Nrog nws cov retinue, hauv Tsaregrad armor, Tus tub huabtais caij hla daim teb ntawm tus nees ncaj ncees.
A. S. Pushkin. Zaj nkauj hais txog tus yaj saub Oleg
Knights thiab chivalry ntawm peb centuries. Kev thov rov hais dua mus rau lub tsev khaws khoom pov thawj muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm Army Museum hauv Paris thiab Vienna Armory tsis cuam tshuam peb qhov kev paub nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab riam phom zoo ntawm lub sijhawm 1050-1350. Raws li twb tau hais tseg lawm, ntu keeb kwm ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog tau xaiv rau nws daim ntawv sau los ntawm tus kws sau keeb kwm Askiv nto moo David Nicole. Lub sijhawm kawg, raws li nws cov ntaub ntawv, peb tau tshuaj xyuas lub hauv paus ntawm Armenia. Tam sim no, muaj qhov xav tau, ib tus yuav tsum tig mus rau kev sib tw ntawm Georgia, thiab cov ncauj lus no muaj nyob hauv nws txoj haujlwm, tab sis … tsuas yog rau ib nrab ntawm nplooj ntawv. Ntxiv mus, hauv cov ntaub ntawv ib puag ncig muaj rau kuv, hmoov tsis, tsis muaj cov khoom siv yees duab ntawm cov ncauj lus no. Thiab txij li tsis muaj cov peev txheej zoo li no thiab cov duab, yog li ntawv yuav sau txog dab tsi? Zoo dua pom ib zaug dua nyeem kaum zaug. Yog li ntawd, peb yuav tawm ntawm tus tub rog Georgian rau lub sijhawm tam sim no, thiab mus txuas ntxiv tam sim (thiab thaum kawg, ib tus neeg yuav hais!) Rau kev ua tub rog ntawm lub sijhawm no hauv Russia. Ntawd yog, hauv Russia.
Cia peb pib nrog keeb kwm keeb kwm
Lub ntsiab lus yog qhov nthuav tshaj plaws. Tab sis muaj ob "buts" ntawm no. Thawj qhov yog peb lub tebchaws keeb kwm keeb kwm, tsis muaj teeb meem nws yuav zoo li cas. Nws zoo li nws yuav yog txoj cai pib nrog nws, tab sis nws yog qhov dav heev uas nws tsis tuaj yeem ua nws nyob hauv lub hauv paus ntawm tsab xov xwm ntawm "VO". Vim tias leej twg tsis tau sau txog cov cuab yeej ua rog thiab riam phom ntawm peb lub tebchaws. Qhov thib ob "tab sis" - rov hais dua cov ntaub ntawv. Nws tau sau, tab sis tsis muaj "duab". Qhov tseeb, lawv yog, tau kawg, tab sis lawv kim heev uas qhov tseeb lawv tsis muaj rau kev tshaj tawm. Tib Kremlin Armory - qhov no tsis yog Vienna Imperial Armory. Kuv sau rau ntawd, lawv hais tias, cia kuv … thiab kev tso cai, thiab pub dawb, siv lawv cov ntaub ntawv yees duab tau txais tam sim ntawd, tab sis peb muaj - "tus nqi rau txoj cai tshaj tawm ib daim duab ntawm cov khoom pov thawj ntawm lub xaib yog 6500 rubles.. " Koj tsis paub tias yuav quaj lossis luag nws.
Piv txwv los ntawm phau ntawv A. V. Viskovatova "Kev piav qhia keeb kwm ntawm khaub ncaws thiab riam phom ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias." Hauv 30 qhov. St. Petersburg. Tsev luam ntawv tub rog, 1841-1862. Qhov zoo sib xws ntawm riam phom ntawm Western European cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog ntawm Russia tau qhia.
