Ob puas thiab nees nkaum xyoo dhau los, thaum lub Plaub Hlis 15, 1795, Empress Catherine II tau kos npe rau Manifesto ntawm kev koom ua ke ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania thiab Duchy ntawm Courland thiab Semigalsk rau Lavxias Tebchaws. Qhov no yog yuav ua li cas Ntu Peb Nto Npe ntawm Cov Neeg Kawg tau xaus, vim qhov uas feem ntau ntawm thaj av ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania thiab Courland tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Tebchaws Russia. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm Kev faib tawm thib peb ntawm Tebchaws Poland-Lithuanian Cov Neeg, yuav luag tag nrho thaj av Baltic tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txuas ntxiv ntawm thaj av Baltic tau pib nyob rau hauv Peter I. Tom qab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Tsov Rog Qaum Teb, Estonia thiab Livonia tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Russia. Txawm li cas los xij, Duchy ntawm Courland khaws nws txoj kev ywj pheej thiab kev ua haujlwm sib raug zoo hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Ib yam nkaus, Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania tseem yog lub xeev ywj pheej hauv kev koom tes nrog Poland.
Kev lees paub ntawm Courland thiab Lithuania
Txawm li cas los xij, thaum tseem tuav nws txoj cai fief rau Poland, Duchy of Courland kuj tseem tau nyob hauv Russia qhov kev cuam tshuam txij li thaum xaus Tsov Rog Qaum Teb. Rov qab rau xyoo 1710, Anna, tus ntxhais ntawm Lavxias Tsar John V, tus kwv ntawm Peter I, tau los ua Duchess of Courland los ntawm nws txoj kev sib yuav rau Duke Friedrich Wilhelm Kettler. Xyoo 1730 Anna Ioannovna nce lub zwm txwv Lavxias. Hauv Courland, lub zog ntawm Biron dynasty tau kav. Xyoo 1737, Ernst-Johann Biron, tus neeg koom nrog thiab nyiam tshaj plaws ntawm Anna Ioannovna, tau los ua tus duke, uas tom qab ntawd tau muab lub dukedom rau nws tus tub. Txij li lub sijhawm ntawd, Tebchaws Russia Lub Tebchaws tau muab kev txhawb nqa thoob plaws rau dukes ntawm Courland, tiv thaiv lawv lub zog los ntawm kev ua phem rau ntawm ib feem ntawm qhov tsis txaus siab ntawm cov nom tswv hauv zos. Kev suav nrog Duchy ntawm Courland rau hauv Russia yog kev yeem - cov tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe ntawm duchy, ntshai kev tsis ruaj khov ntawm cov txheej txheem uas twb muaj lawm hauv Courland tom qab kev tawm tsam hauv 1794 los ntawm pab tub rog ntawm Tadeusz Kosciuszko, tus kws tshaj lij Polish uas tau tshoov siab los ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm Great Fabkis Revolution, tig mus rau Russia rau kev pab tub rog. Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov nws tus kheej tau hais kom tshem tawm cov tub rog Polish. Tom qab kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam, Kev Ncaj Ncees Courland tau tig mus rau Lavxias tus huab tais nrog kev thov kom suav nrog duchy rau hauv lub tebchaws. Ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Duchy ntawm Courland, lub xeev uas muaj tib lub npe tau tsim, thiab cov thawj coj hauv zej zog feem ntau khaws nws txoj haujlwm. Ntxiv mus, Courland thiab Livonian German kev ua neeg siab dawb tau dhau los ua ib pawg ntawm cov neeg muaj koob npe hauv Lavxias, ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv kev ua nom ua tswv ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws txog rau thaum pib xyoo pua nees nkaum.
Tab sis kev koom ua ke ntawm thaj av ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj li kev lees txais Courland mus rau Tebchaws Russia. Thiab tsis yog tsuas yog kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam, tab sis kuj hais txog kev khaws cov lus Lavxias thiab kev ntseeg Orthodox hauv thaj av uas yav dhau los nyob hauv txoj cai ntawm tus thawj coj. Tseeb, ntxiv rau Lithuania nws tus kheej, Grand Duchy suav nrog thaj chaw dav ntawm niaj hnub Ukraine thiab Belarus nrog cov pej xeem Lavxias (tom qab ntawd tsis muaj kev faib khoom cuav ntawm cov neeg Lavxias tseem), feem ntau ntawm lawv hais txog Orthodoxy. Tau ntau pua xyoo, cov neeg Orthodox ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania, raug kev tsim txom los ntawm cov neeg Catholic, tau thov kom pab rau lub xeev Lavxias. Kev koom ua ke ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania rau hauv Russia feem ntau daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev ntxub ntxaug tawm tsam cov neeg Lavxias thiab Orthodox los ntawm cov neeg Catholic. Qhov tseeb Lithuanian ib feem ntawm Grand Duchy, uas yog, nws thaj av Baltic, dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Vilna thiab Kovno xeev ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Cov pejxeem ntawm cov xeev tsis yog tsuas yog cov neeg Lithuanians, uas yog cov neeg ua liaj ua teb feem ntau uas nyob ua liaj ua teb, tabsis tseem yog cov neeg German thiab cov neeg Yudais, uas ua rau feem coob ntawm cov pejxeem hauv nroog, thiab Poles, uas sib tw nrog cov neeg Lithuanians hauv kev ua liaj ua teb.
