Kev nyuaj siab ntawm Peb Reich. 75 xyoo dhau los, thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 6, 1945, cov tub rog ntawm Peb Belorussian Front 3 tau pib ua phem rau Konigsberg. Hnub plaub ntawm kev ua haujlwm, cov tub rog ntawm lub zog muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm Reich tau tso tseg.
Kev swb ntawm East Prussian pawg ntawm Wehrmacht
Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 13, 1945, Pawg Tub Rog Liab (pab tub rog thib ob thiab thib 3 ntawm Belorussian fronts, ib feem ntawm 1st Baltic Front) tau pib ua haujlwm East Prussian cov phiaj xwm phiaj xwm nrog rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshem tawm thiab tshem tawm Pawg Sab Hnub Tuaj Prussian ntawm Wehrmacht (Pab Pawg Pab Pawg Center), los ntawm 26 Lub Ib Hlis - Pab Pawg Sab Qaum Teb), kev ua haujlwm ntawm East Prussia, thaj chaw tseem ceeb tub rog -kev lag luam ntawm Peb Reich. Cov lus German siab tau thov kom East Prussia tuav ntawm tus nqi.
Cov tub rog ntawm 2nd Belorussian Pem Hauv Ntej raws li KK Rokossovsky tsoo los ntawm kev muaj zog tiv thaiv ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, thaiv thaj tsam Mlavsky muaj zog, thiab coj lub nroog Mlava thaum Lub Ib Hlis 19. Nyob rau sab qab teb flank, Soviet pab tub rog coj Modlin fortress. Soviet pab pawg poob siab ua lawv txoj hauv kev mus rau hiav txwv, tsim kev hem thawj los puag ncig pab tub rog German thib 4. Cov tub rog German tau pib thim rov qab mus rau txoj kab uas muaj zog nyob ntawm pas dej Masurian. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov tub rog ntawm 3rd Belorussian Front nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm ID … Peb cov tub rog tau coj cov chaw German muaj zog tiv thaiv: Tilsit (Lub Ib Hlis 19), Gumbinnen (Lub Ib Hlis 21) thiab Insterburg (Lub Ib Hlis 22). Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 29, Chernyakhovsky cov tub rog tau mus txog ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Baltic Hiav Txwv, hla dhau Konigsberg los ntawm sab qaum teb.
Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 26, 1945, Rokossovsky cov tub rog tsoo hla mus rau Baltic sab qaum teb ntawm Elbing, txiav tawm East Prussian pawg ua ke los ntawm seem Wehrmacht rog. Cov neeg German tau teeb tsa kev tawm tsam hnyav los ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Prussia thiab Sab Hnub Pomerania txhawm rau txhawm rau rov kho txoj kev hauv av raws ntug dej hiav txwv. Cov tub rog ntawm 2nd BF: 48th thiab 5th Guards Tank Army, 8th Guards Tank, 8th Mechanized thiab 3rd Guards Cavalry Corps, tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab tawm tsam thaum Lub Ob Hlis 8. Pawg East Prussian tau raug txiav tawm. Tom qab ntawd, Rokossovsky lub hauv ntej tau pib ua haujlwm nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Pomerania, thiab 3rd BF thiab 1st PF tau xav kom ua tiav kev swb ntawm cov yeeb ncuab hauv cheeb tsam Königsberg. Txhawm rau ua kom yeej ntawm cov yeeb ncuab pab pawg thiab ntxiv dag zog rau 3rd BF, 50th, 3rd, 48th thiab 5th Guards Tank Armies tau xa mus rau nws los ntawm 2nd BF. Cov tub rog ntawm Chernyakhovsky tau rhuav tshem cov yeeb ncuab Heilsberg pawg.
