Nov yog cov lus hais los ntawm kev hais lus ntawm A. Solzhenitsyn hauv Washington thaum Lub Rau Hli 30, 1975, ua ntej cov neeg koom nrog Congress of American Trade Unions.
100 xyoo dhau los, thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 11, 1918, Alexander Solzhenitsyn yug. Tus neeg hais lus thuam loj tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm USSR thaum Stalin txoj cai, uas tshaj tawm txog "110 lab tus neeg Lavxias" uas tau raug tsim txom los ntawm kev coj noj coj ua.
Alexander Isaevich yug hauv tsev neeg pluag hauv Kislovodsk, tau mus kawm ntawv hauv Rostov-on-Don. Twb tau nyob hauv tsev kawm ntawv nws pib qhia kev txaus siab hauv cov ntawv nyeem thiab paj huam. Xyoo 1936 nws tau nkag mus rau Kws Qhia Ntawv ntawm Physics thiab lej ntawm Rostov University. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws txuas ntxiv koom nrog hauv kev sau ntawv, sau ntawv, kawm keeb kwm. Nws tau txaus siab tshwj xeeb hauv lub sijhawm ua tsov rog ntiaj teb thiab kev hloov pauv. Xyoo 1941 nws kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, ua haujlwm ua xibfwb qhia ntawv hauv Morozovsk.
Nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1941, Solzhenitsyn tau npaj rau hauv pab tub rog, tau ua haujlwm hauv tsheb thauj neeg nees thauj, thiab tom qab ntawd xa mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv phom loj hauv Kostroma. Tso tawm raws li tub ceev xwm thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1942, nyob rau pem hauv ntej lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1943. Ua tus thawj coj ntawm lub roj teeb tshawb nrhiav sonic. Xyoo 1944 nws tau nce mus rau qib ntawm tus thawj coj, tau txais khoom plig Orders of the Patriotic War of the 2nd, 1-1 degrees thiab Red Banner. Xyoo 1945 nws tau raug ntes rau kev sib tham uas nws thuam Stalin cov chav kawm, rau "cuam tshuam Leninism" thiab npaj tsim "koomhaum" los kho Leninist chav kawm. Raws li Solzhenitsyn, kev ua tsov rog nrog Hitler lub tebchaws Yelemes tuaj yeem zam tau yog tias Moscow tau mus txog qhov kev pom zoo nrog Hitler. Nws kuj tus kheej rau txim rau Stalin rau qhov txaus ntshai ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog rau cov neeg ntawm USSR, thiab ntau dua li Hitler. Alexander Solzhenitsyn tau raug txim mus rau 8 xyoo nyob rau hauv cov chaw pw ua haujlwm raug yuam thiab raug ntiab tawm mus ib txhis raws li Tshooj 58 (kev tawm tsam kev ua phem txhaum cai).
Txog rau xyoo 1953, Alexander Isaevich raug kaw. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, Solzhenitsyn tsis txaus siab nrog Marxism-Leninism thiab vam khom rau Orthodoxy thiab kev ua nom kav tebchaws. Nws tseem sau ntawv. Tom qab nws tso tawm, nws raug xa mus nyob hauv Kazakhstan (Berlik lub zos), ua haujlwm ua xibfwb qhia lej thiab physics. Xyoo 1956 nws tau rov ua haujlwm thiab rov qab mus rau European feem ntawm Russia. Nws nyob hauv thaj av Vladimir, hauv lub zos Miltsevo, tom qab ntawd hauv Ryazan, ua haujlwm ua xibfwb. Nws tau sau txuas ntxiv mus, tab sis nws cov haujlwm thuam lub hauv paus ntawm Soviet system tsis muaj sijhawm tshaj tawm, tsis tshua muaj neeg ntiaj teb nto moo.