Kev tawm tsam Lavxias-kev tawm tsam-sim ua kom rov muaj zog ntawm Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Cov neeg nplua nuj Lithuanian thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, hauv kev sib piv rau Baltic Germans, ua rau tsis muaj kev ntseeg siab rau Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Txawm hais tias thaum xub thawj cov neeg Lithuanian tsis tau qhia lawv cov kev tawm tsam hauv ib txoj kev twg, nws tsim nyog nws hauv 1830-1831. flared li thawj Polish uprising, raws li kev tsis txaus ntseeg pib hauv Lithuania. Kev tawm tsam tawm tsam tsoomfwv Lavxias tau coj tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua phem tiag tiag, uas tsis yog tsuas yog thaj tsam ntawm Poland, tabsis tseem yog Lithuania thiab Volhynia. Cov neeg ntxeev siab tau txeeb thaj av ntawm yuav luag tag nrho lub xeev Vilna, tsuas yog lub nroog Vilno thiab ntau lub nroog loj. Cov neeg tawm tsam tau txais kev khuv leej los ntawm cov neeg siab zoo thiab cov neeg ua liaj ua teb los ntawm kev tshaj tawm txoj kev rov qab los ntawm 1588 Txoj Cai ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania, uas tau lees paub txoj cai thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm cov pej xeem.
Nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias thaum lub sijhawm kev tawm tsam ntawm 1830-1831. kev ua ntawm cov neeg ntxeev siab ntawm Lithuanian tau tsim teeb meem tseem ceeb rau kev ua ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias los daws qhov kev tsis txaus ntseeg hauv tebchaws Poland. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Xeev Vilnius hauv 20 hnub ntawm lub Plaub Hlis 1831, kev rau txim tau pib ua raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm General Matvey Khrapovitsky - Vilna thiab Grodno tus tswv xeev. Txog lub Tsib Hlis 1831, kev tswj hwm tau rov qab los yuav luag tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm xeev Vilna. Txawm li cas los xij, kev txiav txim txheeb ze hauv xeev Vilna tau tsim los rau peb lub xyoos lawm xwb. Xyoo 1863-1864. qhov kev tawm tsam Polish tom ntej tau tawg, tsis muaj qhov loj me me thiab ntshav ntau dua li kev tawm tsam ntawm 1830-1831. Ib lub network loj ntawm Polish cov koom haum gentry tau coj los ntawm Yaroslav Dombrowski tau koom nrog hauv kev npaj kev tawm tsam. Cov haujlwm ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Hauv Nroog Hauv Nroog txuas ntxiv mus tsis yog rau Polish, tab sis tseem mus rau thaj av Lithuanian thiab Belarusian. Hauv tebchaws Lithuania thiab Belarus, pawg thawj coj tau coj los ntawm Konstantin Kalinovsky. Kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv Lavxias txoj cai hauv tebchaws Poland, Lithuania thiab Belarus tau txhawb nqa los ntawm txawv teb chaws. Cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb txawv teb chaws los ntawm cov xeev European tau sib sau ua ke ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam Polish, uas tau txiav txim siab nws yog lawv lub luag haujlwm kom "tawm tsam kev ua phem ntawm Tebchaws Russia." Hauv Belarus, cov neeg ntseeg Catholic, uas tau tsim lub caj qaum ntawm kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam, tsis muaj kev ntshai tawm tsam Orthodox peasantry, uas tsis txhawb kev tawm tsam neeg txawv teb chaws rau lawv nyiam. Tsawg kawg ob txhiab tus neeg tau dhau los ua cov neeg ntxeev siab (raws li Brockhaus thiab Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary).
Belarusian keeb kwm Yevgeny Novik ntseeg tias ntau txoj hauv kev keeb kwm ntawm kev tawm tsam Polish xyoo 1863-1864. raug dag, tsis yog los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Polish, tab sis kuj yog cov kws sau ntawv Soviet (https://www.imperiya.by/aac25-15160.html). Hauv USSR, qhov kev tawm tsam tau pom tshwj xeeb los ntawm prism ntawm nws lub cim kev ywj pheej hauv tebchaws, ntawm qhov uas nws tus yam ntxwv tau dhau los tau lees paub. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau hnov qab tias qhov kev tawm tsam tsis yog qhov nrov. Feem coob ntawm nws cov neeg koom nrog tau sawv cev los ntawm Polish thiab Lithuanian gentry, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb suav tsis pub ntau tshaj 20-30% hauv Western Belarus thaj av thiab tsis ntau dua 5% hauv Eastern Belarus. Qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias feem ntau ntawm cov neeg ua teb hais lus Lavxias thiab hais txog Orthodoxy, thiab kev tawm tsam tau tsa los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Polish thiab Polonized gentry, hais txog Catholicism. Ntawd yog, lawv yog haiv neeg txawv tebchaws rau Belarusian cov pej xeem, thiab qhov no piav qhia qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhawb nqa rau kev tawm tsam ntawm ib feem ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb. Qhov tseeb tias cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tau txhawb nqa Tebchaws Russia nyob rau qhov kev sib cav no tau lees paub hauv lawv tsab ntawv ceeb toom los ntawm pab tub rog thiab tub ceev xwm tus thawj coj uas tau koom nrog ncaj qha hauv kev tsim kev txiav txim siab hauv xeev Lithuanian thiab Belarusian.