Tsis tas li, Thawj Baltic Pem Hauv Ntej raws li cov lus txib ntawm I. Kh. Baghramyan tau koom nrog hauv kev swb ntawm pawg German. Soviet siab hais kom rov ua nws cov rog. 1st PF los ntawm 3rd Belorussian Pem Hauv Ntej suav nrog 43rd, 39th thiab 11th Guards armies, 1st Tank Corps. Thiab kev tsim ntawm 1st PF, uas tawm tsam hauv Courland, tshwj tsis yog rau Pawg Tub Rog Huab Cua thib 3, tau pauv mus rau 2nd Baltic Front. Baghramyan cov tub rog tau ua lub luag haujlwm rhuav tshem Zemland thiab tom qab ntawd Konigsberg pab pawg ntawm cov neeg German nyob rau thawj theem ntawm kev tawm tsam. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 24, 1945, 1st PF tau raug tshem tawm, thiab nws cov tub rog, tau hloov pauv mus rau hauv Zemland Group of Forces, tau ua haujlwm qis rau 3rd BF.
Kev puas tsuaj ntawm pab pawg Heilsberg
Cov tub rog Soviet hla dhau Konigsberg los ntawm sab qab teb thiab sab qaum teb, tau kaw qhov chaw mus rau lub peev ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Prussia, thiab tau ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm Zemland Peninsula thiab feem ntau ntawm East Prussia. Cov kab tiv thaiv tseem ceeb ntawm cov yeeb ncuab, tshwj tsis yog Königsberg nws tus kheej thiab thaj tsam muaj zog Heilsberg, poob. Pawg Sab Hnub Tuaj Prussian (Pab Pawg Sab Qaum Teb) poob hauv kev sib cuag nrog Reich thiab tau faib ua peb pawg sib cais: Heilsberg, Koenigsberg, thiab Zemland. Cov neeg German muaj lub zog loj: 32 kev sib cais (suav nrog 2 lub tank thiab 3 lub cev muaj zog), 2 pab pawg thiab 1 pab tub rog. Ntawm Zemland ceg av qab teb, ntau qhov kev sib cais hauv German txuas ntxiv tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej - pab tub rog ntawm Pab Pawg Panzer thib 3 (nws txoj kev tswj hwm raug coj mus rau Pomerania). Hauv cheeb tsam Königsberg, tsib qhov kev sib cais ntxiv rau cov tub rog hauv nroog tau raug thaiv. Cov pab pawg muaj zog tshaj plaws-23 kev sib faib, 2 pab pawg thiab 1 pawg tub rog (Tub Rog 4), raug nias tawm tsam Baltic ntug dej hiav txwv sab qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm Königsberg, hauv thaj tsam Braunsberg-Hejlsberg. Cov lus txib German vam tias yuav kaw cov yeeb ncuab ntev nyob hauv thaj av Königsberg, uas tau suav hais tias yog lub chaw ruaj khov uas tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv tau, txhawm rau txhawm rau ua kom muaj zog loj ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias ntawm no. Cov pab pawg sib cais tau mus koom ua ke, tom qab ntawd kho txoj kev hauv av nrog Pomerania.
Qhov kev hais kom ua thib 3 BF tau npaj txiav tawm Heilsberg pab pawg los ntawm hiav txwv nrog kev tawm tsam los ntawm 5th Guards Tank Army ntawm Volsky los ntawm sab hnub poob thiab 5th Army ntawm Krylov, thiab lwm pab tub rog tau faib nws thiab rhuav tshem nws los ntawm thooj. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm cov tub rog tank-kom txiav tawm Nazis los ntawm Frische-Huff bay thiab tiv thaiv lawv kom dim ntawm Frische-Nerung nto qaub ncaug. Aviation tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm: 1st thiab thib 3 cov tub rog huab cua, kev ya dav hlau ntawm Baltic Fleet.
