Hauv Soviet Russia, tom qab xyoo 1931, cov phom sniper tau tsim los ntawm cov phom loj ntawm tus kheej, cov phom ntawm cov phom xws li: Degtyarev tus kheej nqa phom (arr. 1930), Rukavishnikov (arr. 1938), Tokarev (SVT- 40), Simonov rab phom tsis siv neeg (AVS-Z6). Txawm li cas los xij, vim lawv qhov ua tsis tiav, lawv ua tsis tau raws qib qhov tseeb thiab ntseeg tau ntawm Mosin phom loj ntawm 1891-1930 tus qauv. Yog li ntawd, xyoo 1931, Soviet snipers tau txais thawj cov phom Mosin phom loj ntawm 1891-1930 tus qauv. nrog PT pom.
Cov phom ntev ntawm rab phom sib txawv los ntawm tus qauv piv txwv los ntawm kev tsim khoom me me, kev ua haujlwm zoo dua qub, kev hloov pauv ntawm tus ntsia liaj qhov rooj thiab kev teeb tsa ntawm rab phom sniper. Thawj qhov piv txwv ntawm cov phom no tau nruab nrog PT hom pom, uas tau hloov pauv sai los ntawm kev pom VP zoo dua, thiab xyoo 1941 pom PU pom, tsim rau phom SVT.
Cov phom no, zoo li lwm yam phom, muaj qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem sniper no tau tshwm sim nyob rau thawj xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm, yog li rab phom tau hloov pauv tas li. Tab sis, txawm tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo xws li kev ntaus pob zoo, kev ua haujlwm tsis tiav ntawm cov txheej txheem, kev yooj yim ntawm lub cuab yeej, kev muaj sia nyob zoo ntawm lub thoob thiab ntsia liaj qhov rooj, ntau qhov tsis xws luag tsis raug tshem tawm. Xyoo 1930, rab phom tau kho kom zoo dua qub (daim phaj tuav rau daim cartridges tau saws, qhov txiav txiav tawm tau muab faib ua ob ntu, lub qhov ncauj tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm cov phom phom, cov khoom lag luam tau yooj yim dua), tab sis txawm tias tom qab qhov kev hloov kho tshiab no, tus naj npawb ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tau tsiv mus rau rab phom sniper tau saws hauv xyoo 1931 … Hauv 30-40s, cov kws siv phom tau pom tias rab phom sniper yuav tsum muab txhua yam kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua tub rog thiab tua phom. Cov kws tshaj lij riam phom tuaj txog qhov kev txiav txim siab tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov phom loj xws li lub thoob, lub hauv paus, cov khoom lag luam, pom thiab lwm qhov yuav tsum tau tsim tshwj xeeb.
Tus kws tshawb fawb paub zoo V. E. Markevich tau sau xyoo 1940: Kev tua raug qhov tseeb feem ntau yog nyob ntawm tus neeg tua phom, riam phom thiab rab phom. Cov kev xav tau hauv qab no tau yuam rau rab phom sniper niaj hnub no:
1. qhov loj tshaj plaws
2. ua tiav kev ntseeg siab ntawm kev nqis tes ua
3. rab phom yuav tsum tsim los rau cov mos txwv ua haujlwm nrog pab tub rog
4.tus muaj peev xwm los ua qhov hluav taws kub tshaj plaws ntawm kev txav mus rau ib lub hom phiaj me me
5. qhov zoo tshaj plaws maneuverability
6. tus nqi hluav taws - tsis qis dua rab phom magazine zoo ib yam
7. lub kaw lus yog qhov yooj yim thiab pheej yig rau kev tsim khoom; kho yooj yim thiab pheej yig
8. qhov tseeb zoo tshaj plaws (pom kev sib haum xeeb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm qhov deb txog li 1000 m, pib los ntawm qhov tsawg tshaj plaws)
… Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm rab phom xws li lub thoob, lub ntsej muag, cov khoom lag luam, lub hauv paus thiab lwm yam ntsiab lus yuav tsum tsim kom zoo. Lub thoob yog nqa los ntawm tus qauv phom tub rog, uas tau ua haujlwm, khaws cov phom ntau tshaj plaws ntawm cov chaw ua haujlwm.