Thaum Cov Neeg Ntseeg Qub Hauv Cheeb Tsam Dinaburg tau ntes tag nrho cov neeg tawm tsam, cov thawj coj ntawm Vilna tub ceev xwm A. M. Losev sau hauv ib tsab ntawv: "Cov neeg ua liaj ua teb Dinaburg tau ua pov thawj qhov twg lub zog ntawm Tsoomfwv nyob hauv pawg neeg. Vim li cas tsis siv lub zog no nyob txhua qhov chaw thiab tshaj tawm ua ntej Europe txog txoj haujlwm tiag tiag ntawm peb thaj av sab hnub poob? " (Kev tawm tsam hauv Lithuania thiab Belarus xyoo 1863-1864. M., 1965, p. 104). Txog rau Belarusian cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, kev rov qab los ntawm Tebchaws Poland-Lithuanian Lub Tebchaws tsis tau coj ib yam zoo rau nws tus kheej, tsuas yog rov qab los rau lub sijhawm txaus ntshai ntawm kev tsim txom ntawm Lavxias lus thiab kev ntseeg Orthodox. Yog li ntawd, yog tias kev tawm tsam yog kev ywj pheej ntawm lub tebchaws, nws tsuas yog rau pawg Polonized ntawm cov pejxeem thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, rau cov neeg Catholic kev ntseeg, uas yog nostalgic rau lub sij hawm ntawm Commonwealth thiab cov cai uas nws muaj nyob hauv Polish -Lithuanian unitary lub xeev.
Tsoomfwv tsarist tau kho cov neeg tawm tsam Poles thiab Lithuanians yam tsis muaj kev ncaj ncees. Tsuas yog 128 tus neeg raug tua, 8-12 txhiab tus neeg tau raug ntiab tawm. Kev thab plaub, raws li txoj cai, cuam tshuam rau cov thawj coj, cov koom haum thiab cov koom nrog tiag tiag hauv kev tawm tsam kev ntshai. Txawm li cas los xij, ntxiv rau lub tsev txiav txim plaub ntug, kev tswj hwm ua raws. Tom qab kev tawm tsam, tau txwv txoj cai txwv tsis pub siv lub npe ntawm Poland thiab Lithuania, thiab txhua lub tsev teev ntuj Catholic thiab cov tsev teev ntuj raug kaw. Hauv xeev Vilna, kev qhia hauv tsev kawm ntawv hauv cov lus Lithuanian tau txwv tsis pub ua tiav, hauv xeev Kovno nws tau khaws cia rau tsev kawm ntawv theem qis nkaus xwb. Txhua phau ntawv thiab ntawv xov xwm sau ua lus Lithuanian hauv cov ntawv Latin tau raug txeeb; yog li ntawd, tau txwv tsis pub siv cov ntawv Lithuanian Latin. Los ntawm cov kev ntsuas no, tsoomfwv tsarist tau nrhiav los tiv thaiv kev khaws cia thiab nthuav tawm ntawm kev tawm tsam Lavxias txoj kev xav ntawm cov neeg Polish thiab Lithuanian cov pejxeem, thiab yav tom ntej - rau Russify nws, txhawm rau koom nrog Poles thiab Lithuanians rau hauv tebchaws Russia los ntawm kev pom zoo tsis lees paub Cov ntawv Latin, cov lus hauv tebchaws thiab hloov pauv mus rau txoj kev ntseeg Orthodox.
Txawm li cas los xij, kev xav tawm tsam Lavxias tseem nyob hauv Lithuania. Qhov no, nyob rau ntau qhov, tau txhawb nqa los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub Koom Txoos Catholic thiab cov xeev sab hnub poob. Yog li, los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Prussia Sab Hnub Tuaj, cov ntawv Lithuanian raug nyiag mus rau Lithuania, luam tawm hauv cov ntawv Latin hauv tsev luam ntawv hauv East Prussia thiab hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Ib qho tshwj xeeb subtype ntawm cov neeg nyiag khoom - cov muag phau ntawv - tau koom nrog hauv kev xa cov ntawv txwv. Raws li rau cov txiv plig Catholic, lawv tau tsim cov tsev kawm ntawv tsis pub lwm tus paub nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam, qhov uas lawv qhia cov lus Lithuanian thiab cov ntawv Latin. Ntxiv nrog rau cov lus Lithuanian, uas yog haiv neeg Lithuanians yeej muaj txhua txoj cai los ua tus tswv, tiv thaiv Lavxias, tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv huab tais tseem tau cog rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv hauv av. Lawm, qhov haujlwm no tau txhawb los ntawm ob lub Vatican thiab Polish Catholic hierarchs.
Qhov pib ntawm kev ywj pheej luv
Hauv cov neeg Lithuanians hais txog Catholicism, uas tsis pom zoo tias lawv nyob hauv txoj cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, cov tub rog tawm tsam Lavxias hauv Europe pom cov phooj ywg zoo. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Lithuanian tau raug ntxub ntxaug los ntawm txoj cai pom kev luv ntawm tsarist cov tub ceev xwm, uas txwv tsis pub siv cov lus hauv tebchaws, uas tau pab txhawb rau kev nthuav dav ntawm kev xav ntawm ntau pawg neeg. Thaum lub sijhawm hloov pauv ntawm 1905-1907. hauv xeev Vilna thiab Kovno, muaj kev tawm tsam muaj zog - ob qho los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hloov pauv thiab cov neeg ua teb.
Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1, xyoo 1915, lub xeev Vilnius tau los ntawm pab tub rog German. Thaum Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Austria-Hungary txiav txim siab los tsim cov menyuam roj hmab nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm thaj tsam sab hnub poob ntawm yav dhau los Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, thaum Lub Ob Hlis 16, 1918 hauv Vilna, nws tau tshaj tawm txog kev rov tsim lub tebchaws Lithuanian lub tebchaws. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 11, 1918, kev tsim lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Lithuania tau tshaj tawm, thiab tus tub huabtais German Wilhelm von Urach tau los ua lub zwm txwv. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis Ntuj, Pawg Sab Laj ntawm Lithuania (Lithuanian Tariba) tau txiav txim siab tso tseg cov phiaj xwm los tsim kom muaj vaj ntxwv kav. Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 16, 1918, tom qab kev tshem tawm ntawm cov tub rog German, lub tebchaws Lithuanian Soviet tau tsim, thiab thaum Lub Ob Hlis 27, 1919, kev tshaj tawm ntawm Lithuanian-Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic tau tshaj tawm. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis-Peb Hlis 1919, pab tub rog ntawm Lithuanian Tariba pib sib ntaus tawm tsam Soviet pab tub rog hauv kev koom tes nrog German pawg, thiab tom qab ntawd nrog pab tub rog ntawm Poland. Ib ncig ntawm Lithuanian-Byelorussian SSR tau nyob hauv tebchaws Poland. Los ntawm 1920 txog 1922 ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Lithuania thiab Western Belarus, muaj Central Lithuania, tom qab txuas nrog rau Poland. Yog li, thaj chaw ntawm niaj hnub Lithuania tau muab faib ua ob ntu. Lub xeev qub Vilna dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Poland thiab txij xyoo 1922 txog 1939. tau hu ua Vilnius Voivodeship. Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Kovno xeev, muaj lub xeev ywj pheej ntawm Lithuania nrog nws cov peev hauv Kaunas. Antanas Smeatona (1874-1944) tau raug xaiv thawj tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Lithuania. Nws yog tus coj Lithuania xyoo 1919-1920, tom qab ntawd tau qhia lub tswv yim ntawm Tsev Kawm Qib Siab Lithuanian hauv Kaunas rau qee lub sijhawm. Qhov thib ob los rau lub zog ntawm Smeatona tau tshwm sim xyoo 1926 vim yog kev tawm tsam tsoomfwv.
Lithuanian nationalism ntawm nees nkaum thiab thirties
Antanas Smeatonu tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm cov neeg tsim ntawm niaj hnub Lithuanian haiv neeg. Tom qab tawm hauv kev ua thawj tswj hwm xyoo 1920, nws tsis tawm hauv kev nom kev tswv. Ntxiv mus, Smeatona tsis txaus siab heev nrog cov haujlwm ntawm tsoomfwv sab laug-txoj cai ntawm Lithuania thiab pib tsim kev tawm tsam rau haiv neeg. Xyoo 1924, Union of Lithuanian Farmers thiab Party of National Progress koom ua ke rau hauv Union of Lithuanian Nationalists ("tautininki"). Thaum muaj kev tawm tsam tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Lithuania thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 17, 1926, coj los ntawm pab pawg ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas kev xav hauv tebchaws coj los ntawm General Povilas Plehavičius, Pab Koomtes ntawm Lithuanian Nationalists tau dhau los ua pawg neeg txiav txim. Ob peb hnub tom qab kev tawm tsam, Antanas Smeatona tau raug xaiv los ua Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Lithuania zaum ob. Lub tswv yim ntawm Union ntawm Lithuanian Nationalists tau koom nrog hauv kev ua ke ntawm Catholic qhov tseem ceeb, Lithuanian kev ntseeg siab thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm haiv neeg. Cov tog pom qhov lav ntawm lub zog thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm Lithuania hauv kev khaws cia ntawm txoj kev ib txwm muaj ntawm lub neej. Nyob rau hauv Union of Nationalists, muaj lub koom haum pab tub rog - Union ntawm Lithuanian Riflemen. Tsim nyob rau xyoo 1919 thiab koom nrog ntau tus qub tub rog ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1, nrog rau cov tub ntxhais hluas hauv tebchaws, Union of Lithuanian Riflemen tau dhau los ua cov koomhaum pabcuam pejxeem loj heev thiab muaj nyob txog thaum lub tebchaws United Kingdom ntawm Lithuania poob rau xyoo 1940. Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1930s. Cov Qib ntawm Union ntawm Lithuanian Riflemen muaj txog li 60,000 tus neeg.