Txawm li cas los xij, txoj phiaj xwm no tsis tau ua tiav thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1945. Cov neeg German tso siab rau thaj chaw muaj zog muaj zog tshaj plaws (tom qab Konigsberg), qhov uas muaj ntau dua 900 qhov kev txhawb nqa ua vaj tsev, nrog rau ntau lub bunkers thiab cov teeb meem. Cov tub rog muaj cov phom loj loj thiab cov tsheb ua rog. Ib tus lej tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog nyob hauv thaj chaw me me tso cai rau German hais kom ua kom sib zog sib ntaus sib tua thiab faib cov peev txheej muaj zog. Cov Nazis tau tawm tsam tawv ncauj, tawm tsam tsis tu ncua, tswj hwm cov peev txheej, kaw qhov chaw txaus ntshai sai, tsis tso cai rau lawv tus kheej hla dhau thiab puag ncig, yog tias tsim nyog, thim rov qab mus rau tom ntej thiab tshwj xeeb kab kev tiv thaiv. Yog tias tsim nyog, Cov Neeg German tau rhuav tshem ntau lub tshuab hydraulic (kwj dej, lub pas dej, twj, thiab lwm yam), dej nyab qee thaj chaw thiab ua rau cov yeeb ncuab txav mus los nyuaj. Cov tub rog Soviet tau nkees nkees thiab tso ntshav los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav dhau los, tsis muaj kev txhawb ntxiv (lawv tawm mus rau Berlin kev taw qhia), lub tsheb poob qab. Ib qho ntxiv, thaum pib lub Ob Hlis, lub caij ntuj no rov qab los: te daus thiab daus poob, thiab nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub hlis thaw dua. Cov cua daj cua dub hloov pauv los nag, txoj hauv kev ua av tsis yooj yim sua, thiab cov tshav dav hlau yam tsis muaj lub hau npog tsis tuaj yeem siv tau. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, qhov nrawm ntawm cov tub rog txav mus rau 1.5-2 km ib hnub. Txog Lub Ob Hlis 21, Lub taub hau German tau raug txiav ib nrab, nrog rau pem hauv ntej mus rau 50 km thiab tob mus rau 15-25 km. Tab sis Nazis tseem tawm tsam hnyav.
Cov tub rog ntawm 1st PF kuj tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav tam sim ntawd, sib ntaus hauv ob qho kev qhia: Zemland Peninsula thiab Koenigsberg. Baghramyan pem hauv ntej tsis muaj lub tank txaus tsim thiab mos txwv. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 19, 1945, Nazis tsoo hauv thaj tsam Königsberg: los ntawm ib sab ntawm lub peev ntawm East Prussia nws tus kheej thiab los ntawm Zemland Peninsula. Tom qab peb hnub ntawm kev tawm tsam tawv ncauj, cov neeg German thawb peb cov tub rog rov qab thiab tsim txoj hauv kev ntawm Königsberg thiab Zemland. Ob pawg neeg German tau koom ua rog, uas tso cai rau Königsberg tuav mus txog thaum lub Plaub Hlis.
Soviet cov lus txib siab tau txiav txim siab ua ke ua rog ntawm ob sab: 1st PF thiab 3rd BF. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom muaj kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev npaj ua haujlwm kom raug. 1st PF tau hloov pauv mus rau hauv Zemland pab pawg, subordinate rau 3rd BF. Baghramyan tau raug xaiv los ua tus thawj coj hauv ntej thiab tus thawj coj ntawm Zemland pab pawg. Txog thaum Lub Peb Hlis 12, 1945, Soviet pab tub rog tau npaj rau qhov kev tawm tsam tshiab. Kev ua haujlwm tau ua tib zoo npaj, pem hauv ntej tau ntxiv nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov khoom siv thiab cov txuj ci. Vasilevsky raug ncua ib ntus kev tawm tsam hauv Zemland cov lus qhia thiab tsom mus rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm pawg Heilsberg.
Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 13, peb cov tub rog tau mus tom ntej dua. Cov yeeb ncuab tau daws ob lub zog los ntawm sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj hauv kev coj ua ntawm Heiligenböil. Lub sijhawm no qhov kev tawm tsam tau ua tiav. Txog Lub Peb Hlis 19, tus yeeb ncuab lub taub hau tau raug txo qis rau 30 km raws ntawm xub ntiag thiab 7-10 km tob. Soviet rab phom loj tau tua tag nrho ntawm cov yeeb ncuab txoj haujlwm. Aviation, uas tau foob pob rau cov neeg German nruab hnub thiab hmo ntuj, tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tshem tawm cov yeeb ncuab pawg. Qhov teeb meem no tau ua tiav. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 20, Tus Thawj Coj German tau txiav txim siab tshem cov tub rog mus rau thaj tsam Pillau. Txawm li cas los xij, Cov Neeg German tsis muaj kev thauj khoom txaus los nqa tawm pab tub rog thib 4. Cov tub rog yuav tsum faus lawv tus kheej hauv av thiab tawm tsam. Cov tub rog Soviet tau mus txog Frisches Huff Bay hauv ntau qhov chaw, ua kom cov pab pawg tawg ua ib feem. Txog Lub Peb Hlis 26, Cov Neeg German tseem tuav lub taub hau me me ntawm Balga Peninsula. Peb hnub tom qab, cov seem ntawm pab pawg Heilsberg raug tshem tawm. Txog 140 txhiab tus neeg German raug tua lossis raug kaw. Tsuas yog ib feem me me ntawm pab pawg German (kwv yees li 5 txhiab tus neeg) ua lawv txoj kev mus rau Frische-Nerung nto qaub ncaug thiab mus rau Pillau.
Tom qab kev tshem tawm ntawm pawg Heilsberg, Soviet Lub Tsev Haujlwm Loj tau tshem tawm kev tswj hwm thiab lub hauv paus chaw ntawm Zemland pab pawg ntawm cov rog, uas dhau los ua ib feem ntawm 3rd BF. Tam sim no Vasilevsky cov tub rog yuav tsum ua tiav East Prussian kev ua haujlwm thiab coj Konigsberg, tom qab ntawd tshem Zemland ceg av qab teb los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab thiab nyob Pillau.
Konigsberg kev ua haujlwm. Kev quab yuam ntawm ob tog
Cov tub rog 39th, 43rd, 50th thiab 11th Guards, cov tub rog huab cua thib 1 thiab thib 3, tsim los ntawm pab tub rog dav dav thib 18, dav hlau ya dav hlau, thiab ob lub foob pob dav hlau ntawm RVGK tau koom nrog cua daj cua dub. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, ntau dua 185 txhiab tus neeg (ncaj qha lub nroog tau cua daj cua dub, raws li ntau qhov chaw, 100-130 txhiab tus tib neeg), ntau dua 5 txhiab rab phom thiab mortars, ntau dua 500 lub tso tsheb hlau luam thiab rab phom rau tus kheej, 2500 lub dav hlau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntau dua 45% ntawm cov phom loj yog cov phom hnyav, phom loj thiab tshwj xeeb lub zog los rhuav tshem cov chaw tiv thaiv German. Txhawm rau daws qhov teeb meem qub, kwv yees li 45% ntawm cov dav hlau sib ntaus yog cov foob pob.
Cov lus hais ua ntej tau txiav txim siab tawm tsam lub peev ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Prussia los ntawm sab qaum teb (43th thiab 50th pab tub rog ntawm Beloborodov thiab Ozerov) thiab los ntawm sab qab teb (11th Guards Army of Galitsky). Cov tub rog 39th ntawm Lyudnikov tau nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob ntawm Koenigsberg thiab xav tias yuav mus txog ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Frischer-Huff Bay, txiav Koenigsberg cov tub rog los ntawm Zemland pab pawg. Ib qho ntxiv, kev tawm tsam ntawm 39th Army tiv thaiv Königsberg cov tub rog los ntawm kev rov qab mus rau Pillau.
