Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 13, 1946, tsab ntawv pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Thawj Fwm Tsav Saib Xyuas Kev Txhim Kho ntawm dav hlau dav hlau hauv USSR tau tshaj tawm. Raws li tsab cai no, kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb koom haum thiab tsim chaw rau foob pob hluav taws thev naus laus zis tau tsim nyob hauv lub tebchaws, thiab Kapustin Yar State Range tau tsim. Txog Lub Kaum Hli 1, 1947, Kapustin Yar qhov chaw sim tau npaj txhij rau kev sim foob pob. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 14, 1947, A-4 cuaj luaj, tseem hu ua German V-2 cuaj luaj, tsim los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij Werner von Braun, tau xa mus rau qhov chaw sim tshiab qhib los ntawm ob lub tsheb ciav hlau tshwj xeeb. Peb hnub tom qab, thaum Lub Kaum Hli 18, 1947, thawj lub foob pob A-4 tau tsim tawm hauv tebchaws Soviet los ntawm Kapustin Yar qhov chaw sim. Lub foob pob hluav taws tuaj yeem nce mus rau qhov siab ntawm 86 km. thiab mus txog saum ntiaj teb ntawm 274 km. los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm nws pib.
Kev sim ya dav hlau ntawm A-4 cov foob pob hauv USSR tau pib nrog qhov kev tshaj tawm no. Zoo li Asmeskas qhov chaw foob pob hluav taws, txoj haujlwm Soviet tau pib nrog kev tshaj tawm ntawm kev ntes thiab tom qab hloov kho A-4 (V-2) foob pob hluav taws. Nyob rau lub sijhawm txij Lub Kaum Hli 18 txog Kaum Ib Hlis 13, 1947, 11 qhov kev sim tau pib ntawm Kapustin Yar qhov chaw sim, nrog ob qho kev ua tiav thiab ua tsis tiav, tab sis txhua yam no cuam tshuam tsuas yog cov cuaj luaj, thiab tsis muaj cov cuab yeej siv hauv av. Tom qab ntawd, ntawm Kapustin Yar qhov chaw sim, thawj lub foob pob Soviet tau tsim los ntawm Sergei Korolev tau pib: R-1, R-2, R-5, R-11, ntxiv rau cov foob pob hluav taws geophysical tsim los ntawm lawv. Cov cuaj luaj tsim los ntawm Mikhail Yangel kuj tau sim ntawm no: R-12 thiab R-14.
Thaum Lub Yim Hli 31, 1959, thawj zaug hauv keeb kwm, tau siv lub foob pob hluav taws tso rau ntawm qhov chaw sim, nws tau tshaj tawm R-12 lub dav hlau nruab nrab nruab nrab, uas, tom qab tso tawm, tuaj yeem mus txog qhov suav. thaj tsam, yog li cim lub sijhawm tshiab hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev txhim kho thiab tsim ntawm Soviet foob pob hluav taws thev naus laus zis. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 16, 1962, Kapustin Yar tau hloov pauv los ntawm qhov chaw sim foob pob hluav taws mus rau hauv cosmodrome - Kosmos -1 satellite tau pib ntawm no. Los ntawm cov cosmodrome no, cov kev tshawb fawb me me tau tsim los, rau lub tsheb uas siv lub zog qis tau siv los tso rau hauv qhov chaw.
Kev npaj ntawm A-4 foob pob hluav taws rau kev tshaj tawm, Kapustin Yar kev qhia hauv av
Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 14, 1969, Kapustin Yar pib ua haujlwm thoob ntiaj teb cosmodrome, tom qab tshaj tawm ntawm Interkosmos-1 lub hnub qub, tsim los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij los ntawm cov tebchaws hauv tebchaws, tau ua los ntawm nws. Cov khauj khaum khauj khaum Indian Ariabhata thiab Bhaskara, thiab Fab Kis satellite Sneg-3 kuj tau tsim los ntawm lub cosmodrome. Kapustin Yar ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog hauv kev sim foob pob hluav taws thiab thev naus laus zis, nrog rau cov neeg ua haujlwm rau lwm tus cosmodromes.