Qhov tseeb, Solzhenitsyn yog tus neeg ntxeev siab hauv tebchaws, tus "nas" me me uas tsis xav koom nrog hauv qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim Soviet kev vam meej, lub zej zog tshiab ntawm yav tom ntej. Soviet Union ntawm txoj kev no twb tau ua tiav qhov ua tiav zoo, dhau los ua lub zog loj: nws tau kov yeej kev tshawb fawb, thev naus laus zis thiab kev lag luam lag tom qab lub zog loj ntawm Sab Hnub Poob, thiab hauv ntau thaj tsam ua dhau los ua thawj coj hauv ntiaj teb; tsim ib qho kev kawm siab ntawm kev kawm thiab kev kawm; yeej kev ua tsov rog thiab tsim cov tub rog muaj zog, tshem tawm kev hem thawj ntawm kev ua tsov rog ntiaj teb tshiab "kub" thiab tawm tsam Russia-USSR; rov qab ua kom muaj kev ntseeg ruaj khov ntawm lub tebchaws, raug rhuav tshem xyoo 1917 (Tebchaws Baltic, sab hnub poob Belaya Rus thiab Me Russia, Bessarabia, Kuril Islands, thiab lwm yam); tsim lub ntiaj teb kev coj noj coj ua, uas tau pib tawm tsam rau sab hnub poob txoj haujlwm ntawm kev ua tib neeg thiab ntau yam ntxiv.
Solzhenitsyn yuav tseem yog ib qho ntawm ntau qhov "chav ua noj" cov neeg thuam ntawm USSR, yog tias tsis yog rau qhov muaj hmoo. Lub sijhawm no, Khrushchev pib de-Stalinization-"perestroika-1". Cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv Soviet, vim lawv tsis muaj kev coj ncaj ncees, tsis xav ua raws txoj hauv kev los tsim kev coj noj coj ua tshiab thiab tib neeg, tawm tsam lawv tus kheej rau cov peev txheej thiab sab hnub poob. Stalinists poob lawm. Cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm "kev ruaj ntseg" yeej, uas maj mam zuj zus mus rau "tus tswv tshiab" uas xav hloov lub hwj chim rau hauv peev, khoom vaj khoom tsev. Lawv pib ua kom qeeb zog "mus rau cov hnub qub" nrog rau tag nrho lawv lub zog, thiab tom qab ntawd nres tag nrho. Yog li ntawd, Alexander Solzhenitsyn tuaj rau hauv tsev hais plaub, "chav kawm tshiab", kev kho dua tshiab (ntxeev siab) ntawm Stalinist txojsia, thiab nws txoj kev tsiv tebchaws.
A. Tvardovsky (editor ntawm Novy Mir magazine) caw Solzhenitsyn mus rau Moscow thiab pib nrhiav kev tshaj tawm ntawm nws cov haujlwm. Khrushchev txhawb qhov xwm txheej no. Khrushchev siv Solzhenitsyn cov ntaub ntawv los ua ib lub ram sib tsoo los rhuav tshem Stalinist txojsia. Thawj qhov haujlwm tshaj tawm yog "Ib Hnub ntawm Ivan Denisovich" (1962), nws tau tshaj tawm tam sim ntawd txawv teb chaws. Alexander Isaevich tau lees paub rau Union of Writers ntawm USSR. Tus sau tau nto moo. Tab sis hauv USSR, nws lub koob npe nrov tau luv. Nyob rau hauv Brezhnev, tus kws sau ntawv tsis pom zoo nrog cov tub ceev xwm, nws cov haujlwm raug txwv. Cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv Soviet tseem tsis tau npaj txhij rau "perestroika" tag nrho, nws qhov kev tawg tsuas yog pib. Yog li ntawd, txoj cai nruj ntawm Khrushchev raug txwv, qhov xwm txheej tau ntxaws.
Txawm li cas los xij, Sab Hnub Poob twb pom tus sau "cog lus" lawm. Nws cov haujlwm ("Thawj Vajvoog", "Cancer Ward", "Gulag Archipelago") tau tshaj tawm nyob rau sab hnub poob Europe thiab Asmeskas. Thiab kev thuam ntawm Soviet xov xwm tsuas yog txhawb nws lub koob npe nrov hauv ntiaj teb. Nws tau mob siab rau txhawb nqa - xyoo 1970, Alexander Isaevich tau raug xaiv los ua khoom plig Nobel hauv Kev Sau Ntawv, thiab yog li ntawd, cov khoom plig tau muab rau nws. Xyoo 1974, Solzhenitsyn raug rho tawm ntawm nws haiv neeg Soviet thiab raug ntiab tawm txawv teb chaws. Nyob hauv Switzerland, tom qab ntawd Asmeskas, tau mus ncig ntau.