Cov neeg German muaj cov tub rog loj nyob hauv cheeb tsam. Thaum pib lub Plaub Hlis 1945, peb cov tub rog tau tawm tsam los ntawm Zemland pawg neeg ua haujlwm raws li tus thawj coj ntawm pawg tub rog thib 4, General Müller, uas suav nrog Königsberg garrison. Zemland pab pawg muaj 4 pawg (9th, 26th pab tub rog, cov seem ntawm pab tub rog 4 - 55th thiab 6th corps), Konigsberg garrison thiab ntau pawg sib cais. Tag nrho ntawm 11 pawg, 1 pawg tub rog, cais cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog tshwj xeeb, cov tub rog tshwj xeeb thiab cov tub rog. Tsis tas li, German cov lus txib tau sim rov kho ntau qhov kev sib cais los ntawm kev sib ntaus 4 pawg tub rog. Raws li Soviet kev txawj ntse, Cov tub rog German suav tag nrho txog 200-250 txhiab tus tib neeg.
Lub peev ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Prussia nws tus kheej tau tiv thaiv los ntawm plaub qhov kev sib tua hauv cov tub rog tuag (548th, 561st, 367th thiab 69th Infantry Division, lub hauv paus ntawm 61st Infantry Division, pawg sib ntaus sib tua pab pawg Mikos, thiab pab pawg tub ceev xwm Schubert), cais cov tub rog rog, ntau qhov kev nyab xeeb, cov chaw ruaj khov thiab cov tub rog rog. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, Konigsberg cov tub rog suav txog 130 txhiab tus neeg, kwv yees li 4 txhiab rab phom thiab phom, ntau dua 100 lub tso tsheb hlau luam thiab rab phom uas siv rau tus kheej. Los ntawm huab cua, cov tub ceev xwm hauv nroog tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm pab pawg dav hlau, uas tau ua raws Zemland ceg av qab teb (170 lub tsheb). General Otto von Läsch yog tus thawj coj ntawm lub nroog thiab Königsberg fortress.
Cov neeg German tau tso siab rau cov txheej txheem muaj zog tiv thaiv. Lawv teeb tsa peb txoj kab tiv thaiv nyob ib puag ncig lub nroog, uas tau ua tiav nrog cov ntsiab lus tua mus sij hawm ntev, sab nrauv thiab sab hauv sab hauv, chaw nyob, tiv thaiv lub tank thiab tiv thaiv cov neeg ua haujlwm, uas tau ntxiv los ntawm txoj haujlwm. Cov lus hais hauv German ntseeg tias tom qab sib ntaus sib tua hnyav hauv cheeb tsam Heilsberg, cov neeg Lavxias yuav so. Tias muaj sijhawm rau kev rov kho dua ntawm Pawg Tub Rog 4 thiab ntxiv dag zog rau kev tiv thaiv Zemland thiab Königsberg. Cov Nazis txawm tau npaj yuav tawm tsam kev tawm tsam yav tom ntej nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev nthuav dav cov choj nyob hauv thaj chaw ntug dej hiav txwv thiab peev ntawm East Prussia. Ib qho ntxiv, cov neeg German tau yuam kev xaiv qhov kev taw qhia ntawm kev tawm tsam tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg Lavxias. Nws tau ntseeg tias cov neeg Lavxias yuav tawm tsam thawj zaug hauv Zemland cov lus qhia thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd lawv puas yuav tsoo lub Koenigsberg tag nrho. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, ib feem ntawm cov tub rog los ntawm lub nroog tau thim rov qab mus rau ceg av qab teb (suav nrog Pawg 5 Panzer) thiab cov tub rog tsis muaj zog.
