtic ntaub thaiv npog. Txhuv. A. Shepsa
Qhov txaus siab, 24 ua tiav lossis ib nrab khaws cia cov ntoo thaiv, ib feem ntawm cov hlau los ntawm lawv thiab lwm 21 lub xub pwg tau pom hauv Dura Europos. Tsib qhov thaiv ntoo uas puas tsawg kawg yog lub ntsej muag thiab nkhaus me ntsis, thiab ntsuas 1.07-1.18 m hauv qhov siab thiab 0.92-0.97 m hauv qhov dav. Lawv cov tuab kuj tseem me me-8-9 hli nyob hauv nruab nrab, kwv yees li 6 hli ze rau ntawm ntug, thiab tsuas yog 3-4 hli ntawm ntug heev. Tag nrho cov ntaub thaiv npog no tau sib sau ua ke los ntawm cov ntoo ntoo ntoo (12-15 daim phiaj) 8-12 hli tuab, ua ke ua ke raws qhov ntev tag nrho.
Ib daim ntaub thaiv uas piav qhia txog tus huab tais Roman lossis vaj tswv tus tub rog sab hnub tuaj. Rov tsim kho dua.
Ib qho ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog pom hauv Dura Europos tsis tau pleev xim, thaum qee cov laug cam ntawm qhov txiav thiab lwm qhov tau pleev xim liab rau qee yam. Lwm cov ntaub thaiv tau dai kom zoo nkauj nplua nuj. Ib qho qhia txog tus neeg sawv cev, piav qhia hauv cov style ntawm Palmyrian vaj tswv, tiv thaiv keeb kwm grey-ntsuab. Ob ntawm daim ntaub thaiv muaj lub ntsej muag liab, nrog cov qauv paj ntaub thiab cov nthwv dej yws ncig lub qhov taub. Ntawm thaj chaw liab ntawm ib qho ntawm daim ntaub thaiv muaj qhov tshwm sim los ntawm Iliad, ntawm lwm qhov, ib yam nkaus, qhov kev piav qhia nrov heev ntawm Amazonomachy lub sijhawm ntawd. Sab nraum qab ntawm daim ntaub thaiv, piav qhia txog Amazons, tau pleev xim rau xiav thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog paj yeeb thiab lub plawv liab, tseem nyob puag ncig dawb.
Cov ntaub thaiv npog piav qhia txog Amazonomachy ua ntej rov tsim dua.
Tib daim ntaub thaiv tom qab rov tsim dua tshiab. Lub qhov rau lub paj yog nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm laurel wreath. Daim ntaub thaiv qhia pom kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov neeg Greek thiab Amazons.
Shield nrog daim duab ntawm plundering ntawm Troy ua ntej reconstruction ntawm nws obverse.
Tib daim ntaub thaiv tom qab rov tsim dua tshiab.
Raws li ib txwm muaj, nyob rau sab hnub poob hnub no muaj cov tswv uas tau pib rov tsim dua cov ntaub thaiv npog no, thiab lawv tau sim ua kom lawv zoo li sai tau raws li qhov qub. Qhov no, nyeg, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm sim lawv "hauv kev xyaum" thiab nrhiav pom tias cov ntaub thaiv npog no tau yooj yim thiab muab lawv cov tswv nrog qib kev tiv thaiv zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws muaj peev xwm nrhiav pom tias daim ntawv thaiv kab pheeb suab hauv nqe lus nug tsis tiaj tus. Thiab lawv tau me ntsis nkhaus, txawm hais tias tsis ntau heev.
Shield "los ntawm Dura-Europos" los ntawm tus tswv Holger Ratsdorf.
