"Tam sim no mus thiab tsoo Amalek (thiab Jerim) thiab rhuav tshem txhua yam uas nws muaj (tsis txhob nqa dab tsi los ntawm lawv, tab sis ua kom puas thiab pov tseg txhua yam uas nws muaj); thiab tsis muaj kev hlub tshua rau nws, tab sis muab nws tua los ntawm tus txiv mus rau poj niam, txij ntawm tub mus rau menyuam yaus, los ntawm nyuj mus rau yaj, los ntawm ntxhuav mus rau tus nees."
(1 Vajntxwv 15: 3).
Txhua yam muaj nws pib thiab xaus, Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum hais tias, thiab yog Tsov Rog Nesby lossis Naseby (raws li lus Askiv hu nws) txiav txim siab qhov ua tiav ntawm kev ua tsov rog ntawm Parliament thiab huab tais, uas tau pib xyoo 1642, tom qab ntawd Tsov Rog ntawm Marston Moor ntawm Lub Xya Hli 2, 1644 yog thawj txoj kev yeej. Kev sib ntaus sib tua yog thaj chaw swampy hu ua Marston Moore, nyob 11 kilometers sab hnub poob ntawm York. Cov tub rog ntawm Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev yog 27,000 tus neeg (suav nrog cov phooj ywg ntawm Scots), tab sis hauv pab tub rog ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Rupert, xa los ntawm King Charles I los pab lub nroog uas raug kaw ntawm York, tsuas yog 17,000.
Nws txhua yam pib nrog qhov tseeb tias General William Cavendish (Marquis of Newcastle), uas tau hais kom cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe raug kaw hauv York nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm tebchaws Askiv los ntawm pab tub rog ntawm Parliament, coj los ntawm Lords Fairfax thiab Manchester. Tus vaj ntxwv paub zoo tias yog York poob, nws yuav tsis poob tsuas yog cov tub rog muaj koob muaj npe nyob ib puag ncig ntawd, tab sis kuj tseem tias cov tub rog uas tab tom thaiv lub nroog yuav tso lawv tus kheej tseg thiab koom nrog lwm lub zog hauv pawg nom tswv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov pab pawg loj hauv pawg neeg tuaj yeem tshwm sim uas tus huab tais tsuas pom tsis muaj zog los txwv nws. Yog li ntawd, Charles Kuv tau txiav txim siab swb cov tub rog ntawm pawg neeg sib tw sai li sai tau thiab hauv ib feem. Txhawm rau ua qhov no, nws tau xa nws tus tub xeeb ntxwv Tub Vaj Ntxwv Rupert, xaj nws kom tsis txhob thaiv York, thiab kom swb thiab rhuav tshem cov tub rog ntawm pab tub rog uas tab tom thaiv nws hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua.
Tub Vaj Ntxwv Rupert (1619 - 1682) 1st Duke of Cumberland thiab Earl ntawm National Maritime Museum ntawm Rhine. Portrait los ntawm Peter Layley. National Portrait Gallery.
Tub Vaj Ntxwv Rupert yog tus ntse thiab muaj kev paub ua thawj coj tub rog. Yog li ntawd, thaum tuaj txog ntawm York thaum Lub Xya Hli 1, nws, nrog kev ua haujlwm zoo, yuam cov tub rog ntawm pawg nom tswv kom thim tawm hauv nroog thiab yog li txhawb kev tiv thaiv nws. Cov tub rog Cavendish tam sim koom nrog nws pab tub rog, tom qab ntawd nws tau pib txav mus rau Marston Moore, qhov chaw uas cov tub rog sawv daws tau thim tawm.
William Cavendish, 1st Duke ntawm Newcastle thaum Tyne. Portrait los ntawm William Larkin. National Portrait Gallery.
Cov tub rog tau sib sau ua ke thaum Lub Xya Hli 2, 1644, thiab cov tub rog muaj koob muaj npe, raws li tau hais los lawm, suav nrog 17 txhiab tus neeg, suav nrog 6 txhiab tus neeg caij nees - "cavaliers", thaum lub rooj sib tham muaj 27 txhiab tus neeg nyob hauv nws, suav nrog 7 txhiab tus tub rog caij nees - " Tsis nco qab ".