Nws cov ntawv nyob rau sab hnub poob tau luam tawm hauv cov ntawv loj. Tus kws sau ntawv tau dhau los ua ib qho cuab yeej muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov tswv ntawm Western Europe thiab Tebchaws Meskas hauv cov ntaub ntawv ("txias") ua tsov rog tawm tsam pab pawg neeg koom siab, USSR. Solzhenitsyn cov ntaub ntawv tau nquag siv hauv kev tsim cov tswvyim hais ua dab neeg ntawm ntau lab tus neeg raug tsim txom ntawm Stalin kev tsim txom thiab hauv kev tsim cov duab ntawm Soviet "faj tim teb chaws phem." Cov lus dab neeg dub no tau pib tsim los ntawm cov kws xav ntawm Hitler thaum Tsov Rog Loj Patriotic, tom qab ntawd cov lus dab neeg no tau siv hauv kev ua tsov rog ntiaj teb thib peb (lub npe hu ua "txias" ua tsov rog) los ntawm cov kws xav sab hnub poob. Tus sau tau tshaj tawm cov lus tsis txaus ntseeg txog 110 lab tus neeg Lavxias uas tau dhau los ua cov neeg raug tsim txom (ntau ntxiv txog cov dab neeg no hauv kab lus VO - Cov lus dab neeg ntawm "kev tua neeg ntawm Stalin"; Solzhenitsyn cov lus dag dag; GULAG: cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv kev dag), hais txog "kev ua qhev" ntawm cov neeg Soviet. Raws li Solzhenitsyn "cov ntaub ntawv", lawv tsuas yog tshaib plab tuag thaum xyoo 1932-1933. 6 lab tus tib neeg, thaum xyoo 1936-1939 tshem tawm. txhua xyoo tsawg kawg 1 lab tus tib neeg tuag, thiab txij thaum pib sib sau ua ke mus rau kev tuag ntawm Stalin, cov neeg tawm tsam tau tua 66 lab tus tib neeg. Tsis tas li, tsoomfwv Soviet yuav tsum teb rau kev tuag ntawm 44 lab tus pej xeem Soviet uas tuag thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Solzhenitsyn tau tshaj tawm tias xyoo 1953 muaj 25 lab tus tib neeg nyob hauv Soviet chaw pw hav zoov.
Yog li, Solzhenitsyn cov ntaub ntawv tau siv los qhia tsis raug cov pej xeem ntawm Sab Hnub Poob, tag nrho "zej zog ntiaj teb", thiab tom qab ntawd USSR-Russia (txij li lub sijhawm Gorbachev "perestroika", thiab qhov tseeb, kev xa khoom ntawm Soviet project). Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov neeg zoo li Solzhenitsyn, cov lus dab neeg dub tsis tu ncua tau tsim txog "ntshav Stalin", "Soviet faj tim teb chaws phem", "kaum tawm lab ntawm cov neeg tsis muaj txim raug tsim txom". Qhov no tau pab Sab Hnub Poob tsim cov duab dub ntawm USSR thiab rhuav tshem kev vam meej ntawm Soviet.
Alexander Isaevich tau tawm tsam kev sib cav sib ceg thiab Soviet lub zog, feem ntau nws raug caw los hais lus ntawm cov rooj sib tham muaj txiaj ntsig. Tus sau tau tawm tswv yim txog kev sib sau ua tub rog Asmeskas lub zog tawm tsam USSR. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, tus kws sau ntawv tau lees paub Sab Hnub Poob raws li kev koom tes hauv kev ywj pheej ntawm cov neeg ntawm USSR los ntawm "Soviet totalitarianism."Ua raws li tus piv txwv ntawm Cov Neeg Dawb, uas thaum Tsov Rog Zaum Ob pom "cov phoojywg" hauv Entente, lossis Vlasov thiab Bandera, uas pom "phooj ywg" hauv Hitlerite Reich.
Txawm li cas los xij, kev txaus siab hauv Solzhenitsyn sai sai ploj mus. Qhov no yog vim qhov pib ntawm kev ywj pheej thiab kev tshwm sim ntawm kev tawm tsam sab hnub poob hauv kev xav ntawm tus kws sau ntawv txoj haujlwm. Yog li ntawd, xyoo 1976, tus kws sau ntawv tau mus ntsib Spain thiab hauv kev hais lus hauv TV hauv TV pom zoo rau Franco tsoom fwv (Spanish fascism), uas kav lub tebchaws txog xyoo 1975, ceeb toom rau Spaniards tiv thaiv "txav nrawm heev rau kev ywj pheej." Qhov no coj mus rau kev thuam ntawm Solzhenitsyn hauv Xov Xwm Sab Hnub Poob. Nws "raug tshem tawm" los ntawm kev saib xyuas pej xeem.