Raws li rau txoj kab nkhaus nkhaus Roman thaiv, tsuas yog ib daim qauv ntawm daim ntaub thaiv tau los rau peb, pom dua hauv Dura Europos, thiab nws rov qab mus rau xyoo pua 3. AD Cov ntaub thaiv npog yog ua los ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis zoo heev. Nws tau glued los ntawm lub dav hlau dav dav kwv yees li 2 hli tuab, glued crosswise hauv peb txheej, yog li qhov tshwm sim yog ib qho nkhaus ntawm cov plywood zoo tib yam. Tus kov yog tuab ntawm cov ntoo ntoo nruab nrab. Daim ntaub thaiv tau npog nrog tawv nyob sab nraud, thiab sab saum toj ntawm daim tawv kuj tau npog nrog daim ntaub. Cov npoo ntawm daim ntaub thaiv tau txiav nrog cov kab ntawm rawhide sewn rau ntoo. Cov ntaub thaiv npog no sib zog thiab tsis muaj zog zoo li ob daim thaiv uas pom nyob rau lwm qhov. Tab sis lawv yuav luag ob zaug li tuab nyob hauv nruab nrab. Nws cov xim tha xim qhia tias feem ntau nws yuav tsis yog kev sib ntaus, tab sis yog kev tiv thaiv kab ke. Nws yeej tsis tau siv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev daws teeb meem tau paub los qhia peb txog Praetorians ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 1. n. e., Mus rau qhov kev ua yeeb yam nrog cov duab zoo li lub ntsej muag.
Roman legionary nrog scutum. Cov tooj dag fittings ntawm daim ntaub thaiv tau pom meej. Miniart daim duab.
Nyob rau hauv I-II centuries. n. NS. cov npoo ntawm cov duab plaub tau txhawb ntxiv nrog tooj dag fittings. Thiab yog li lawv ua pov thawj tias lawv cov tuab raws ntug tsis pub ntau tshaj 6 hli, txawm hais tias nyob hauv nruab nrab lawv muaj kwv yees li ib centimeter. Txhim kho cov ntaub thaiv npog los ntawm Dura Europos nrog rau ntxiv cov tooj dag thiab cov hlau hlau muaj qhov hnyav txog 5.5 kg. Yog tias nyob hauv nruab nrab daim ntaub thaiv tau tuab dua, nws qhov hnyav nce mus txog 7.5 kg.
Obverse ntawm ob daim thaiv Celtic thiab Roman tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov duab kos. Ntxiv mus, lawv tau loj heev thiab tau paub txog lub cim ntawm cov tub rog. Peter Connolly ntseeg tias nyob rau tiam II. lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag yog maj mam tawm ntawm kev zam, thiab los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm III xyoo pua. nws twb ploj mus lawm thiab tau hloov pauv los ntawm daim npog ntsej muag oval ntawm cov pab cuam. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntawm ntau lub monuments koj tuaj yeem pom cov ntaub thaiv npog, uas ntseeg tau tias yog cov ntaub thaiv npog ntawm tus qauv-tus neeg nqa khoom. Murals los ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Dura Europos hauv Syria piav qhia cov ntaub thaiv npog hexagonal. Michael Simkins - Tus kws sau keeb kwm Askiv thiab tus rov ua haujlwm tshiab - ntseeg tias txij li cov ntaub thaiv npog no tsis muaj nyob qhov twg, nws muaj peev xwm heev uas lawv yog ib feem ntawm cov cuab yeej siv ntawm cov cataphract. Ib zaug ntxiv, tag nrho cov ntaub thaiv npog pom hauv Dura Europos muaj ntug ntxiv dag zog tsis yog tooj liab, raws li ib txwm muaj, tab sis nrog rawhide.
Lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag pom thaum lub sijhawm khawb ntawm Ntauwd 19 ntawm Dura Europos. III xyoo. AD Yale University Art Gallery. New Haven, Connecticut, Tebchaws Asmeskas. Cov cuab yeej ntawm daim ntaub thaiv tau pom.
Qhov txaus siab, nws yog kev coj ua rau Roman legionnaires hnav daim ntaub thaiv hauv tawv tawv los tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm huab cua. Txhuv. A. Shepsa.
