Kev nyuaj siab ntawm Peb Reich. 75 xyoo dhau los, thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 16, 1945, Berlin pib ua phem. Qhov kev tawm tsam zaum kawg ntawm cov tub rog Soviet, thaum lub sijhawm Berlin raug coj mus, uas ua rau tsis muaj kev lees paub ntawm Peb Reich.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb
Thaum lub sijhawm Berlin ua haujlwm, Cov Tub Rog Liab tau muab lub ntsiab lus yeej hauv Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj thiab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum II hauv European theatre. Kev ua haujlwm tau kav 23 hnub - txij lub Plaub Hlis 16 txog Lub Tsib Hlis 8, 1945. Lub sijhawm no, Soviet pab tub rog tau ua haujlwm ntau yam: Stettinsko-Rostock, Zelovsko-Berlin, Cottbus-Potsdam, Shtremberg-Torgau thiab Brandenburg-Rathenovskoy kev ua haujlwm pem hauv ntej, cua daj cua dub ntawm Berlin.
Kev ua haujlwm tau koom nrog cov tub rog ntawm peb lub tebchaws Soviet: 1st Belorussian nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm G. K. Zhukov (lub hauv paus chaw), 2nd Belorussian nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm K. K. Rokossovsky (sab qaum teb) thiab 1st Ukrainian nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm I. S. Koneva (sab qab teb flank). Tsis tas li, qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm 1st Baltic Fleet tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Dnieper cov tub rog caij nkoj, thiab cov ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm 2nd Baltic Fleet tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Baltic Fleet. Kev txhawb nqa huab cua rau kev ua haujlwm tau muab los ntawm pawg tub rog thib 4, 16, 18 thiab 2.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Berlin yog ib qhov loj tshaj plaws hauv kev ua rog: ntau dua 3.5 lab tus tib neeg, ntau dua 52 txhiab rab phom thiab phom, ntau dua 7, 7 txhiab lub tso tsheb hlau luam thiab rab phom rau tus kheej, ntau dua 10 txhiab lub dav hlau sib ntaus tau koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm ob sab. Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau nthuav tawm ntawm 700-ntu ntu ntu ntawm pem hauv ntej los ntawm Hiav Txwv Baltic mus rau Sudetenland. Hauv tag nrho, kwv yees li 280 qhov kev sib faib tau koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua.
Kev khiav haujlwm Berlin tau muab faib ua peb theem: 1) Plaub Hlis 16-21, 1945 - rhuav tshem cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv ntawm tus dej Oder thiab Neisse; 2) Lub Plaub Hlis 22-25, 1945 - kev tsim tawm ntawm kev tawm tsam, faib pawg Berlin ntawm Wehrmacht ua peb ntu, tsim thaj tsam ib puag ncig hauv Berlin thiab sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm German peev; 3) Lub Plaub Hlis 26 - thaum ntxov Lub Tsib Hlis 1945 - kev puas tsuaj ntawm German pab tub rog nyob rau sab hnub poob Pomerania, cua daj cua dub ntawm Berlin, tshem tawm "boilers" thiab tawm ntawm Soviet pab tub rog nyob rau sab xub ntiag mus rau Elbe, qhov chaw sib tham nrog cov phooj ywg qhov chaw.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau xaus nrog kev ua tiav ntawm Red Army. Pawg neeg muaj zog Berlin ntawm Wehrmacht (kwv yees li 1 lab tus tib neeg) tau swb, tawg thiab raug ntes. Cov tub rog Soviet tua yeej tag nrho 93 pawg thiab 11 pawg tub rog ntawm tus yeeb ncuab, txog 400 txhiab tus neeg raug tua, txog 450 txhiab tus neeg raug kaw. Kev ntes Berlin coj mus rau kev sib tsoo ntawm cov tub rog-nom tswv cov neeg tseem ceeb ntawm Reich. Qee tus thawj coj German tau tua tus kheej, lwm tus tau sim khiav tawm. Lub koom haum tiv thaiv tau tawg. Muaj tsuas yog cov chaw sib cais uas muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua tshaj plaws. Kev swb hauv Berlin kev ua haujlwm tau coj mus rau Reich lub cev qhuav dej. Tsov rog nyob teb chaws Europe twb dhau lawm.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias kev swb sai sai ntawm cov tub rog German nyob rau hauv Berlin kev coj thiab kev ntes ntawm German peev thwarted cov phiaj xwm ntawm Nazi cov neeg tseem ceeb kom rub tawm kev ua tsov ua rog thiab tos rau kev sib cais hauv qib ntawm anti-Hitler koom ua ke.. Thiab muaj qhov muaj peev xwm nyob tau. Lub Plaub Hlis 12, 1945, Asmeskas Thawj Tswj Hwm Franklin Roosevelt, uas yog tus txhawb nqa txoj kab muag muag hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog Moscow, tau tuag. Qhov xwm txheej no ua rau muaj kev zoo siab hauv Berlin. Muaj laj thawj rau qhov no. Washington yuav luag tam sim tam sim ntawm kev tawm tsam nrog lub tebchaws Soviet. London txij thaum pib yog tus txhawb txoj cai nruj rau USSR. Hauv Sab Hnub Poob, kev npaj tau pib rau kev ua tsov rog ntiaj teb thib peb - tawm tsam Soviet Union. Cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv German vam tias kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm yav dhau los cov phoojywg yuav pib sai sai no. Thiab tom qab tshem tawm Hitler (Moor tau ua nws txoj haujlwm, Moor tuaj yeem tawm mus) nws yuav tuaj yeem pom zoo nrog London thiab Washington txog kev sib koom tes tawm tsam cov neeg Lavxias.