Kev ua pej xeem Soviet tau rov qab los rau Solzhenitsyn tsuas yog ua ntej kev tawg ntawm USSR, xyoo 1990. Tus kws sau ntawv tau rov qab mus rau Russia xyoo 1994. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, nws tab tom ntsib kev nthwv dej tshiab ntawm kev muaj koob npe, cov tswv yim ntawm cov neeg ntxeev tebchaws tau rov xav tau. Nws hais qhia txoj haujlwm rau kev txhawb siab ntawm Russia ("Yuav ua li cas peb tuaj yeem siv Russia"), hais txog qhov yuav tsum tau swb lub Kuriles ntawm Nyij Pooj ("kim"), nws ua haujlwm sau phau ntawv rhais chaw, tau txais khoom plig thiab khoom plig hauv xeev, suav nrog Kev Txiav Txim ntawm Tus Thwj Tim Dawb Huv Andrew Thawj-Hu (1998).
Hauv lub sijhawm kawg ntawm nws lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm, tus kws sau ntawv ceeb toom txog kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov tub ceev xwm tshiab (Russia hauv Kev Nyuaj Siab, 1998), tawm tsam hnyav "hloov kho", suav nrog kev ua ntiag tug. Tsis tas li, xyoo 2000, Alexander Isaevich pom tias Sab Hnub Poob, nrog kev pab los ntawm NATO pawg, tab tom ncig Russia thiab txhawb "kev tawm tsam xim" nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev thaiv tag nrho Russia thiab tshem nws txoj kev ywj pheej.
Alexander Isaevich tuag thaum lub Yim Hli 2008 thaum muaj hnub nyoog 90 xyoo.
Qhov no tsis tiv thaiv tsoomfwv txoj cai ywj pheej hauv Lavxias los ntawm kev txuas ntxiv suav nrog Alexander Solzhenitsyn ua "tus coj kev coj ncaj ncees", tus phab ej uas tawm tsam "kev ua qias neeg tag nrho ntawm Stalin," "Soviet faj tim teb chaws phem." Solzhenitsyn yog ib lub hauv paus ntawm kev xav ntawm niaj hnub Russia. Yog li qhov kev qhuas tas mus li, hais txog, ua lub cim xeeb nyob hauv cov cim nco, tsev khaws puav pheej, cov duab puab, cov npe chaw (txoj kev, plaub fab, thiab lwm yam). Kev qhia txog Solzhenitsyn txoj haujlwm rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm nrog lub hom phiaj txhawb kev ywj pheej thiab kev tawm tsam Soviet.
Txawm li cas los xij, hauv qhov tseeb, Alexander Solzhenitsyn yog ib qho "sau ntawv Vlasovite" uas tau txais koob meej thoob ntiaj teb tsuas yog ua tsaug rau kev txhawb nqa ntawm tus tswv ntawm Sab Hnub Poob, uas tab tom ua "txias" - cov ntaub ntawv, kev xav ua tsov rog tawm tsam Soviet kev vam meej. Raws li ib feem ntawm qhov kev tawm tsam no, kev hais lus tsis zoo ntawm Solzhenitsyn (tsis muaj zog hauv cov txuj ci zoo) tau xav tau thiab tau siv los ua cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm los thuam cov duab ntawm USSR thiab Stalin, "dub" dab neeg keeb kwm ntawm Soviet (Lavxias) keeb kwm.
Yog li, Solzhenitsyn dhau los ua ib qho cuab yeej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ua tsov rog ntawm Sab Hnub Poob tiv thaiv Russia-USSR, yog li kev muaj koob meej thiab suav nrog, suav nrog hauv Russia tom qab kev puas tsuaj loj xyoo 1991, thaum lub zog raug txeeb los ntawm cov neeg txais kev xav ntawm Westernized Februaryists uas tua Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. xyoo 1917 thiab Vlasovites uas tawm tsam teb chaws thaum lub sij hawm Tsov Rog Loj.