Nws ntseeg tias qhov no yog lub npe ntawm thawj pab tub rog tub rog, tsim los ntawm Cromwell xyoo 1642 thiab txawv los ntawm kev qhuab qhia uas tsis yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov tub rog tom qab ntawd. Raws li lwm qhov ntxiv, uas yog lub npe Cromwell nws tus kheej - "Laus Hlau -sab" thiab qhov no yog nws lub npe menyuam yaus thiab "nyam" rau nws cov tub rog. Hauv kev xav, Rupert yuav tsum tsis tau tawm tsam ib pab tub rog uas muaj ntau dua nws cov tub rog ib thiab ib nrab zaug, tab sis nws ntseeg tias txij li lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog yog lub sijhawm ntawd hauv cov tub rog, suav tag nrho cov lej zoo tshaj ntawm pab tub rog parliament tsis muaj teeb meem ntau.
Oliver Cromwell, duab los ntawm tus kws kos duab Samuel Cooper. National Portrait Gallery.
Txij thaum yau los, cov neeg paub cai Askiv tau kawm caij nees thiab npaj rau kev pabcuam hauv cov tub rog. Tias yog vim li cas thaum pib tus huab tais tau ua kom zoo rau cov tub rog, thiab Cromwell yuav tsum qhia nws cov neeg caij nees txhua yam los ntawm kos. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob uas nyob hauv ntau qhov kev sib cav yav dhau los, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Rupert cov neeg caij tsheb tau yeej txawm yog cov thawj coj ntawm pawg thawj coj, uas muaj ntau dua nws hauv lawv cov tub rog.
Cromwell lub ntsej muag tuag los ntawm Ashmolean Tsev khaws puav pheej, Oxford.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Grantham, thiab tom qab ntawm Gainsborough, thiab ntawm Winsby, kev sib ntaus sib tua tseem nyob nrog cov neeg caij nees ntawm Cromwell, txawm hais tias Rupert rau qee qhov laj thawj tsis ua tib zoo saib qhov no thiab, pom tseeb, ua rau qhov ua tsis tiav rau lub sijhawm. Ib qho ntxiv, Cromwell ntseeg siab tias cov pikemen ntawm pawg tub rog sawv cev, ua haujlwm nrog lawv tsib-meter pikes hauv ib qho kev tsim, yuav tawm tsam ib qho "cavaliers" feem ntau vim yog lawv tus lej.
Cromwell pom tias Rupert cov tub rog muaj kev qhuab qhia tsis zoo thiab, tawm tsam, txhua tus cavalier-cavalier, zoo li tus tub rog ua ntej, tawm tsam nws lub hom phiaj xaiv, tsis hais txog ntawm txhua tus neeg ua. Yog li ntawd, nws tau qhia nws cov neeg caij tsheb kom tsis txhob tawg thaum lub sijhawm tawm tsam, tab sis kom tuav ceev ua ke. Lub sijhawm sib tham ntawm cov xwm txheej no tau ua tib zoo mloog rau qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev sib ntaus ntawm "hlau-sab". Tshwj xeeb, tus kws sau keeb kwm Clarendon tau sau txog lawv: "Tom qab kev tawm tsam, cov tub rog huab tais tsis tau rov tsim dua thiab tsis tuaj yeem tawm tsam tib hnub ntawd, thaum cov tub rog ntawm Cromwell, tsis hais seb lawv puas yeej lossis raug ntaus thiab raug tsim txom, tam sim coj kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv kev cia siab ntawm kev txiav txim tshiab. " Ntawd yog, qhov zoo ntawm "hlau ib sab" tsis yog lawv lub siab tawv, lub zog thiab lub siab tawv ntawm txhua tus tub rog, tab sis qhov tseeb tias lawv tau ua hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tag nrho, ua raws li cov lus txib ntawm lawv tus thawj coj thiab … tsis tau nrhiav qee yam kom sawv nrog lawv tus kheej lub siab tawv ntawm lwm tus …
Oliver Cromwell's Basket Sword ncig 1650 Philadelphia Museum of Art.
Thaum sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Marston Moore, lub zog ntawm Parliament suav nrog, qhov tseeb, ntawm peb pab tub rog ib zaug nrog cais cov lus txib: pab tub rog ntawm Lord Fairfax, pab tub rog ntawm Eastern Association thiab Scots, txib los ntawm Lord Lieven. Qhov no yog qhov txaus ntshai, vim tias kev tsis pom zoo ntawm tus thawj coj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem loj hauv kev hais kom ua thiab tswj hwm cov tub rog feem ntau. Tab sis … Cromwell tig mus rau Vajtswv thiab nws, pom tseeb, qhia tias nws vam khom rau kev nkag siab thiab kev paub ntawm nws cov phooj ywg hauv caj npab, txij li nws tseem tsis tau nrhiav ib tus neeg hais kom ua ntsej muag ntawm cov yeeb ncuab. Txawm hais tias, tau kawg, kuv nkag siab nws cov txiaj ntsig.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov tub rog tuaj yeem ua tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb mus rau qhov kawg: cov tub rog nyob hauv nruab nrab, cov tub rog nyob ntawm ob sab, rab phom loj nyob rau pem hauv ntej, cov phom uas nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov pikemen thiab musketeers.