Yog li, kev ceev nrawm ntawm Berlin los ntawm Soviet pab tub rog tau ua rau muaj kev zoo siab ntawm Anglo-American txoj cai txiav txim. Cov Neeg Sab Hnub Poob tau xav tsis thoob los ntawm kev tawm tsam lub zog ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias. Lawv yuav tsum tswj lawv tus kheej rau qee lub sijhawm, ua txuj ua phoojywg, koom tes nrog USSR. Yog li ntawd, kev sib tham ntawm cov phoojywg ntawm Elbe tau nyob kaj siab lug. Cov tub rog ib txwm thiab cov tub ceev xwm, tsis paub txog "kev ua si loj", zoo siab heev.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm Berlin
Kev ua haujlwm Berlin tau npaj, tsis zoo li ntau lwm txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Tsov Rog Zaum Ob, tsuas yog ob lub lis piam. Lwm txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb, piv txwv li, Stalingrad thiab Vistula-Oder, tau npaj rau 1-2 lub hlis. Qhov no feem ntau yog los ntawm kev ua nom loj. Kev coj noj coj ua hauv Soviet xav tau sai sai rau Berlin txhawm rau xaus Nazi kev cia siab nyob rau sab Hnub Poob thiab tau txais daim npav ntaus suab hauv kev ua si nrog London thiab Washington.
Kev tawm tsam tau ua tiav los ntawm peb lub tebchaws Soviet ib zaug, xa rau rau ua ib txhij thiab tsom mus rau kev tawm tsam dav. Cov lus txib hauv Soviet tau tsim cov pab pawg tawm tsam muaj zog, uas ua rau nws tuaj yeem tsoo sai sai rau hauv cov yeeb ncuab kev tiv thaiv, tshem tawm, ncig thiab rhuav tshem pawg Berlin. Kev ua phem ua txhaum ib txhij ntawm peb lub tebchaws Soviet tau ua rau nws muaj peev xwm khi cov yeeb ncuab raws txoj kab Oder-Neissen tag nrho, tiv thaiv German kev txhawb nqa ntxiv thiab khaws cia los ntawm kev pab ntawm lub nroog cov tub rog.
Siab siab ntawm cov cuab yeej ua rog: 4 lub nkoj tub rog, 10 lub tank thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm kho tshuab, ntau pua pab tub rog thiab ib pab tub rog. Cov chaw txawb tau koom nrog hauv txhua theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm: lawv tsoo los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv ua ke nrog cov tub rog, ua haujlwm ntawm nws tus kheej hauv kev ua haujlwm tob, nqa tawm kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig Berlin los ntawm sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb, thiab cua daj cua dub lub nroog German. Huab cua thiab rab phom loj tshaj kuj tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm.
Cov tub rog Soviet ua tiav tau thov hauv Berlin qhov kev paub ntau ntawm kev sib ntaus hauv txoj kev hauv Stalingrad, Budapest thiab Königsberg. Cov neeg ua phem hauv tebchaws Soviet tau yoog lawv tus kheej sai sai rau hauv cov yeeb ncuab kev sib ntaus sib tua, tau mus rau lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb, tsis nkim sijhawm rau kev ua kom huv ntawm thaj chaw thiab thaj chaw, cov tub ceev xwm uas tuaj yeem ua tiav tom qab, lossis raug kaw. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua txhaum sai sai ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Nazis.