… Ntxiv rau qhov pom orthoptic (diopter), rab phom sniper yuav tsum muaj qhov muag pom (telescopic) pom. Qhov sib npaug ntawm cov yeeb nkab yog los ntawm 2, 5 txog 4, 5 zaug, qhov tsim nyog tshaj plaws rau kev tua phom. Kev nthuav dav ntau dhau ua rau lub hom phiaj nyuaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum tua ntawm kev txav mus thiab tam sim pom cov hom phiaj. Kev nthuav dav ntawm 6 thiab ntau dua yog qhov tsim nyog tsuas yog siv rau kev tua ntawm cov hom phiaj nyob ruaj khov. Tsis tas li, qhov pom qhov muag yuav tsum muaj, zoo li pom dhau los, kev teeb tsa ntsug thiab kab rov tav.
Qhov ntsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua kom pom tseeb. Kev tua phom zoo yog ua tsis tau ntawm qhov tsis zoo. Qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob yuav tsum tau siv lub zog loj nias, yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj mob stroke ntev thiab tsis muaj viav vias.
Raws li koj paub, txhua yam ntawm cov txuj ci saum toj no yog muaj los ntawm qhov ua rau muaj cov phom phom tshiab niaj hnub no ntawm cov tub rog ua qauv. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, yuav tsum tsis muaj teeb meem nrog kev xaiv qhov nqis los zoo.
Tsis tas li, lub txaj phom muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau qhov raug. Cov kws siv phom thiab cov tsim qauv tua phom tau paub zoo txog qhov tseeb no. Tshuag ntawm rab phom sniper yuav tsum muaj zog dua li cov khoom tua tsiaj, tab sis kev nqis tes yuav tsum zoo ib yam. Qhov ntev ntawm cov khoom kuj tseem nyob ntawm qhov tuab ntawm cov khaub ncaws rau cov huab cua sib txawv thiab lub caij nyoog, yog li cov khoom lag luam yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ntev nrog cov ntoo uas tshem tawm tau tso cai rau koj kho qhov ntev ntawm cov khoom lag luam. Lub caj dab ntawm cov khoom lag luam yuav tsum yog rab yaj phom zoo li tus nplai, nws tso cai rau koj tuav rab phom kom ruaj nrog koj sab tes xis. Kev tiv thaiv yuav tsum yog rab phom ntev nrog rau lub hauv paus yooj yim dua rau siv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub caij ntuj no. Nws yog qhov zoo dua los ua cov khoom lag luam los ntawm tsob ntoo ntoo ntoo, xws li lub txaj muaj zog dua thiab xyaum tsis ntub.
… Txij li qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov phom tau raug xaiv los ntawm cov lej, cov phom tsis tuaj yeem kim. Yog tias koj teeb tsa lub ntsej muag tshiab ntawm rab phom, lub ntsej muag tshiab pom tom ntej thiab cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm, tom qab ntawd, tag nrho, riam phom tshiab yuav luag ua tiav qhov ntsiab lus 8. (VE Markevich. "Sniping and sniper rifles").
Tab sis txhua qhov kev thov no yeej tsis tau ua tiav.
Txawm hais tias tsis muaj lawv, rab phom sniper ntawm 1891-1930 tus qauv ncaj ncees dhau Finnish Foin ntawm 1940 thiab tag nrho Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob.
Nrog xaiv cov kab ntawv zoo, rab phom muab cov pab pawg ntawm 10 txhaj tshuaj kom raug raws li hauv qab no: ntawm 100 meters lub vojvoog ntawm lub voj voos uas muaj txhua qhov (R100) yog 3 cm, ntawm 200 meters, feem 7.5 cm, ntawm 300 meters - 15.5 cm, ntawm 400 meters - 18 cm, 500 meters - 25 cm, 600 meters - 35 cm. Lub hom phiaj zoo thiab ntsuas phom kom ntseeg tau yeej los ntawm kev txhaj thawj lub taub hau txog li 300 m, lub hauv siab - txog li 500 m, lub duav daim duab - txog 600 m, tus duab siab - txog 700 m. rooj plaub no, thaj tsam tua hluav taws zoo tau txiav txim siab txog li 600 m. (Raws li cov lus qhia ntawm kev tua).