Yog li ntawd, kuv txiav txim siab nyob ntawm qhov kev xaiv hauv qab no: yooj yim txhais cov ntawv ntawm D. Nicolas kom VO cov neeg nyeem tau txais lub tswv yim ntawm kev txawv teb chaws dab tsi, tshwj xeeb yog cov kws sau keeb kwm Askiv sau txog peb keeb kwm tub rog thiab dab tsi, raws li, nyeem txog peb keeb kwm kev tsov kev rog, riam phom thiab riam phom txawv teb chaws hais lus Askiv. Leej twg xav tshuaj xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm kev txhais lus - thov. Lub hauv paus tau qhia nyob rau qhov kawg ntawm cov ntawv, nplooj 85-87. Yog li, ntawm no peb mus …
Cov tub rog hauv tebchaws Russia ntawm xyoo pua 10 - 11th Txhuv. los ntawm phau ntawv A. V. Viskovatova.
Txawm hais tias Russia tau dav los ntawm cov qauv ntawm Europe nruab nrab, nws tsis yog qhov loj tshwj xeeb piv rau Eurasian nomadic xeev uas yog nws cov neeg nyob sab qab teb thiab sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj. Thawj tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Rus tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo pua 10, ib nrab yog los ntawm Scandinavian nkag mus rau ntawm cov dej loj, thiab ib nrab yog los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm ib nrab nomadic Khazars nyob rau sab qab teb steppes. Nws yog thaj av ntawm hav zoov, thaum nyob rau sab qab teb tau qhib cov hav zoov, uas tseem muaj cov neeg tsis muaj npe nyob hauv Central Asian kab lis kev cai.
Equestrian warrior X - XI ib -paus xyoo Txhuv. los ntawm phau ntawv A. V. Viskovatova.
Qhov uas Russia tswj hwm hav zoov sab qaum teb nyob deb thiab tundra yog teeb meem ntawm kev sib cav, tab sis nws cov ciam teb sab hnub poob nrog Hungary, Poland, thiab cov neeg Baltic tau pom meej, txawm hais tias lawv hloov pauv ntau zaus. Sab hnub tuaj ciam teb nruab nrab ntawm Russia nruab nrab yog kab tias tsawg tshaj plaws tau piav qhia meej. Ntawm no Slavs maj mam ua tus kav hav dej hauv cheeb tsam, yav tas los nyob los ntawm ntau haiv neeg Finno-Ugric rov qab, qhov ntom ntom ntom uas tsis siab dhau. Tsuas yog kev coj noj coj ua hauv nroog hauv qhov kev taw qhia no yog kab lis kev cai ntawm Volga Bulgars, uas nyob hauv nruab nrab phiab ntawm Volga thiab Kama. Lub xeev Turkic-Islamic no, dhau los, zoo dua li lub xeev medieval Lavxias thaum ntxov.
Cov cuab yeej ua rog Russia. Txhuv. los ntawm phau ntawv A. V. Viskovatova.
Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 10th thiab 13th xyoo pua, Russia tus ciam teb sab hnub tuaj tau khiav los ntawm Dnieper River sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Kiev raws txoj kab uas nyob sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj mus rau sab qaum teb ntawm Kama River. Ib thaj tsam tsis muaj hnub kawg txuas ntxiv mus rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob mus rau Arctic Ocean. Hauv cov cheeb tsam loj no, cov pab pawg sib haum xeeb ntawm Yugra, Chudi thiab Samoyeds yuav tau lees paub qee qib ntawm Lavxias suzerainty, lossis tsawg kawg koom nrog kev lag luam muag tsiaj nrog nws."
Cov cuab yeej ua rog Russia. Txhuv. los ntawm phau ntawv A. V. Viskovatova.