Kev nyuaj siab ntawm Reich
Txog lub Plaub Hlis 1945, Lub Tebchaws German tau mob siab rau. Txoj haujlwm tub rog-txoj haujlwm tsis muaj kev cia siab. Tsov rog tau tawm tsam German thaj chaw. Lub Reich tau cuam tshuam ntawm ob txoj hauv kev. Txog thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1945, Cov tub rog Lavxias tau kov yeej pawg tub rog German loj hauv tebchaws Poland, Silesia, Hungary, Slovakia, Austria, East Prussia thiab East Pomerania. Muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua rau kev dim ntawm Czech koom pheej. Hauv Latvia, Pab Pawg German Pab Pawg Courland raug thaiv, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Prussia, lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm Pab Pawg Pab Pawg Sab Qaum Teb tau raug rhuav tshem, thiab Königsberg poob. Pawg Pomeranian Sab Hnub Tuaj ntawm Wehrmacht tau swb lawm, nws cov seem tau ua tiav hauv thaj av Gdynia thiab Gdansk. Pab Pawg Pab Pawg Sab Qab Teb tau swb hnyav, thiab cov tub rog Soviet tau tso Bratislava, Vienna thiab Brno. Cov tub rog Soviet tau mus txog thaj tsam nruab nrab ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, hauv nruab nrab lawv tsuas yog 60 kilometers ntawm Berlin.
Ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob, qhov xwm txheej tseem pom zoo rau kev tawm tsam Hitler kev koom tes. Ntawm qhov kev taw qhia Italian, Fab Kis nyob ntawm Nice, thiab cov tub rog Anglo-American nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Florence. Pawg tub rog German C tau raug tshem tawm ntawm Sab Qaum Teb Ltalis. Siv cov kev ua tiav ntawm Lavxias thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm 6th SS Panzer Army thiab lwm yam kev tsim thiab chav nyob los ntawm Sab Hnub Poob mus rau Sab Hnub Tuaj, Cov Phooj Ywg rov pib ua phem rau lawv nyob rau ib nrab ntawm lub Peb Hlis 1945. Cov tub rog koom nrog hla Rhine, puag ncig Ruhr pab pawg ntawm Wehrmacht (pab pawg loj tshaj plaws ntawm Wehrmacht ntawm Sab Hnub Poob). Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 17, tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog pab pawg B, Walter Model, tau xaj kom tso caj npab thiab tua tus kheej rau hnub tim 21. Ntau tshaj 300 txhiab leej raug ntes. Cov tub rog German thiab cov tub ceev xwm. Qhov tseeb, German Sab Hnub Poob poob, Lub teb chaws Yelemees poob qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev ua tub rog -thaj tsam - Ruhr. Cov phoojywg tam sim no txav mus rau sab hnub tuaj nrog me lossis tsis muaj kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab. Cov neeg German tawm tsam tsuas yog qee qhov chaw. Cov tub rog koom nrog tau txav mus rau Hamburg, Leipzig thiab Prague.
Yav dhau los qeeb ntawm cov phoojywg tau hloov pauv sai. Cov lus Askiv-Asmeskas xav kom siv lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm sab hnub poob German pem hauv ntej kom nrawm mus rau Berlin thiaj li yuav nyob ua ntej cov neeg Lavxias. Tsis tas li, Cov Neeg Sab Hnub Poob xav nyob hauv thaj tsam German ntau li ntau tau. Tsuas yog kev tawm ntawm cov neeg Lavxias mus rau Berlin yuam cov Allies tso tseg lub tswv yim ntawm kev siv peev ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees lawv tus kheej. Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm Anglo-American rog thiab Lavxias tau raug txo kom 150-200 km. Cov phooj ywg ze tshaj plaws rau German peev (kwv yees li 100 km) tau tawm hauv cheeb tsam Magdeburg. Txawm li cas los xij, Askiv thiab Asmeskas yooj yim tsis muaj sijhawm txaus los npaj tawm tsam Berlin. Kev tshem tawm ua ntej tau mus txog Elbe thiab ntes lub taub hau me me, tab sis cov tub rog tseem ceeb nyob tom qab.
Kev lag luam German tau tuag. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1945, cov khoom lag luam tub rog piv nrog Lub Xya Hli 1944 poob 65%. Kev lag luam tub rog tsis tuaj yeem muab cov tub rog nrog txhua yam nws xav tau. Piv txwv li, kev tsim cov dav hlau txaus siab tsuas yog ib nrab ntawm qhov xav tau, kev tsim cov tso tsheb hlau luam tau poob ntau dua ob zaug (xyoo 1944, 705 lub tsheb tau tsim txhua hli, xyoo 1945 - 333), kev tsim cov phom loj thiab cov caj npab me yog nyob ntawm qib 50% ntawm qhov nruab nrab txhua hli tsim tawm xyoo 1944 g.