Lub Koom Haum ntawm Cov Neeg Lij Choj Hauv Tebchaws tau pib muaj tus yam ntxwv zoo rau kev nyiam Italians, tab sis tom qab ntawd tau pib rau txim rau qee yam ntawm Benito Mussolini qhov kev ua, pom tseeb siv zog ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov tebchaws sab hnub poob - Askiv thiab Fabkis. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nruab nrab-1920s. tau dhau los ua lub sijhawm tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Lithuania thiab ntau lub koomhaum kev ntseeg tebchaws. Tsis tas yuav hais, lawv txhua tus tau meej meej tiv thaiv Soviet hauv qhov. Xyoo 1927, lub koom haum fascist "Iron Wolf" tau tshwm sim, uas yog nyob rau txoj haujlwm ntawm haiv neeg Lithuanian heev, tiv thaiv Semitism thiab tawm tsam kev sib tawm tsam. Kev coj noj coj ua, "hma hlau" tau coj los ntawm German Nazism hauv lub siab ntawm NSDAP thiab suav tias yog Union of Lithuanian Nationalists tsis muaj zog txaus.
Tus hma Hlau tau coj los ntawm Augustinus Voldemaras (1883-1942). Xyoo 1926-1929. tus txiv neej no, leej twg, los ntawm txoj kev, yog xibfwb ntawm University of Lithuanian hauv Kaunas, tau ua tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Lithuania. Thaum xub thawj, ua ke nrog Antanas Smyatona, nws tau tsim thiab txhim kho Union of Lithuanian Nationalists, tab sis tom qab ntawd nws tau koom nrog nws cov phooj ywg hauv cov ntsiab lus kev xav, txiav txim siab nws nkag siab txog Lithuanian kev ntseeg ntuj kom tsis txaus thiab tob. Xyoo 1929 Voldemaras raug tshem tawm ntawm nws txoj haujlwm los ua tus thawj tswj hwm thiab raug xa los ntawm tub ceev xwm saib xyuas mus rau Zarasai. Txawm hais tias qhov rov qab los, Voldemaras tsis tso tseg txoj kev npaj hloov txoj kev kawm Kaunas txoj cai. Xyoo 1934, nws tau sim ua kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm "hma hlau", tom qab ntawd nws raug ntes thiab raug txim mus kaum ob xyoos hauv tsev lojcuj. Xyoo 1938 Voldemaras raug tso tawm thiab raug ntiab tawm ntawm lub tebchaws.
USSR tsim Lithuania nyob rau hauv nws cov ciam teb niaj hnub no
Qhov kawg ntawm kev tswj hwm haiv neeg Lithuanian tuaj txog xyoo 1940. Txawm hais tias thawj zaug xob quaj rau kev tswj hwm nom tswv ntawm Lithuania tau hnov me ntsis ua ntej. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 22, 1939, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tau thov kom Lithuania rov qab thaj av Klaipeda (tom qab ntawd nws hu ua Memel). Lawm, Lithuania tsis tuaj yeem tsis kam Berlin. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsis muaj kev cog lus sib cog lus tau kos npe los ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab Lithuania. Yog li, Lithuania tsis kam txhawb Poland. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1, 1939, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tau tawm tsam Poland. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 17, 1939, ua kom zoo dua ntawm qhov xwm txheej, Soviet pab tub rog tau nkag mus rau thaj tsam sab hnub tuaj ntawm Poland. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 10, 1939, Soviet Union tau xa mus rau Lithuania thaj tsam ntawm Vilna thiab Vilnius Voivodeship ntawm Poland nyob hauv tebchaws Soviet. Lithuania kuj tseem tau tso cai pom zoo rau kev qhia txog 20,000 tus neeg muaj zog Soviet tub rog nyob hauv lub tebchaws. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 14, 1940, USSR tau tshaj tawm lub sijhawm kawg rau tebchaws Lithuania, xav kom tsoomfwv tshem tawm thiab tso cai ntxiv rau cov tub rog Soviet nkag hauv tebchaws. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 14-15, Pawg Neeg Ua Haujlwm Pab Pawg tau yeej qhov kev xaiv tsa hauv tebchaws Lithuania. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 21, kev tsim ntawm Lithuanian SSR tau tshaj tawm, thiab thaum Lub Yim Hli 3, 1940, Lub Xeev Soviet ntawm USSR tau tso cai thov ntawm Lithuanian SSR kom nkag mus rau hauv Soviet Union.