Ib qho nyiaj tshwj xeeb ntawm peb keeb kwm thaum ntxov, tsis yog? Tab sis Nicole feem ntau nyiam "sau keeb kwm hauv cov kab mob loj." Thiab ntxiv, tsis muaj dab tsi ua phem rau peb ntawm no. Txhua yam raws li peb cov keeb kwm. Nov yog "kev tsim txom" ntawm Slavs los ntawm Avars (obrov), uas nws tsis tau hais txog, thiab khoom plig rau Khazars, thiab txhua qhov "hu rau Vikings", uas tseem ua rau muaj kev sib cav hnyav. Thiab txawm tias qhov tseeb tias nws txiav txim siab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Volga Bulgars kom zoo dua yog qhov ncaj ncees. Tom qab tag nrho, lawv twb yog monotheists, thiab Slavs yog pagans txog 988. Ntawd yog, tsis muaj nyob qhov twg D. Nicole hauv nws cov lus txhais luv mus dhau lub hauv paus ntawm peb tus kheej keeb kwm, raws li keeb kwm keeb kwm. Nyeem rau …
Cov cuab yeej ua rog Russia. Txhuv. los ntawm phau ntawv A. V. Viskovatova.
Nyob rau lub sijhawm thaum ntxov, cov tub rog tsis tseem ceeb ua tub rog ua haujlwm hauv thaj av hav zoov, hav dej thiab dej ntws. Raws li ntau qhov chaw, Lavxias cov tub rog ntawm xyoo pua 10 tau ua ntau yam riam phom zoo, yuav luag hauv Byzantine style. Cov tub rog loj tau suav nrog cov tub rog ntawm cov neeg nyob rau tiam 11th-13th centuries. Xws li cov tub rog tau siv dav siv hneev tua hneev, siv cov hneev taw ntev yooj yim, thiab qee zaum cov hneev nti loj sib xyaw ua ke nrog cov ntoo tawv ntoo. Lawv tuaj yeem qhia Scandinavian ntau dua li Byzantine cuam tshuam txawm nyob hauv cheeb tsam Kiev, txawm hais tias cov xub xub pom muaj ntau yam thiab cuam tshuam.
Lub kaus mom hlau los ntawm Qhov ntxa dub, Chernigov # 4. Russia, X xyoo pua. State Historical Museum.
Leej twg cuam tshuam leej twg ntxiv?
Thaum kawg, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj li Byzantine thiab Scandinavian thaum ntxov cuam tshuam rau kev ua tub rog ntawm Ancient Rus yog qhov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg muaj peev xwm ua tub rog ntawm cov neeg Eurasian steppes. Qhov tseeb, tag nrho keeb kwm ntawm kev siv riam phom Lavxias thaum nruab nrab medieval, kev ua tub rog thiab kev ua tub rog yog los ntawm kev sib tw muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm Steppe thiab Western Europe, tsis yog Scandinavia. Ib qho piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm Eurasian steppes tuaj yeem txiav txim siab siv cov cuab yeej phaj, txawm hais tias qhov no kuj tseem yuav cuam tshuam nrog kev sib cuag nrog Byzantium. Ib yam tuaj yeem hais tau ntawm cov hneev taw sib xyaw, uas tau siv nyob rau qee qhov ntawm Russia, thiab txoj kab nkhaus nkhaus, uas tau paub ntawm cov Slavs Sab Hnub Tuaj txij li tsawg kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 10, txawm hais tias cov riam phom no tseem tsis tshua muaj nyob sab nraum thaj tsam ciam teb yav qab teb. Lub caij no, medieval Russia tseem yog tus xa khoom ntawm kev ua tub rog thiab riam phom. Ob qho tib si thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th thiab 11th tau hais qhia rau Sab Qaum Teb thiab Nruab Nrab Europe, ntxiv rau xyoo pua 12th thiab 13th mus rau Volga Bulgars, ntxiv rau lwm thaj av uas nyob sib ze.