Polygon Kapustin Yar
Kapustin Yar (lub npe luv Kap-Yar feem ntau siv) yog cov tub rog tua phom hauv av nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob ntawm cheeb tsam Astrakhan. Kev raug cai, nws hu ua 4th State Central Interspecific Polygon ntawm Lavxias Federation (4 GTSMP). Hnub tsim cov chaw sim raug txiav txim siab thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 13, 1946, nws tau tsim los sim thawj lub foob pob Soviet thawj zaug. Thaj tsam thaj tsam li ntawm 650 sq. km. (nyob thaj tsam txog 0.4 lab hectares), feem ntau nyob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Russia, tab sis kuj tseem nyob ib nrab ntawm thaj av ntawm Kazakhstan hauv thaj tsam Atyrau thiab West Kazakhstan. Kev xav tsis sib luag, qib: siab tshaj 50, 7, yam tsawg 48, 4. Lub chaw tswj hwm thiab chaw nyob ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg yog lub nroog Znamensk - ib cheeb tsam kaw (ZATO). Cov pejxeem ntawm lub nroog yog 32, 1 txhiab tus neeg. Qhov chaw pov tseg tau txais nws lub npe los ntawm lub npe qub zos Kapustin Yar nyob ntawm nws thaj chaw, uas nyob ib sab ntawm lub nroog Znamensk los ntawm sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj.
Thawj qhov kev sim pib ntawm thaj tsam tau ua tiav thaum Lub Kaum Hli 18, 1947, raws li tau hais los saum no, nyob rau hnub no lub foob pob A-4 (V-2) tau pib. Tom qab ntawd, tau 10 xyoo txij xyoo 1947 txog 1957, Kapustin Yar yog tib qhov chaw hauv USSR rau kev sim cov foob pob hauv tsev. Txij lub Cuaj Hli mus txog Lub Kaum Hli 1948, thiab tom qab ntawd xyoo 1949, R-1 cov foob pob tau raug sim ntawm no, txij lub Cuaj Hli mus txog Lub Kaum Hli 1949, R-2 cuaj luaj, thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1953, tau sim R-5 lub foob pob. Txawm tias yog ib feem ntawm thawj qhov kev sim pib hauv xyoo 1947, Kapustin Yar qhov chaw sim pib siv los ua qhov chaw rau foob pob hluav taws geophysical. Yog li ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws pib thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 2, 1947, cov cuab yeej siv tshawb fawb tau muab tso rau. Txij thaum ntawd los, qhov kev coj noj coj ua no tau raug tswj kom txog thaum tshwj xeeb cov foob pob hluav taws geophysical V-1 thiab V-2 tau tsim hauv USSR. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov chaw ntawm lawv qhov kev tshaj tawm tseem yog Kapustin-Yar. Yav tom ntej, kev tshaj tawm cov foob pob hluav taws huab cua tau ntxiv rau kev tshaj tawm cov foob pob hluav taws geophysical. Thiab thaum Lub Rau Hli 1951, thawj lub foob pob hluav taws nrog cov dev nyob hauv nkoj tau pib los ntawm no.
Anti-aircraft foob pob B-300. Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Kapustin Yar qhov chaw xeem
Nyob rau xyoo 1950s, ntxiv rau qhov kev siv foob pob ua ntxaij, txoj kev txhim kho thiab tsim ntawm qhov chaw sim ntawm qhov chaw sim tau mus ntxiv, cov txheej txheem tshiab thiab pib ua haujlwm tau txhim kho. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 20, 1956, riam phom nuclear tau sim ntawm qhov chaw sim. Tshaj tawm los ntawm no, R-5 foob pob hluav taws tau nruab nrog lub foob pob nuclear thiab xa nws mus rau Astrakhan steppe, qhov chaw uas muaj nuclear tawg nyob hauv thaj tsam suab puam. Yav tom ntej, cov foob pob hluav taws xob sib txuas tshiab tau raug sim ntawm no ntau dua ib zaug.
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tshawb pom niaj hnub no, pib los ntawm 50s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, tsawg kawg 11 qhov kev sim nuclear tau ua ntawm Kapustin Yar qhov chaw sim (kev tawg nuclear tau ua ntawm qhov siab ntawm 300 m txog 5.5 km.), Thiab tag nrho lub zog ntawm cov cuab yeej tawg yog kwv yees li 65 lub foob pob tawg uas tau poob rau ntawm Hiroshima. Ib qho ntxiv, kwv yees li 24 txhiab ntau yam kev coj ua foob pob tau tawg rau ntawm thaj chaw ntawm qhov chaw sim, thiab 177 qhov piv txwv ntawm ntau yam khoom siv tub rog tau raug sim, ntawm no, raws li kev cog lus ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov phom ntev nruab nrab thiab luv, 619 RSD-10 Pioneer cuaj luaj tau raug puas tsuaj.