Anti-Soviet thiab anti-Lavxias keeb kwm thiab cov kws lij choj tau lees tias Lithuania tau nyob hauv thiab txuas ntxiv los ntawm Soviet Union. Lub sijhawm Soviet hauv keeb kwm ntawm cov koom pheej yog niaj hnub no hu ua hauv Lithuania tsis muaj dab tsi ntau dua li "kev ua haujlwm". Lub caij no, tsis tau pab tub rog Soviet nkag mus rau tebchaws Lithuania, nws yuav tau muab los ntawm lub tebchaws Yelemes nrog rau qhov kev ua tiav zoo ib yam. Tsuas yog cov Nazis yuav luag tsis tau tso cai rau tus kheej, txawm hais tias muaj kev lees paub, nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm Lithuania, yuav tau txhim kho cov lus hauv tebchaws thiab kab lis kev cai, yuav tau txhais cov neeg sau ntawv Lithuanian. Lithuania pib tau txais "nyiaj tshwj xeeb" los ntawm tsoomfwv Soviet yuav luag tam sim tom qab kev liam tias "ua haujlwm". Thawj qhov tau txais txiaj ntsig yog kev hloov Vilna thiab Vilnius Voivodeship, uas yog tub rog Soviet nyob hauv xyoo 1939, mus rau Lithuania. Cia peb rov qab hais tias lub sijhawm ntawd Lithuania tseem yog lub xeev ywj pheej thiab Soviet Union tsis tuaj yeem hloov thaj av uas nws nyob rau Lithuania, tabsis suav nrog lawv hauv nws qhov kev sib xyaw - hais, raws li Vilna ASSR, lossis raws li Lithuanian ASSR. Qhov thib ob, xyoo 1940, tau dhau los ua koomhaum koomhaum koomhaum, Lithuania tau txais ntau thaj chaw Belarusian. Xyoo 1941, cheeb tsam Volkovysk tau suav nrog hauv Lithuania, uas Soviet Union tau txais los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees rau 7.5 lab daus las hauv kub. Thaum kawg, tom qab Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, qhov uas Soviet Union tau yeej qhov tseem ceeb, raws li Potsdam Lub Rooj Sib Tham xyoo 1945, USSR tau txais chaw nres nkoj thoob ntiaj teb ntawm Klaipeda (Memel), yav tas los yog lub teb chaws Yelemees. Klaipeda kuj tau pauv mus rau Lithuania, txawm hais tias Moscow muaj txhua qhov laj thawj los ua nws ib puag ncig cov qauv ntawm Kaliningrad (Konigsberg).
- ua qauv qhia hauv Vilnius xyoo 1940 hauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm Soviet Union thiab I. V. Stalin
Hauv kev tiv thaiv kev sau xov xwm Soviet ib txwm muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm "thoob tebchaws" kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov neeg Lithuanians rau kev tsim lub zog Soviet. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ua piv txwv, ua ntej tshaj plaws, kev ua ub no ntawm "Cov Kwv Tij Hav Zoov" nto moo tau hais tawm - ib feem ntawm pawg neeg thiab kev txav chaw nyob hauv ib ncig ntawm Lithuania, uas tau pib nws cov haujlwm yuav luag tam sim tom qab tshaj tawm ntawm Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Koom pheej thiab tsuas yog ob peb xyoos tom qab yeej hauv Great Patriotic War, raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov tub rog Soviet. Lawm, suav nrog Lithuania rau hauv Soviet Union tsis tau txais tos los ntawm cov ntu tseem ceeb ntawm cov koom pheej cov pej xeem. Cov txiv plig Catholic, uas tau txais cov lus qhia ncaj qha los ntawm Vatican, kev txawj ntse hauv tebchaws, nag hmo cov tub ceev xwm, cov neeg ua haujlwm, tub ceev xwm ntawm tus neeg ywj pheej ntawm Lithuania, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb vam meej - txhua tus ntawm lawv tsis pom lawv lub neej yav tom ntej ua ib feem ntawm lub xeev Soviet, thiab yog li ntawd tau npaj txhij rau xa tag nrho -fledged tsis kam rau Soviet lub zog tam sim ntawd tom qab suav nrog ntawm Lithuania rau lub USSR.
Kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws Soviet tau paub zoo txog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov xwm txheej kev noj qab haus huv nyob hauv lub tebchaws uas nyuam qhuav tau txais tshiab. Nws yog rau lub hom phiaj no uas tau xa cov neeg tawm tsam tiv thaiv Soviet mus rau thaj tsam sib sib zog nqus thiab cov koom pheej ntawm USSR. Yog lawm, ntawm cov neeg raug ntiab tawm muaj ntau tus neeg tsis raug xaiv uas tsis yog haiv neeg Lithuanian thiab cov yeeb ncuab ntawm tsoomfwv Soviet. Tab sis thaum cov tuam txhab lag luam loj no tau tuav, qhov no hmoov tsis dhau. Hmo ntuj ntawm Lub Rau Hli 14, 1941, kwv yees li 34 txhiab tus tib neeg raug ntiab tawm ntawm tebchaws Lithuania. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsuas yog cov neeg sib tw tiag tiag ntawm tsoomfwv Soviet uas tau tswj hwm kom nyob twj ywm ntawm thaj chaw ntawm cov koom pheej - lawv tau mus ntev hauv av thiab tsis tau yeem yeem mus rau hauv cov tebchaws raug ntiab tawm.