Ntaj Scandinavian. Ib qho ntawm cov uas tau pom muaj nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm Russia, thiab txawm tias nyob hauv Volga ze Kazan. Nyhav 1021 (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)
Thawj lub tebchaws Lavxias tau koom nrog yog lub nroog yav qab teb ntawm Kiev, thiab Kiev cov tub rog, pom tseeb, yog cov tub rog muaj zog tshaj plaws txawm tias tom qab kev tawg ntawm "Kiev" Rus. Qee leej ntseeg tias nws yog keeb kwm Scandinavian (Viking). Tab sis qhov muaj cov tub rog caij nees hnyav nyob hauv pab tub rog tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog kev sib tham ntev nrog Byzantium. Cov tub rog cavalry tau nce los ua tsov rog rau Kiev nyob rau tiam 13th thiab 13th centuries. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntaj thiab hmuv tseem yog riam phom tseem ceeb ntawm tus neeg caij tsheb. Whereas lub nroog cov tub rog tau txais tus hneev taw (hu ua Russia ib rab hneev - V. Sh.) Lwm qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev koom ua ke ntawm cov tub rog Kiev yog cov pab pawg neeg sib txawv hauv pawg neeg lossis pab pawg hauv tebchaws Russia, uas nyob rau 1200 tau hu ua "lub kaus mom dub" ("lub kaus mom dub" - V. Sh.) Lawv muab cov kws tua hneev taw tsim nyog los tawm tsam lwm haiv neeg. Cov kaus mom dub dub tshwj xeeb yuav muaj lawv keeb kwm hauv Middle East ntau dua li Eurasian steppe, tab sis lawv qhia meej meej txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tua hneev taw. Qhov no tau hais qhia ntxiv los ntawm lub kaus mom dawb huv thiab Lavxias, uas muaj lub ntsej muag ua ke los tiv thaiv lub ntsej muag sab saud, txawm hais tias nws hloov pauv los ntawm Scandinavian ua ntej ib nrab daim npog ntsej muag lub ntsej muag.
Cov tswv yim ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Kievan Rus tau tsim los teb rau qhov kev hem thawj los ntawm kev tua hneev taw. Hom kev sib ntaus sib tua tshaj plaws yog tso cov tub rog nyob hauv nruab nrab: rab hmuv tau tsim ib phab ntsa ntawm daim thaiv los tiv thaiv cov hneev taw, thaum cov tub rog caij nkoj hla. Lub laub lossis lub laub tau siv ob qho tib si rau kev thauj cov khoom siv thiab rau kev tsim kho lub zog tiv thaiv ib puag ncig zoo ib yam uas tau tshwm sim ntawm Pechenegs. Ntau qhov kev tiv thaiv hav zoov nyob ntawm ciam teb nruab nrab ntawm hav zoov thiab hav zoov tau ua lub hauv paus rau kev ua haujlwm tiv thaiv cov neeg tsis muaj npe, thiab tib lub sijhawm, lawv feem ntau raug kaw los ntawm Kiev cov phoojywg nomadic. Lub forts nyob ntawm ciam teb sab hnub tuaj, nyob hauv txoj siv hav zoov, kuj tseem muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm los ntawm cov tub rog dawb "tub rog-ua liaj ua teb", uas nws txoj haujlwm sib raug zoo muaj ntau yam nrog rau tom qab Cossacks."
Ib zaug ntxiv, raws li peb pom tau, tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi uas thuam peb cov tub rog keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai. Txhua yam tau lees paub los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb thiab keeb kwm. Zoo, thiab kab lus kawg tsuas yog … piav qhia luv luv ntawm lub nroog fortress "Zolotarevskoe kev sib hais haum" pom nyob ze Penza.