Lub teb chaws Yelemees kev lag luam thiab tib neeg cov peev txheej tau siv tas. Sab Hnub Tuaj Prussia thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj Pomerania, Silesia, Hungary, Slovakia thiab Austria nrog lawv cov peev txheej, kev lag luam, kev ua liaj ua teb thiab cov pej xeem poob lawm. Cov tub hluas hnub nyoog 16-17 xyoo twb tau npaj rau hauv pab tub rog lawm. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev poob uas cov tub rog German raug kev txom nyem thaum sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1945 tuaj yeem ua rau tsuas yog 45-50%. Qhov zoo ntawm cov neeg sau se tau poob.
Qhov txaus siab, txawm hais tias kev ua tub rog-nom tswv thiab kev lag luam puas tsuaj loj, German kev coj noj coj ua tau tswj hwm cov pej xeem kom txog thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov rog. Tsis yog swb hauv kev ua rog, lossis tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm kev lag luam, lossis tsis txaus ntshai, lossis tsis muaj ntaub pua plag, uas tau tshem tawm tag nrho cov nroog thiab rhuav tshem cov pej xeem coob, tsis ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam lossis tawm tsam. Qhov no yog vim muaj ntau yam. Cov neeg German yog cov neeg ua rog, tiv taus kev nyuaj thiab poob, raug qhuab qhia thiab tawv. Ntxiv rau kev tshaj tawm txuj ci nrog kev siv lub tshuab thev naus laus zis, uas tau tso rau hauv pawg neeg lub tswv yim ntawm "kev ua tsis ncaj ntawm tus thawj coj", "kev ua tsis tiav ntawm pab tub rog", "kev xaiv", thiab lwm yam Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj "kem thib tsib" hauv Lub teb chaws Yelemees, nrog rau kev tawm tsam Nazis. Txhua qhov "tsis pom zoo" tau raug tshem tawm ua ntej tsov rog. Yog li ntawd, tib neeg mus rau qhov kawg ntseeg ib qho hauv "riam phom txuj ci tseem ceeb" uas yuav hloov pauv txoj kev ua tsov rog, lossis hauv kev sib cav ntawm Anglo-Asmeskas thiab Lavxias. Cov tub rog thiab cov tub ceev xwm tau tawm tsam hauv kev qhuab qhia, cov neeg ua haujlwm sawv ntawm lawv lub tshuab.
Reich tseem yog tus yeeb ncuab muaj zog kom txog thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov rog. Kev coj noj coj ua German vam tias yuav kawg rau "txuj ci tseem ceeb" thiab ua txhua yam kom rub tawm kev ua tsov rog. Cov tub rog txuas ntxiv thim tawm ntawm Sab Hnub Poob txhawm rau txhawm rau ntxiv dag zog rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm thaj av Berlin. Reich tseem muaj cov tub rog npaj tau zoo heev - tsuas yog cov hauv av muaj tag nrho 325 kev sib faib (263 kev sib faib, 14 pawg tub rog, 82 pab pawg sib ntaus sib tua ntawm kev sib cais, seem ntawm kev sib cais, seem ntawm cov tub rog, pab pawg sib ntaus, thiab lwm yam). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, German cov lus txib tuav lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj: 167 kev sib faib (suav nrog 32 lub tank thiab 13 lub tsheb loj), thiab ntau dua 60 pab pawg sib ntaus sib tua, seem ntawm kev sib faib, seem ntawm pab tub rog, pab pawg sib ntaus, uas yog, txhais ua kev sib cais, qhov no sib haum rau 195 kev faib. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj kev sib faib tsis muaj zog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Sab Hnub Poob - lawv tau kawm tsawg dua, ua tub rog, ua haujlwm tsuas yog 50-60%, kev rov ua haujlwm tsis zoo (cov txiv neej laus thiab cov tub hluas).
Cov phiaj xwm thiab cov zog ntawm kev coj ua German
Raws li tau sau tseg saum toj no, Tus thawj coj German tau sim nrog nws lub peev xwm los rub tawm kev ua tsov rog. Hitler thiab nws cov phooj ywg xav khaws cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm Nazi tog, coj lawv, nrog rau cov khoom muaj nyiag thoob plaws hauv Europe, kub rau ntau yam "tshwj tseg tshav dav hlau", piv txwv li, hauv Latin America. Nyob rau yav tom ntej, rov kho "Eternal Reich", txuas ntxiv, "ywj pheej". Nkag mus rau hauv kev koom tes nrog Tebchaws Askiv thiab Tebchaws Asmeskas tawm tsam USSR.