Hitler's Lithuanian ua tiav
Kev tiv thaiv Lithuanian tiv thaiv Soviet tau txhawb nqa los ntawm Hitler lub Tebchaws Yelemees, uas tau tsim cov phiaj xwm los tawm tsam Soviet Union thiab cia siab tias yuav tau txais kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov neeg Lithuanian haiv neeg. Rov qab rau Lub Kaum Hli 1940, Lub Koom Haum Lithuanian Front of Activists tau tsim, coj los ntawm tus qub Ambassador ntawm koom pheej ntawm Lithuania rau Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Kazis irkirpa. Lawm, txoj haujlwm ntawm tus neeg no hais lus rau nws tus kheej. Kazis Skirpa, ib txwm nyob hauv Lithuanian lub zos Namayunai, ua neej nyob ntev. Nws yug xyoo 1895, thiab tuag rov qab rau xyoo 1979, tau nyob hauv Tebchaws Meskas li peb caug xyoo dhau los. Thaum Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tau tawm tsam Soviet Union thaum Lub Rau Hli 22, 1941, cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv tebchaws Lithuanian tau txhawb nqa kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv Soviet kev tawm tsam ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Lithuanian SSR. Nws pib nrog kev tua neeg ntawm cov tub ceev xwm uas tsis yog Lithuanian los ntawm cov neeg Lithuanians uas tau ua haujlwm nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm Red Army. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 23, Tsoom Fwv Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg ntawm Lithuania tau tsim, uas tau tsim los ntawm Kazis irkirpa, tab sis qhov tseeb nws tau coj los ntawm Juozas Ambrazevicius (1903-1974). Kev txum tim rov qab los ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm Koom pheej ntawm Lithuania tau tshaj tawm. Cov neeg hauv tebchaws tau pib rhuav tshem Soviet cov neeg tawm tsam - ob tus neeg Lavxias thiab Lithuanians, thiab cov neeg ntawm lwm haiv neeg. Pawg neeg Yudais pogroms pib hauv Lithuania. Nws yog haiv neeg Lithuanian uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau kev tua neeg ntawm cov neeg Yudais hauv tebchaws Lithuania thaum lub sijhawm Nazi ua haujlwm. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 24, 1941, Wehrmacht units nkag mus rau Vilnius thiab Kaunas, uas yog lub sijhawm cov neeg tawm tsam tau ntxeev siab ntawm cov neeg Lithuanian Front, tom kawg tau tswj hwm cov neeg Yudais pogroms ntshav, cov neeg raug tsawg kawg yog plaub txhiab tus neeg.
Tsoomfwv ib ntus ntawm Lithuania vam tias Lub Tebchaws Yelemees yuav pab cov koomhaum rov qab tswjfwm kev tswjfwm kev tswjfwm. Txawm li cas los xij, Hitler muaj cov phiaj xwm sib txawv kiag li rau Lithuania. Tag nrho cheeb tsam tau suav nrog hauv Ostland Reichskommissariat. Raws li qhov kev txiav txim siab no, lub cev muaj zog ntawm "koom pheej ywj pheej ntawm Lithuania" tsim los ntawm Lithuanian Front of Activists tau raug tshem tawm hauv tib txoj kev ib yam li kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov neeg Lithuanian haiv neeg. Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm nag hmo cov neeg txhawb siab ntawm Lithuanian kev ywj pheej tam sim ntawd coj lawv cov kabmob hauv qhov xwm txheej thiab koom nrog pab pawg ntawm Wehrmacht thiab tub ceev xwm. Lub koom haum "Iron Wolves", ib zaug tsim los ntawm tus Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws Voldemaras, thaum lub sijhawm cov xwm txheej tau piav qhia tau yog tus thawj coj loj ntawm Lithuanian Air Force Jonas Piragus. Nws cov neeg hauv qab tau ua ib lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tawm tsam Soviet-kev tawm tsam, thiab tom qab ntawd zoo siab tos txais cov Nazis tuaj txog thiab cov neeg coob coob tau koom nrog qib ntawm tub ceev xwm thiab cov tub ceev xwm.
Thaum Lub Rau Hli 29, Archbishop ntawm Roman Catholic Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj hauv Lithuania Iosif Skvirekas tau tshaj tawm txog kev txhawb nqa tag nrho cov txiv plig Catholic ntawm Lithuania rau kev tawm tsam tias "Thib Peb Reich" tab tom tawm tsam Bolshevism thiab Soviet Union. Flirting nrog lub Koom Txoos Catholic, kev tswj hwm German ntawm Lithuania tau tso cai rov kho cov txheej txheem kev ntseeg hauv txhua lub tsev kawm qib siab hauv tebchaws. Txawm li cas los xij, Nazis tau tso cai ua haujlwm ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Lithuania thiab Orthodox diocese - nrog kev cia siab tias cov pov thawj yuav cuam tshuam rau kev khuv leej thiab kev coj ua ntawm cov neeg Orthodox.
Txoj kev ntshav ntawm Nazis
Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1941, raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm German tus thawj coj, pawg tub rog ntawm Lithuanian kev tiv thaiv tus kheej tau hloov pauv. Ntawm nws lub hauv paus, cov tub ceev xwm pabcuam hauv tebchaws Lithuanian tau tsim. Txog xyoo 1944, muaj 22 tus tub ceev xwm hauv tebchaws Lithuania ua haujlwm, nrog rau tag nrho 8,000 tus txiv neej. Cov tub rog tau ua haujlwm nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Lithuania, cheeb tsam Leningrad, Ukraine, Belarus, Poland thiab tseem siv hauv Europe - hauv Fabkis, Ltalis thiab Yugoslavia. Los ntawm 1941 txog 1944. muaj 20,000 tus neeg Lithuanians hauv pab tub ceev xwm pab. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov dej num ntawm cov kev tsim no yog qhov ua tau zoo thiab txaus ntshai nyob rau tib lub sijhawm. Yog li, thaum Lub Kaum Hli 29, 1941, 71,105 tus neeg ntawm haiv neeg Yudais raug tua, suav nrog kev tua neeg ntau ntawm 18,223 tus neeg hauv Kaunas Fortress. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1942, hauv Panevezys, cov tub ceev xwm Lithuanian tau tua 48 tus tswv cuab ntawm cov koom haum sib koom hauv av. Tag nrho cov neeg raug tua nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Lithuania thaum xyoo Nazi txoj haujlwm nce mus txog 700,000 tus neeg. 370,000 tus pej xeem ntawm Lithuanian SSR thiab 230,000 tus neeg raug kaw hauv tebchaws Soviet raug tua, nrog rau cov neeg nyob hauv lwm lub tebchaws ntawm USSR thiab cov pej xeem txawv tebchaws.