Cov kev tiv thaiv no thiab lawv cov tiv thaiv, zoo li, yog tus yam ntxwv zoo ib yam ntawm ob sab nruab nrab thiab sab qaum teb Russia. Kiev, tsis muaj zog los ntawm kev tawm tsam tsis tu ncua nrog nomads, maj mam poob kev tswj hwm lwm qhov tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau sab qaum teb, uas lub sijhawm ntawd tau tsim muaj ntau, thiab lawv cov pejxeem tau nce zuj zus. Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 13th, ob lub hauv paus tseem ceeb xws li Vladimir-Suzdal nyob rau sab hnub tuaj-nruab nrab ntawm Russia thiab lub nroog Novgorod nyob rau sab qaum teb tau txais cov tub rog tseem ceeb. Cov tub rog ntawm Central Russia tseem muaj ntau yam sib xws nrog cov tub rog ntawm Kiev nyob rau sab qab teb. Cov tub ntxhais suav nrog cov tub rog ua haujlwm tshaj lij, thiab nws tau txhawb nqa los ntawm cov tub rog hauv nroog, ntau yam tub rog caij nkoj thiab tsis tshua muaj kev sib tham nrog cov tub rog nyob hauv zej zog. Hom ntawv feem ntau ntawm cov cuab yeej yog cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv lamellar ("forged men" - V. Sh.) Kev tua hneev thiab sib ntaus sib tua ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb dua li feem ntau ntawm cov tub rog sab hnub poob nyob sab Europe. Crossbows tseem tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim thoob plaws xyoo pua 13th.
Qib ntawm kev tsis nyob hauv kev txhim kho kev ua tub rog hauv tebchaws Russia tom qab kev tawm tsam Mongol thaum pib thiab nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th tuaj yeem hais tau ntau dua. Hauv ntau txoj hauv kev, qhov kev xav ntawm "stagnation" tuaj yeem ua yuam kev. Cov cuab yeej siv tub rog Lavxias thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th thiab 14th tau cuam tshuam txog kev hem thawj los ntawm kev tsim kho cov neeg caij nees thiab cov tub rog nees ntawm Mongols. Lwm qhov chaw hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj, kev siv thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis ntau dua ua pov thawj tsis tsim nyog rau kev tawm tsam lawv cov tswv yim thiab txuas ntxiv ua kom pom lawv cov txheeb ze tsis zoo txog thaum Ottoman Turks thaum kawg tau tso tseg los ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm kev siv tub rog thev naus laus zis ntawm lub rooj vag ntawm Vienna hauv xyoo pua 17th. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis tuaj yeem tsis lees paub tias yog los ntawm Mongol kev txeeb chaw thiab kev ua haujlwm tom ntej ntawm Mongol thiab Golden Horde suzerainty, nyob rau nruab nrab Russia feem ntau tau tso tseg txoj kev ncig ntawm European kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws thiab tau txav mus rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm kev ua tub rog ntawm Eurasian steppes, yog li nrhiav nws tus kheej hauv qee yam ntawm kev ua tub rog-thev naus laus zis cais los ntawm cov tebchaws sab hnub poob.
Qhov xwm txheej hauv Novgorod tau txawv. Txawm hais tias Mongol suzerainty, Novgorod tseem yog Russia lub qhov rais mus rau Sab Hnub Poob. Txawm hais tias qhov no tsis tau cawm lub nroog los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm ob tus neeg Swedes thiab cov tub rog German xaj (raws li hauv Baltic States) nyob rau xyoo pua 13th. Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb hauv Novgorod tau coj mus rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm cov pob zeb tiv thaiv, ua haujlwm tau zoo thiab muaj cuab yeej ua tub rog zoo, siv dav hla tus hneev, thiab txhim kho cov tswv yim rau kev siv pab tub rog, hnav khaub ncaws hnav zoo. Thawj cov phom uas tau siv hauv tebchaws Russia tej zaum yuav tshwm sim nyob rau thaj tsam Novgorod. Qhov no lees paub qhov kev xav tias kev paub nrog "kev sib ntaus sib tua" tuaj ntawm Tebchaws Europe, thiab tsis yog los ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj, txawm hais tias Mongols tus kheej paub txog rab phom."