Qhov kev cia siab zaum kawg ntawm ib feem ntawm Reich kev coj noj coj ua yog kom tso Berlin rau Anglo-American pab tub rog, tsis txhob cia cov neeg Lavxias nkag mus rau hauv lub peev. Yog li ntawd, German Sab Hnub Poob tau qaug zog. Cov neeg German tau tawm tsam ib nrab-mob siab rau sab hnub poob. Tsuas yog kev txav nrawm ntawm Soviet pab tub rog mus rau Berlin thwarted cov phiaj xwm no. Cov neeg Askiv thiab Asmeskas yooj yim tsis muaj sijhawm mus txog Berlin.
Cov lus hais hauv German siab tau mob siab rau pab pawg muaj zog ntawm Berlin kev coj. Feem ntau ntawm tib neeg thiab cov khoom siv tau qhia kom txhawb Vistula thiab Center pab pawg pab tub rog. Cov neeg German tau tshem tawm cov tub rog tshwj tseg, txhua tus tub rog tshwj tseg, lub tank, rab phom loj thiab cov chav tshwj xeeb, tsev kawm ntawv thiab tsev kawm qib siab tub rog siab dua. Thaum tus nqi ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm, riam phom thiab khoom siv ntawm cov koog no, kev sib faib ntawm ob pab tub rog nyob hauv Berlin tau coj mus ntxiv. Thaum pib ua haujlwm Berlin, cov tuam txhab German muaj 100 tus neeg sib ntaus sib tua, thiab kev sib faib muaj 7-8 txhiab tus neeg.
Cov peev txheej tau tsim tau nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm German peev. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, thaum kawg ntawm lub Peb Hlis - pib lub Plaub Hlis 1945, feem ntau ntawm cov xov tooj ntawm tes tau thim rov qab. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, lawv tau ua tiav nrog cov peev txheej thiab cov cuab yeej siv. Tsis tas li, cov peev txheej tau tsim los ntawm cov nuj nqis ntawm cov chav uas tau swb yav dhau los. Cov tub rog tub rog tau nquag tsim. Muaj txog 200 leej ntawm lawv nyob hauv lub nroog ib leeg xwb. Cov Nazis tau sim npaj cov tub rog loj thiab ua phem rau tom qab cov yeeb ncuab kab. Tab sis tag nrho, txoj haujlwm no tau ua tsis tiav. Cov neeg German tsis ua tiav hauv kev teeb tsa, ua raws li piv txwv ntawm Russia, thiab nthuav tawm cov haujlwm loj uas muaj feem ntau.
Npaj rau kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Berlin, Cov neeg German tau sib sau ua ke lawv cov rog hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub Plaub Hlis 1945. Lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm pab tub rog Panzer thib 3 tau pauv los ntawm sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj mus rau Berlin. Txhawm rau npog lub peev los ntawm sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj, cov lus txib ntawm Pab Pawg Pabcuam Hauv Chaw tau xa nws cov peev txheej mus rau sab laug ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 4th Panzer Army.
Feem ntau, hauv Berlin cov lus qhia tawm tsam cov tub rog ntawm 2nd thiab 1st Belorussian thiab 1st Ukrainian fronts, Nazis tau tsom mus rau pawg coob. Cov tub rog ntawm peb lub tebchaws Soviet tau tiv thaiv los ntawm: 1) pab tub rog ntawm Vistula Army Group raws li cov lus txib ntawm G. Heinrici: pab tub rog thib 3 ntawm H. Manteuffel, pab tub rog thib 9 ntawm T. Busse; pab tub rog ntawm Pawg Pab Pawg Center F. Scherner: 4th Panzer Army F. Greser, ib feem ntawm 17th Army V. Hasse. Tag nrho ntawm 63 kev sib cais (suav nrog 6 lub tank, 9 lub cev muaj zog) thiab ntau qhov sib cais ntawm cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog, cov phom loj, kev tsim vaj tsev, tshwj xeeb thiab lwm chav. Pab pawg Berlin suav txog 1 lab tus tib neeg (ua ke nrog cov tub rog, tub rog ntawm ntau yam kev pabcuam tub rog, thiab lwm yam), ntau dua 10 txhiab rab phom thiab tshuaj khib, kwv yees li 1,500 lub tso tsheb hlau luam thiab rab phom tua tus kheej. Cov Nazis tau tsim kom muaj pab pawg dav hlau muaj zog nyob hauv cheeb tsam peev, tau hloov pauv ntawm no yuav luag txhua qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua npaj txhij ntawm Luftwaffe - ntau dua 3,300 lub dav hlau.