Txog kev lees paub ntawm cov neeg Lithuanian, nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias feem coob ntawm cov neeg Lithuanians tau nyob deb ntawm kev xav ntawm cov neeg nyiam kev ntseeg thiab Hitler txoj kev ua tiav. Ntau tus neeg Lithuanians tau koom nrog hauv kev tawm tsam kev ntxub ntxaug thiab kev tawm tsam. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 26, 1942, los ntawm tsab cai lij choj ntawm Lub Xeev Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg ntawm USSR, Lithuanian lub hauv paus chaw ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm ib tog tau tsim nyob hauv kev coj ua ntawm Antanas Snechkus. Txog lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1944, tsawg kawg 10,000 tus neeg koom nrog thiab cov tswvcuab ntawm cov koomhaum hauv av tau ua haujlwm ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Lithuania. Cov tib neeg ntawm txhua haiv neeg tau ua haujlwm ua ib feem ntawm cov koomhaum koom nrog - Lithuanians, Poles, Russians, Jewish, Belarusians. Txog thaum kawg xyoo 1943, 56 pab pawg Soviet pab pawg thiab cov neeg sib ntaus hauv av tau ua haujlwm hauv Lithuania. Tom qab kev ua tsov rog, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg koom nrog thiab cov neeg tua rog hauv av ua haujlwm thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Lithuania tau tsim los ntawm lub npe. Nws paub txog 9187 cov neeg koom nrog thiab cov sib ntaus hauv av, 62% ntawm cov neeg yog Lithuanians, 21% - Cov neeg Lavxias, 7.5% - Cov neeg Yudais, 3.5% - Ncej, 2% - Ukrainians, 2% - Belarusians thiab 1.5% - cov neeg ntawm haiv neeg seem.
Xyoo 1944-1945. Cov tub rog Soviet tau tso ib thaj av ntawm Lithuanian SSR los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv Nazi. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg ntseeg tebchaws Lithuanian yuav luag tam sim hloov mus rau kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv kev rov qab los ntawm Soviet lub zog. Xyoo 1944-1947. kev tawm tsam ntawm "Lithuanian Freedom Army" thiab lwm yam kev tsim riam phom, feem ntau koom ua ke nyob rau hauv lub npe "Lithuanian Forest Brothers", tau qhib. Cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Lithuanian tau nrhiav kom ua tiav thoob ntiaj teb kev lees paub thiab tau txais kev txhawb nqa ncaj ncees los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab Tebchaws Askiv, uas tsis xav kom lees paub rov qab los ntawm Soviet lub zog hauv Baltics. Yog li ntawd, haiv neeg Lithuanian tau sim nthuav tawm lawv tus kheej tsis yog ib feem ntawm kev txav mus los, tab sis yog ib pab tub rog tsis tu ncua. Lawv tau khaws cia, txawm hais tias raug tso cai, tus qauv ntawm cov tub rog niaj hnub, nrog rau qib tub rog, lub hauv paus chaw thiab txawm tias lawv tus kheej cov tub ceev xwm lub tsev kawm ntawv, uas tom qab raug ntes thaum ua haujlwm ntawm cov tub rog Soviet. Xyoo 1947, kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Soviet pab tub rog thiab kev ruaj ntseg hauv lub xeev tau yuam kom "cov kwv tij hav zoov" txav los ntawm kev qhib kev sib cav mus rau kev ua tub rog tub rog thiab kev ua phem.
Cov dej num ntawm "cov kwv tij hav zoov" yog cov ncauj lus rau kev kawm cais thiab nthuav. Suffice nws tau hais tias kev tshem tawm cov tub rog ntawm Lithuanian cov neeg nyiam ua haujlwm nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm cov koom pheej kom txog thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1950, thiab xyoo 1960. muaj cais kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm "cov kwv tij hav zoov". Thaum lub xyoo ntawm kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv Soviet kev ntshai lawv tau tso tawm, 25 txhiab tus neeg tuag ntawm tes ntawm qhov hu ua "Lithuanian patriots". 23 txhiab ntawm lawv yog haiv neeg Lithuanians uas raug tua (feem ntau nrog lawv cov menyuam) rau kev koom tes nrog tsoomfwv Soviet, lossis txawm tias yog qhov tsis ntseeg qhov kev xav ntawm kev khuv leej rau cov neeg Communist. Nyob rau hauv lem, Soviet pab tub rog tswj kom rhuav tshem txog peb caug txhiab tus tswv cuab ntawm "hav zoov cov kwv tij" bandit formations. Hauv tebchaws Lithuania niaj hnub no, "cov kwvtij hauv hav zoov" yog tus muaj hwjchim loj, muaj kev txhim kho rau lawv thiab suav tias yog cov neeg tua rog rau lub tebchaws "kev ywj pheej" los ntawm "kev ua haujlwm ntawm Soviet".