Tom qab xyoo 1962, Kapustin Yar cosmodrome tau tuav lub luag haujlwm ntawm cosmodrome rau kev tshaj tawm "me me" Lub ntiaj teb tshawb fawb lub hnub qub thiab foob pob hluav taws. Qhov tshwj xeeb no tseem nyob nrog nws kom txog thaum 1988, thaum qhov xav tau rau kev tshaj tawm cov ntawv tshawb fawb tau raug txo qis thiab xa tawm los ntawm Kapustin Yar cosmodrome tau nres. Dua li ntawm qhov no, cov haujlwm tshaj lij thiab chaw tso tsheb rau tso tsheb tseem raug tswj hwm ua haujlwm thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, tuaj yeem siv tau txhua lub sijhawm.
Kev tawm dag zog ntawm Kapustin Yar kev qhia hauv av, 1966
Nws nyuaj heev rau kev xav txog kev siv lub foob pob hluav taws thev naus laus zis tshiab tshaj plaws yam tsis muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim nyog - cov kws tshaj lij foob pob hluav taws tau kawm tiav. Ua tiav qhov no, los ntawm kev coj ua ntawm Civil Command ntawm Pab Tub Rog ntawm Lub Tsib Hlis 20, 1960 ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub xeev qhov chaw sim Kapustin Yar, Lub Chaw Haujlwm Kev Kawm ntawm Missile Forces ntawm Cov Tub Rog Hauv Ntiaj Teb tau tsim, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb uas yog kev cob qhia thiab rov qhia txog cov kws tshwj xeeb foob pob hluav taws, kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws uas tsim los, kev txhim kho cov ntaub ntawv tswj hwm rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ua haujlwm ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsis yog tsuas yog cov phiaj xwm cuav tau sim ntawm qhov chaw sim. Tau ntau xyoo, ntau yam ntawm nruab nrab thiab luv-ntau cov cuaj luaj, cuaj luaj thiab tiv thaiv huab cua, cov nkoj caij nkoj tau sim ntawm no, kev ua haujlwm-kev ua haujlwm nyuaj, piv txwv li, Tochka, tau sim ntawm no. Nws nyob ntawm no uas muaj npe nrov S-300PMU kev tiv thaiv huab cua nyuaj. Xyoo 2000s, qhov tseeb S-400 Triumph tiv thaiv dav hlau tiv thaiv lub dav hlau tau sim ntawm no. Qhov nyuaj no yog cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv huab cua tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb thiab tuaj yeem siv tau zoo los tawm tsam txhua hom uas twb muaj lawm, nrog rau kev cia siab tias yuav muaj riam phom tawm tsam huab cua.
Xyoo tau ua tiav ib leeg, ntau tiam neeg tau hloov pauv, thev naus laus zis tau zoo dua, thiab qhov chaw sim tseem yog ib qhov chaw ntsuas loj tshaj plaws thiab tshawb fawb hauv lub tebchaws. Nws tau pib ua lub neej rau ntau qhov piv txwv ntawm foob pob hluav taws thiab thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis thiab tam sim no muaj cov kev xeem tsim nyog thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tshawb fawb, tau nruab nrog thev naus laus zis thiab cuab yeej siv niaj hnub no. Niaj hnub no, Tsov Rog Tsov Rog thiab Tsov Rog Nyab Laj, Kev Tawm Tsam Tawm Tsam Zoo Tshaj Plaws thiab Aerospace Forces, Cov Tub Rog Tiv Thaiv Kev Tiv Thaiv thiab Cov Tub Rog Tub Rog tau tuaj koom ua ke ntawm qhov chaw qhia no. Cov kev sim tshwj xeeb tseem tab tom ua ntawm no, kev tso foob pob hluav taws tau npaj tseg thiab ua tiav hauv kev txaus siab ntawm txhua hom tub rog, cov tshuab tshiab tau sim. Cov chaw cob qhia cob qhia cov kws kho tshuab-tub rog ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto moo Topol-M complexes, cov kws tshaj lij tom qab.