Cua daj
Ob peb hnub ua ntej qhov kev txiav txim siab ua phem rau lub peev ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Prussia, Soviet rab phom loj tau pib ua kom puas tsuaj cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv thiab ua haujlwm. Cov xwm txheej huab cua tsis tau tso cai siv aviation tag nrho, yog li kev qhia ua ntej tua hluav taws tau dhau los ua qhov tsis zoo tshaj qhov xav tau. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 6, thaum 12 teev, kev tawm tsam ntawm lub nroog muaj zog pib. Twb tau nyob rau thawj hnub ntawm kev ua haujlwm, cov tub rog ntawm 39th tau cuam tshuam txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau Königsberg-Pillau. Kev sib txuas ntawm Koenigsberg garrison nrog Zemland pawg raug txiav tawm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tub rog ntawm lwm cov tub rog Soviet tau tuav 15 qhov chaw nyob ze lub nroog, tsoo rau hauv Königsberg nws tus kheej thiab tso ntau tshaj 100 lub hlis twg. Cov pab pawg ua phem tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev faib thiab cov tub rog, uas coj ib lub tsev los ntawm ib lub tsev, ib txoj kev los ntawm txoj kev, thaiv los ntawm thaiv.
Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 7-8, huab cua zoo dua qub. Soviet aviation tau koom tes nrog kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 7, peb lub dav hlau tau ua ntau dua 4,700 qhov kev xaiv, nyob rau hnub tim 8 - tshaj 6,000. Txog qhov kawg ntawm lub Plaub Hlis 8, Cov tub rog Soviet tau nyob hauv qhov chaw nres nkoj thiab kev sib tshuam tsheb nqaj hlau, ntau tus tub rog tseem ceeb thiab cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam. Kev thaiv lub nroog los ntawm Zemland cov lus qhia tau ua kom muaj zog. Cov neeg German tau thov kom tso lawv txhais caj npab, tab sis lawv tsis kam. Thaum sawv ntxov ntawm lub Plaub Hlis 9, Cov tub rog Soviet tau tawm tsam kev sim ntawm ib feem ntawm cov tub rog German kom tawg mus rau Zemland ceg av qab teb. Cov pab pawg German "Zemland" cuam tshuam nws qhov tshwj tseg (5th Panzer Division) rau hauv kev sib ntaus los ntaus nws txoj kev mus rau hauv nroog. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev tawm tsam no tau tawm tsam. Lub caij no, peb cov phom loj thiab dav hlau (kwv yees li 1,500 lub dav hlau) tsoo lub zog ntawm cov yeeb ncuab uas tseem tshuav. Tom qab ntawd, chav nyob ntawm pab tub rog tiv thaiv 11 tau kov yeej Nazis nyob hauv plawv nroog. Txog 21:00 qhov seem ntawm cov tub rog German tau tso lawv txhais caj npab. Cov chaw kawg ntawm kev tawm tsam tau raug tshem tawm thaum lub Plaub Hlis 10.
Thaum sib ntaus sib tua rau Königsberg, cov neeg German poob ntau dua 40 txhiab tus neeg raug tua, txog 90 txhiab tus neeg raug ntes. Pawg Konigsberg tau raug rhuav tshem. Qhov kev cia siab ntawm German High Command rau qhov "tiv thaiv tsis tau" lub chaw tiv thaiv tau tawg. Cov tub rog Soviet tau coj lub chaw tseem ceeb thib ob ntawm Reich. Cov av Slavic-Lavxias qub ntawm Prussia-Porussia rov qab los rau cov neeg Lavxias (Rus).
Nyeem ntxiv txog K operationnigsberg kev ua haujlwm hauv kab lus: Kev ua haujlwm Königsberg; Kev puas tsuaj ntawm pab pawg Heilsberg (tub rog thib 4); Storming ntawm Koenigsberg. Kev tawg ntawm kev tiv thaiv German; Hnub thib ob ntawm kev ua phem rau Koenigsberg. Qhov hloov pauv hloov pauv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua; Kev poob ntawm Koenigsberg; Kev swb ntawm pab pawg "Zemland". Kev ua phem rau Pillau.
