Xyoo 1550, Tsar Ivan IV Qhov Txaus Ntshai, los ntawm nws qhov kev txiav txim, tau teeb tsa tus qauv tshiab - pab tub rog streltsy. Thawj thawj zaug hauv keeb kwm Lavxias, cov tub rog niaj hnub tau tsim los ntawm cov tub rog-squeakers, tau thov kom tawm tsam nrog riam phom txias thiab phom. Rau ib puas xyoo tom ntej thiab ib nrab, cov neeg hneev taw tau dhau los ua cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm pab tub rog. Txhawm rau daws cov phiaj xwm sib ntaus, cov kws hneev tau tso siab rau cov txheej txheem tsim riam phom, uas tau txhim kho raws li kev pabcuam txuas ntxiv mus.
Sib ntaus sib tua
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov hneev taw, zoo li lawv cov neeg ua ntej, cov neeg hais lus, yog tua hluav taws ntawm cov yeeb ncuab pab tub rog. Txhawm rau daws qhov teeb meem no, nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv, muskets ntawm cov chav kawm sib txawv thiab hom tau ua rog nrog cov tub rog phom. Raws li cov keeb kwm muaj thiab keeb kwm tshawb pom, ib tus tuaj yeem soj ntsuam cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txhim kho caj npab me ntawm pab tub rog.
Cov hneev taw tau txais tes squeaks los ntawm lawv cov neeg ua ntej. Nws yog rab phom ntsaws ntsaws ntsaws ntsaws ntsaws ntsaws ntsaws ntsaws ntswj los yog nrog cua sov. Kev squeaks thaum ntxov ntawm Lavxias tus kws tua hneev tau zoo ib yam hauv kev tsim rau European arquebuses ntawm lawv lub sijhawm. Nws yog squeak uas yog lub ntsiab riam phom ntawm tus hneev taw. Thaum sib ntaus, cov tub rog yuav tsum tua cov yeeb ncuab nrog hluav taws loj. Lwm yam riam phom tau txiav txim siab pab.
Squeak tau nrog cov khoom siv tsim nyog rau thauj cov mos txwv. Tus hneev taw hnav lub berendeyk swb nws lub xub pwg sab laug, uas muaj zes rau rab phom thiab cov mos txwv, ntxiv rau lub hwj hmoov. Tag nrho cov cuab yeej no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tau txais tus nqi hluav taws los ntawm qhov tsis zoo tshaj plaws muzzle-loading squeaks.
Raws li txoj cai, cov neeg hneev taw tau txais rab phom thiab cov mos txwv ua ntej kev sib tw. Cov mos txwv uas tseem tshuav tom qab rov qab los yuav tsum tau swb, uas tso cai rau lub xeev kom txuag nyiaj ntawm kev saib xyuas cov tub rog.
Cov wicks squeaked rau ib lub sij hawm ntev tseem yog lub ntsiab riam phom ntawm cov hneev taw. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. lawv muaj thawj rab phom flintlock. Kev qhia loj heev ntawm cov riam phom no tau pom qeeb. Nws ntseeg tias qhov no yog vim muaj qhov nyuaj thiab raug nqi phom loj, nrog rau cov teeb meem nyob rau theem pib ntawm lawv tus kheej kev tsim khoom. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, hauv kev pabcuam muaj ob qho tib si ntshuam thiab siv phom hauv tsev ntawm cov tswv sib txawv nrog cov qauv sib txawv thiab cov yam ntxwv.
Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshem riam phom tau pib thiab ua tiav. Twb tau nyob nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 17th. cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg tsis tsuas yog xav tau kev yuav cov phom thiab cov hmoov txhuas, tab sis kuj tseem yuav tsum tau muab cov foob pob rau phom. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshem tawm ntawm cov ntsaum ntsaum ntsaum ntsaum tau pom qeeb. Cov riam phom no tseem nyob nrog cov neeg hneev yuav luag txog thaum kawg ntawm xyoo pua 17th.
Nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm ib puas xyoo, kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm phom tau pib. Txawv teb chaws thiab hauv peb lub tebchaws, "ntsia hlau ntsais" - phom phom - pib kis mus. Kwv yees li ntawm xya caum, cov kab ke no pib nkag mus rau hauv cov tub rog phom thiab maj mam nws cov kev faib tau nce zuj zus. Txawm li cas los xij, cov phom phom tau tsim nyog rau lawv qhov nyuaj thiab tus nqi siab, uas yog vim li cas tus nqi ntawm kev rov ua dua tshiab tau qis dua. Tau ntev, cov phom mos mos tau yooj yim tseem yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov hneev taw 'cov riam phom nyuaj.
Nws yog qhov xav paub tias kev hloov pauv thiab hloov kho tshiab ntawm lub riam phom tseem ceeb yuav luag tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam dab tsi ntawm cov khoom siv. Berendeika nrog lub zes thiab cov hmoov hmoov muaj sia nyob thiab txuas ntxiv ua lawv txoj haujlwm. Qhov no tau txhawb nqa los ntawm kev khaws cia qee cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov riam phom txheem.
Kev qhia txog kev siv phom ntev yog cov kauj ruam kawg hauv kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm cov kws kho mob "tua hluav taws" txhais tau tias. Cov kab ke no, suav nrog cov riam phom pabcuam, tau siv rau ntau xyoo lawm - txog thaum kev sib tsoo ntawm cov phom phom. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau hla mus rau qhov kev tawm tsam tshiab ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias.