Txhuv. A. Shepsa
Txoj haujlwm tau nthuav tawm ntawm ob qhov kev sib hais haum - Ntev Marston thiab lub zos Tocqueiff thiab nthuav dav raws txoj kev uas txuas nrog lawv. Ib lub duav ncab nws, uas yog ib qho teeb meem ntuj rau cov tub rog, txawm hais tias tsis tseem ceeb npaum li cas, vim nws tag nrho cov nyom. Sab laug sab laug ntawm cov tub rog muaj koob muaj npe tau txib los ntawm Lord Goring, tawm tsam los ntawm Lord Fairfax, thiab nyob rau sab nraud tiv thaiv lub cavalry ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Rupert sawv ntawm "hlau ib sab" Cromwell, uas tseem muaj kev tshwj tseg ntawm Scottish cavalry raws li cov lus txib ntawm Leslie. Hauv nruab nrab yog cov tub rog ntawm Earl of Manchester thiab Leuven, sib txawv uas sawv ntawm cov tub rog muaj zog ntawm Porter thiab Newcastle.
Ib rab phom los ntawm Tsov Rog Zaum Ob. South Aurshire, Scotland.
Lawv tau npaj rau kev sib ntaus sib tua txhua hnub, tab sis huab cua tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev pib: ob peb zaug nws pib los nag, thiab los nag nws tsis tuaj yeem tua los ntawm rab phom thiab rab phom. Kev sib tua phom loj pib tsuas yog txog 5 teev tsaus ntuj. Tab sis txawm li ntawd los, coob leej ntseeg tias kev sib ntaus yuav tsis tshwm sim, txij li nws yog yav tav su lig thiab ntau leej ntshai tias huab cua yuav phem zuj zus ntxiv. Rupert cov tub rog feem ntau zaum zaum noj hmo, txawm hais tias lawv tsis tau tso lawv tus nees tseg.
Kev siv lub cuirass, lub kaus mom hlau thiab lub bracer ntawm sab tes laug ua rau nws nyuaj heev rau cov neeg caij nees uas tawm tsam nrog riam phom sib ntaus sib tua. Tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov tsis zoo ntawm sab tes xis, uas tuav tus neeg hnyav hnyav rapier, nce ntxiv. Cov neeg tiv thaiv pob tawb tau tsim, ua kom tiav thiab tiv thaiv tag nrho tes. Ib qho ntxiv, hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm tub rog, tus neeg saib xyuas tuaj yeem ua rau lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj.
Thiab tom qab 7 teev tsaus ntuj, hu nkauj nkauj qhuas Vajtswv los ntawm Thawj Phau Ntawv ntawm Lub Nceeg Vaj, ib yam li lawv li kev cai, Cromwell cov neeg caij nees tau npaj txhij txog hla lub ditch thiab dhia mus rau cov yeeb ncuab. Avalanche ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb hauv lub tsho tawv tawv daj nrog cov ntaub qhwv ntaub dawb, pob lobster-tail hlau lub kaus mom hlau thiab cuirass ci nyob rau hauv lub hnub zoo li yooj yim tab sis zoo nkauj. Cov tub rog caij nees, tseem nyob hauv cov cuab yeej ua rog, cov dab tshos thiab cov kaus mom "musketeer" nrog cov plaub plaub xim thiab nrog lub kaus mom hlau nyob sab hauv, dhia mus rau lawv. "Iron Sides" tau ncaws pob rau lawv thiab tua ntau tus, tab sis rau qhov no lawv yuav tsum tau qeeb, yog li Cromwell tsis tuaj yeem tsoo tam sim ntawd ntawm tus yeeb ncuab pem hauv ntej.