Galich boyar (txoj cai), Volhynian crossbowman (nruab nrab) thiab Lithuanian tub rog (sab laug), thaum ntxov xyoo pua 13th
Ib zaug ntxiv, tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg. Tsis muaj dab tsi ua rau tsis zoo piv rau qhov tau tshaj tawm hauv tib txoj kev tshawb fawb rau lwm lub tebchaws hauv Western thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj Europe. Cov ntaub ntawv raug nthuav tawm hauv nqe lus luv tab sis nthuav dav. Yog li ntawd, peb tsis tas yuav lees tias Sab Hnub Poob "saib tsis taus peb cov tub rog keeb kwm", vim tias peb cov neeg sau xov xwm tseem pheej rov hais dua qhov no, tau kawg, lawv tsis tau nyeem cov phau ntawv thiab kab lus hauv cov ntawv xov xwm. Txawm hais txog tus quab Mongol, D. Nicole tsis hais dab tsi, tab sis siv lo lus suzerainty. Los ntawm txoj kev, hais txog qhov chaw thiab lub luag haujlwm ntawm phaj phom hauv Russia, Soviet keeb kwm A. F. Medvedev tau sau rov qab rau xyoo 1959 hauv nws txoj haujlwm "Ntawm keeb kwm ntawm phaj phom hauv Russia" // SA. 1959, nr 2, s. Nws muaj nyob hauv Is Taws Nem thiab cov uas xav tuaj yeem paub lawv tus kheej nrog nws yam tsis muaj teeb meem. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws kuj tau xav txog keeb kwm ntawm kev xa ntawv hauv tebchaws Russia, thiab txoj haujlwm no ntawm nws (AF MEDVEDEV "Mus rau keeb kwm ntawm Cov saw xa ntawv hauv ANCIENT RUSSIA" Academy of Sciences ntawm USSR. Qhia luv luv ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Keeb Kwm of Material Culture. Issue XLIX, 1953) los tseem tsis tau poob lawv qhov tseeb.
Nrhiav, nrhiav, pom …
Kev pom zoo heev ntawm kev siv riam phom hlau tau ua nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Mordovians, thiab niaj hnub no lawv tau nthuav tawm hauv Mordovian Republican United Museum Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Lub Zos Lore npe tom qab Kuv D. D. Voronin nyob hauv lub nroog Saransk. Cov no yog cov sib ntaus sib tua, taub hau, nrog rau ntaj thiab saber tuaj. Ib txoj siv sib ntaus sib tua tshwj xeeb nrog cov ntsiab lus nyiaj kuj tau pom. Txhua qhov kev tshawb pom no tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau tiam 9th - 11th. Raws li qhov tseeb zoo heev, nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej no tau qhia cov duab no thaum thawj qhov kev thov, thiab yam tsis tau teeb tsa kev lag luam, uas lawv ob leeg tau qhuas thiab qhuas! Nov yog qee cov duab no …
Siv.
Ib rab riam, thiab pom tseeb tsis yog tsev neeg.
Qhov no kuj yog ib qho kev sib ntaus sib tua …
Lub taub hau.