Txias thiab Ncej
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov hneev taw yog kom kov yeej cov yeeb ncuab los ntawm hluav taws. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv khaws txias thiab caj npab - feem ntau yog rau kev tiv thaiv tus kheej hauv qhov xwm txheej uas siv lub suab nrov tsis yooj yim lossis nyuaj. Feem ntau, cov riam phom ntawm cov tub rog streltsy tau rov ua dua ntawm cov riam phom me me ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.
Ntawm sab laug, ntawm txoj siv, tus hneev taw hnav khaub ncaws nrog rab ntaj lossis rab ntaj. Cov hneev taw tau txais cov riam phom zoo ib yam li lwm cov tub rog Lavxias. Thaum lub sijhawm muaj cov tub rog streltsy, ntau yam kev tsim ntawm sabers thiab ntaj nrog qee yam tau ua haujlwm. Hauv txhua qhov xwm txheej, qhov riam phom no tau npaj rau kev sib ntaus nrog tus yeeb ncuab uas tab tom yuav los. Vim yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sib ntaus ua haujlwm ntawm cov hneev taw, nws tau nquag nug txog kev tiv thaiv tus kheej.
Los ntawm cov tub rog, cov hneev taw tau txais berdysh - yam tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog rab riam ntev thiab ntev ntev. Berdysh ua ob txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, nws yuav tsum tau siv nyob rau hauv ib txwm ua raws li riam phom txiav. Thaum tua, nws tau dhau los ua bipod rau riam phom: lub thawv tau tsoo ntawm lub taub qab, uas ua kom yooj yim lub hom phiaj thiab tua.
Thaum lub xyoo pua XVII. muaj qee qhov kev hloov pauv hauv cov riam phom uas cuam tshuam nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hneev taw ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb sib txawv. Yog li, cov thawj coj thaum kawg poob lawv cov phom, kev siv uas tuaj yeem nyuaj. Lawv cov riam phom tsuas yog saber thiab protazan - hmuv ntev nrog cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb. Cov neeg coj tus qauv thiab cov kws ntaus nkauj tsuas muaj sabers rau kev tiv thaiv tus kheej.
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. thawj chav pikemen tshwm hauv cov tub rog streltsy. Cov neeg tua rog no tau siv riam phom ntev thiab rab ntaj. Lawv cov cuab yeej ua rog tau npaj los ntxiv dag zog rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm chav phom thiab tiv thaiv zoo tiv thaiv qhov kev hem thawj ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.
Kev hloov pauv tshiab
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Thawj thawj zaug, cov ntaub ntawv muaj cov hauv paus tsim riam phom tshiab rau cov neeg hneev tes - siv cov pob tawg. Cov no tau cog lus me me thiab pom lub teeb nrig nrog rab phom sau thiab qhov fuse yooj yim tshaj plaws. Lawv yuav tsum tau muab pov rau hauv kev coj ntawm tus yeeb ncuab manually, uas txwv qhov kev siv ntau. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev puas tsuaj tau them rau txhua qhov ua tsis tiav.
Cov pob tawg ntawm tes tau txais kev faib tawm tsawg, tab sis tseem tau tsim thiab faib tawm ntawm cov phom phom cov lus txib. Nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv thiab hauv cov txee sib txawv, muaj ntau pua chav nyob ntawm cov riam phom zoo li no, thiab, yog tias tsim nyog, lawv tau siv.
Riam phom evolution
Cov tub rog phom tau tsim nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. thiab muaj nyob txog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Rau ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo thiab ib nrab, qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm pab tub rog no tau los ntev thiab tau hloov pauv. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, riam phom tau tsim los uas tau siv ncaj qha rau kev daws teeb meem kev sib ntaus.
Nws yog qhov yooj yim pom tias kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kws tua hneev taw yog ua raws cov tswv yim niaj hnub no thiab cov kev daws teeb meem. Nws nyob deb ntawm qhov ib txwm tuaj yeem nthuav qhia cov qauv niaj hnub raws sijhawm thiab hauv qhov xav tau, tab sis kev nyiam mus rau kev txhim kho ntawm pab tub rog tuaj yeem taug qab tau meej heev. Hauv qhov teeb meem ntawm kev hloov kho cov khoom siv, cov tub rog streltsy nquag siv ob lub tswv yim hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws thiab cov qauv.
Txoj hauv kev no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tswj hwm kev muaj peev xwm sib ntaus ntawm cov tub rog, tab sis muaj cov yam ntxwv tsis zoo. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, tsis muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm riam phom thiab mos txwv, uas coj mus rau qee yam teeb meem. Thawj qhov kev ntsuas txhawm rau tsim kom muaj kev sib txig sib luag hnub rov qab mus rau ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th xwb, tab sis qhov ua tau zoo tiag tiag hauv qhov kev taw qhia no tau txais txawm tias tom qab.
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. cov tub rog streltsy tau raug tshem tawm thiab hom tshiab ntawm cov tub rog tuaj hloov nws. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg hneev taw cov cuab yeej ua rog nyuaj thiab ib feem ntawm lawv cov cuab yeej tseem ua haujlwm. Nrog rau cov no lossis cov kev hloov pauv, phom thiab muskets, berdysh thiab sabers tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm kev ua tub rog ntawm cov tub rog niaj hnub, qhov uas lawv tau ua tiav sai los ntawm cov qauv tshiab.