Thawj tus neeg tua phom qhov muag pom rau Mosin phom tau xaj ntawm German Zeiss cov chaw tsim khoom. Tab sis twb dhau los ntawm qhov pib ntawm 30s, kev tsim khoom ntawm nws tus kheej PT sights (telescopic pom) arr. Xyoo 1930 xyoo. PT qhov pom tau muab 4-npaug nce hauv kev hloov pauv diopter, pom qhov ntev yog 270 hli. Cov PTs tau txuas ncaj qha rau tus txais, uas tsis tso cai rau siv qhov muag pom. Xyoo 1931, PTs tau hloov pauv nrog qhov pom tshiab nrog VP cim (pom phom). Xyoo 1931, tab sis qhov kev pom no tsis tau ua tiav raws li qhov xav tau.
Mosin cov phom ntev phom 1891/1930 nrog VP lub tsom iav pom
7, 62-mm magazine sniper phom ntev mod. 1891/30 nrog pom PU
Xyoo 1936, qhov pom PE tshiab, yooj yim dua thiab pheej yig dua (Emelyanov pom) nrog 4, 2 zaug kev nthuav dav tshwm sim. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau PE, cov khoom loj tau tsim ua uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txhim kho nws ntawm ib sab ntawm tus txais. PE kuj tau teeb tsa rau ntawm pawg me me ntawm AVS-36 (Simonov cov phom tsis siv neeg)
Nyob ib ncig ntawm 1941, PU pom qhov muag kuj tau teeb tsa ntawm Mosin phom, uas tau siv rau kev hloov kho sniper ntawm SVT (Tokarev tus kheej nqa phom). Qhov pom PU yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws, pheej yig tshaj plaws rau kev tsim khoom, thiab thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis pom lub sijhawm ua rog. Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws yog me me 3.5x, tab sis qhov no txaus rau kev ua tsov rog sib ntaus sib tua zoo ntawm qhov deb ntawm 500-600 meters. Lub PU tau teeb tsa ntawm rab phom siv Kochetov ntsug puag puag. Qhov hnyav ntawm qhov pom ua ke nrog tus tuav yog 270 g. lub vas yog lub cim T-puab (tsom cov qia thiab cov kab sib dhos ua ke). Qhov dav ntawm hemp thiab xov yog 2 txhiab ths, thiab qhov sib txawv nruab nrab ntawm cov xov yog 7 txhiab ths, uas ua rau nws ua tau, thaum siv cov lej txhiab, txhawm rau txiav txim siab nrug deb rau lub hom phiaj. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm PU yog nws qhov chaw nyob ncaj qha rau ntawm lub thoob, tus tua yuav tsum tso nws lub puab tsaig rau ntawm lub qhov taub, uas tsis yooj yim.
Rau kev tua, rab phom rab phom 7, 62x54 feem ntau yog siv, tsim los ntawm Colonel N. Rogovtsev, uas nkag mus rau kev pabcuam nrog rab phom Mosin. Cov cartridge tau rov ua dua tshiab. Xyoo 1908, lub mos txwv tsis pom tseeb tau hloov pauv nrog qhov taw qhia, qhov ncauj qhov ncauj ntawm qhov mos txwv tshiab mus txog 865 m / s, thaum lub mos txwv qub tsuas yog 660 m / s. Tom qab ntawd cov hlau lead tau hloov pauv nrog ib tus hlau, xyoo 1930 tau siv lub mos txwv hnyav "D" (mod. 1930) thiab rab phom uas siv rab phom B-30 tau siv rau hauv daim cartridge; xyoo 1932, lub foob pob B-32 foob pob hluav taws foob pob hluav taws thiab PZ pom lub foob pob foob pob; txawm tias tom qab, lub tes tsho bimetallic tau tsim los rau daim cartridge tsis siv tooj dag. Cov phom rab phom Lavxias ntawm 7, 62 mm lub peev xwm tau txawv los ntawm kev nkag mus rau qhov tseem ceeb, qhov raug zoo, kev tiaj tus ntawm txoj kev taug thiab yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws nyob ntawm cov hom no. Cov phom phom loj uas tsim los ntawm Lavxias kev lag luam ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tau ncaj ncees txhawm rau txhawm rau tua phom, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm daws tau feem ntau ntawm txoj haujlwm tua hluav taws.