Thiab saber tau pom nyob hauv qhov kev faus ntawm thaj av Mordovian …
Thiab ntaj …
Cov kev sib tw hauv tebchaws Russia
Los ntawm txoj kev, peb tab tom tham txog riam phom zoo, puas yog? Thiab txawm hais tias Lavxias horsemen-cov tub rog tau ua tub rog lossis nyob hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog txhua yam txawv ntawm lwm tus. Yog lawm, lawv kuj tseem hais txog riam phom, uas lawv tsis tau zoo dua rau Tebchaws Europe Sab Hnub Poob thiab hauv lawv tus cwj pwm, thiab txawm tias vim, ib yam li "Westerners", lawv tau koom nrog kev sib tw zoo. Peb tau hais txog qhov no … peb cov keeb kwm, piv txwv li, Ipatievskaya, uas piav txog kev sib tw, uas tau teeb tsa los ntawm tus tub ntawm Mikhail Chernigovsky, Rostislav, hauv qab phab ntsa ntawm lub nroog Yaroslavl-Galitsky, uas nws tus kheej raug kaw. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Rostislav tau pab los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov neeg Polish thiab txawm tias (raws li Western cov peev txheej) Hungarian tub rog caij nees. Thiab yog li txhawm rau ntshai cov neeg raug kaw, thiab tib lub sijhawm kom lom zem rau cov qhua, nws tau txiav txim siab los tuav kev sib tw. Tab sis Lavxias tus tub huabtais nws tus kheej ua rau nws ua tsis tiav: nws tau tsoo nws tus nees los ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm Poles, thiab thaum nws poob, nws tau txav los yog tsoo nws lub xub pwg. Qhov xwm txheej no tau tshwm sim xyoo 1249. Muaj tseeb, lub tsev teev ntuj tau rau txim rau kev lom zem, thiab cov tsev teev ntuj nyob ntev tsis nquag nkag mus rau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev ua si tsis ncaj ncees hauv lawv Talmuds. Tab sis txhua yam zoo ib yam lawv coj nws mus! Piv txwv li, Novgorod tus neeg mob hnyav tau cem tus tub xeeb ntxwv ntawm Vladimir Monomakh, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vsevolod, rau "tub rog cov khoom ua si nrog cov neeg muaj koob npe." Kev sib tw ntawm Moscow tus tswv xeev Rodion thiab tus qub tub rog ntawm Alexander Nevsky Akinf Great, uas tau xaus rau qhov kev tuag tom kawg, kuj tau nkag mus rau hauv keeb kwm. Cov ntawv xov xwm tseem qhia peb tias "tus kws saib xyuas neeg mob, tus thawj coj boyar Ostey, tau raug mob los ntawm rab hmuv ntawm cov khoom ua si." Ntawd yog, muaj ntau qhov zoo sib xws, tab sis … nyob hauv ib qho chaw nruab nrab ntawm Sab Hnub Poob thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj, lawv tau xaiv ob qho tib si "ottol" thiab "otsel". Zoo heev txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm riam phom Lavxias rov qab rau xyoo 17th. Yuri Krizhanich, tus kws sau ntawv Serbian uas nyob hauv tebchaws Russia nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, tau sau hauv nws tsab ntawv hais txog Txoj Cai. "Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua tub rog, peb (Russians - AK) nyob nruab nrab ntawm Scythians (uas yog, Tatars thiab Turks) thiab cov neeg German. Scythians tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj zog nrog lub teeb, Cov neeg German tsuas yog siv riam phom hnyav; peb yooj yim siv ob qho ntawm lawv, thiab nrog kev ua tiav txaus peb tuaj yeem ua raws ob qho tib neeg hais, txawm hais tias tsis sib npaug rau lawv. Peb hla Scythians nrog riam phom hnyav, thiab nrog lub teeb peb los ze lawv; qhov rov qab yog qhov tseeb nrog cov neeg German. Yog li ntawd, tawm tsam ob qho tib si, peb yuav tsum siv ob hom riam phom thiab tsim kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm peb txoj haujlwm "[5, 224]. Thiab zoo dua nws, tej zaum, tsis hais koj nyuaj npaum li cas, koj yuav tsis hais!
Cov neeg ua tim khawv
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5. Kirpichnikov A. N. Kev faus neeg tuag ntawm XII-XIII ib puas xyoo. los ntawm cheeb tsam Sab Qab Teb Kiev (raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm AIM nthuav tawm) // Sau cov kev tshawb fawb thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Artillery Historical Museum. Teeb meem 4. L., 1959, ib. 219-226.
6. Shpakovsky, V. O., Nikolle, D. Cov tub rog Lavxias. 1250 - 1500. M.: AST: Astrel , 2004.
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