Tub Vaj Ntxwv Rupert tau txiav txim siab tias lub sijhawm txiav txim siab tau los txog thiab tau xaj zaum ob los ua suab raj nrov nrov. Ob pawg neeg caij nees tau sib tsoo hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua uas txhua yam tsis meej pem. Cromwell, uas tau tawm tsam nyob rau qib ua ntej, tau raug mob hauv caj dab thiab raug yuam kom tawm hauv tshav rog kom muab ntaub qhwv. Lub sijhawm tseem ceeb no, Leslie cov tub rog tawm tsam Rupert cov neeg caij nees los ntawm tus nplaim taws. Lub caij no, Cromwell rov qab mus rau hauv tshav rog thiab hais kom cov pab pawg ua kom muaj hluav taws xob thiab rov tsim dua, thiab rov txav lawv mus tua cov yeeb ncuab. Rau "cavaliers" tau tawg thoob plaws hauv txhua qhov chaw, nws yooj yim tsis tuaj yeem xav txog qhov tshuab. Nws tau pom tseeb tias Roundheads tau ua tiav ntawm no, thiab Rupert cov tub rog tau tawg tag.
Ironsides nyob rau hauv nres. Tseem los ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab "Cromwell" (1970)
Lub caij no, cov tub rog caij nkoj nyob hauv nruab nrab, tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab, ntsib nrog kev txiav txim siab tsis kam, thiab raug pov rov qab rau hauv qhov chaw, thiab hauv qhov chaw txuas ntxiv mus sib ntaus, pom nws tus kheej hauv txoj haujlwm tsis zoo, vim nws txoj kev sib koom ua ke tau tawg ua ib tshwm sim Ntawm sab xis, Goring cov tub rog tau tswj hwm los ntawm cov pawg ntawm pawg tub rog ntawm Fairfax, txiav nws tawm ntawm cov tub rog tseem ceeb thiab pib ua rau muaj kev phom sij ntawm cov tub rog ntawm pab tub rog. Qhov xwm txheej zoo li hnyav heev rau Manchester thiab Leuven tias lawv … tawm hauv tshav rog, ntseeg tias kev sib ntaus sib tua twb ploj lawm!
Thiab qhov no yog li cas nws tshwm sim hauv kev muaj tiag. Kev kho dua tshiab.
Qhov xwm txheej tau raug cawm los ntawm kev txiav txim siab thiab peev xwm ua tub rog ntawm Cromwell, uas, tau txais cov lus hais txog qhov xwm txheej nyuaj ntawm sab xis, rov sau nws cov tub rog thiab rov nrawm dua mus rau qhov kev tawm tsam thib ob ntawm Rupert cov neeg caij tsheb kom ua tiav lawv tag. Nws tau tswj hwm los ntawm lawv cov qib - lossis qhov uas seem ntawm lawv, thiab ua rau cov yeeb ncuab ya mus. Tom qab ntawd, ua kom tiav nws hauv nws txoj haujlwm, nws tau xa Scots Leslie mus nrhiav Rupert thiab nws cov neeg caij nees, thiab nws tus kheej tau rov ua qhov qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Alexander the Great hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Gavgamekh, uas yog, nws hla cov tub rog muaj koob muaj npe tom qab, thiab tom qab ntawd tau tawm tsam Goring cov tub rog tom qab. Los ntawm kev sib koom tes ua haujlwm nrog cov chav ntawm Fairfax, nws cov tub rog tau swb, tom qab uas Cromwell tau tawm tsam cov tub rog muaj zog nrog tag nrho nws lub zog. Thiab qhov no thaum kawg txiav txim siab qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv kev nyiam ntawm pab tub rog ntawm pawg sawv cev. Tom qab ntawd pib tua neeg ntawm cov neeg muaj txoj sia nyob, thiab tseem sim ua qee yam tawm tsam cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe. Tom qab ntawd, Cromwell tau sau txog qhov no hauv nws daim ntawv tshaj tawm rau Parliament raws li hauv qab no: "Vajtswv ua rau lawv tawv tawv rau peb ntaj." Kwv yees li 4000 tus neeg muaj koob muaj npe raug tua, 1500 tau raug kaw. Txog li 1,500 tus neeg tau raug tua thiab raug mob los ntawm pab tub rog xaiv tsa. Raws li khoom plig, nws kuj tau txais 14 rab phom, 6,000 muskets, thiab ib feem ntawm cov chij muaj koob muaj npe. "Vajtswv nyob nrog peb thiab rau peb!" hais tias Cromwell.
Niaj hnub nimno "cov tub rog ntawm Cromwell".
Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Marston Moore yog thawj qhov yeej tseem ceeb rau pab tub rog ntawm Parliament. Yav tas los suav hais tias tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau, cov tub rog caij nees ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Rupert tau swb tag nrho los ntawm "hlau ib sab" Oliver Cromwell. Hais lus ntawm cov lus niaj hnub no, peb tuaj yeem hais tias qhov no yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tsov rog hauv tebchaws Askiv.
Lub monument monument tau teeb tsa ntawm qhov chaw ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua.
