"Miracle on the Vistula" tau tshwm sim 100 xyoo dhau los. Pilsudski muaj peev xwm kov yeej Tukhachevsky cov tub rog. Cov lus txib Polish, nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Sab Hnub Poob, muaj peev xwm ua tib zoo mloog cov pab pawg tawm tsam (110 txhiab tus neeg). Thaum Lub Yim Hli 14, 1920, Cov tub rog Polish tau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam. Hauv kev tawm tsam tawv tawv thaum Lub Yim Hli 15-20, cov tub rog ntawm Sab Hnub Poob tau swb thiab raug kev txom nyem hnyav. Raws li kev hem thawj ntawm ib puag ncig thiab ua kom puas tsuaj tag nrho, Soviet pab tub rog tau rov qab mus rau Belarus los ntawm 25 Lub Yim Hli.
Mus rau Warsaw
Raws li kev ua tiav ntawm Lub Xya Hli kev ua tiav ntawm Pab Pawg Liab hauv Belarus, tshaj tawm cov lus tshaj tawm zoo los ntawm kev hais kom ua ntawm Sab Hnub Poob coj los ntawm Tukhachevsky thiab Commander-in-Chief Kamenev, tsoomfwv Soviet tau txais kev pom zoo tias Poland tau nyob ze ntawm qhov poob. Sai li bourgeois Poland raug thawb, nws yuav tawg. Thiab hla Warsaw nws yuav tuaj yeem tsa tus chij liab thiab tsim los ntawm Polish Socialist Republic. Thiab tom qab ntawd cov neeg tawm tsam tuaj yeem sawv hauv Berlin ib yam. Kev hloov pauv thoob ntiaj teb coj los ntawm Trotsky npau suav txog "kev hloov pauv ntiaj teb." Lenin txhawb cov phiaj xwm no.
Raws li qhov tshwm sim, tau ua yuam kev yuam kev. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum mob siab rau txhawm rau txhim kho ciam teb ntawm keeb kwm Russia, tsom mus rau lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm Lvov kev coj. Liberate Galicia los ntawm tus ncej. Ib qho ntxiv, kev ua tsov rog hauv tebchaws Russia tseem tsis tau tiav. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog kom yeej Wrangel cov tub rog thiab tso Crimea los ntawm White Guard, tom qab ntawd Sab Hnub Tuaj. Stalin hais txog qhov no. Warsaw tsis yog lub nroog Lavxias. Tsis muaj leej twg nyob sab nraud Russia (tshwj tsis yog pab pawg tsawg ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam) pom Bolsheviks raws li "kev tso tawm". Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, Kev tshaj tawm sab hnub poob tsim cov duab "Bolsheviks ntshav", kev tawm tsam tshiab ntawm "Lavxias barbarians" mus rau Tebchaws Europe. Cov Tub Rog Liab tau nthuav tawm raws li pawg neeg tua neeg, kev dag ntxias thiab kev tsim txom. Nrog kev hloov pauv kev ua phem rau Poland, Soviet-Polish tsov rog poob nws tus cwj pwm thiab dhau los ua qhov tsis tseem ceeb rau tib neeg. Nws tau txaus los kho cov ciam teb sab hnub poob ntawm Dawb Russia. Thiab cov tswv yim ntawm kev tawm tsam Trotskyists tau txaus ntshai rau Russia, ua rau nws puas tsuaj.
Yog li, tsoomfwv Soviet tau ua raws kev coj ntawm cov neeg txhawb ntawm "kev hloov pauv ntiaj teb". Lawv vam tias yuav tsoo Poland nrog ib lub tshuab. Tsim tsoomfwv Soviet nyob ntawd. Dzerzhinsky twb tau npaj tsim cov tub rog Polish ntawm Red Army. Qab Poland tso lub teb chaws Yelemees - swb, txaj muag, tshem riam phom thiab plundered. Tseem tsis tau muaj kev cia siab tom qab nws tus kheej kev hloov pauv, nws tau ntxhov siab los ntawm kev qaug zog ntawm kev tawm tsam thiab kev tawm tsam. Rau Galicia - tib Hungary. "Kev hloov pauv ntiaj teb" zoo li nyob ze dua qub.
Warsaw kev ua haujlwm
Cov tub rog ntawm Red Army, tsis txhob tsom mus rau lawv cov kev siv zog ntawm ib qho kev coj ua, tau tawg. Cov tub rog tau tsav mus rau Lvov thiab Warsaw. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus yeeb ncuab tsis tau xav txog, zoo li tau txiav txim siab los ntawm Entente kom txuag Poland, thiab lawv cov rog tau raug ntsuas ntau dhau. Cov Tub Rog Liab twb tau qaug zog thiab tso ntshav tawm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm dhau los. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los muab kev sib cais so, rov ua dua thiab rov kho lawv. Txhawm rau txhawm rau khaws cov peev txheej thiab cov kev pabcuam tom qab, kom tau txais lub hauv paus ntawm cov kab uas tau ua tiav. Npaj cov khoom lag luam, tsim kev sib txuas lus. Tam sim ntawd, yam tsis muaj kev ncua, tom qab Lub Xya Hli ua haujlwm (Lub Xya Hli 4-23, 1920), Cov Tub Rog Liab pib ua haujlwm Warsaw. Los ntawm kab Grodno, Slonim thiab Pinsk, pab tub rog ntawm Sab Hnub Poob (kwv yees li 140 txhiab tus txiv neej) tau pib ua phem tshiab.
Kev sim los ntawm cov tub rog Polish yav dhau los (1st thiab 4th pab tub rog, kwv yees li 50 txhiab tus neeg) kom nres Reds tsis ua rau muaj kev vam meej. Kev tiv thaiv Polish tau tawg dhau yuav luag tam sim. Tom qab hla Neman thiab Shara, thaum Lub Xya Hli 25, peb cov tub rog tau dim Volkovysk, thaum Lub Xya Hli 27 - Osovets thiab Pruzhany, thaum Lub Xya Hli 29 lawv nkag mus rau Lomzha, thiab thaum Lub Xya Hli 30 - Kobrin. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 1, 1920, Cov Tub Rog Liab tau dim Brest, tom qab ntawd nyob hauv Ostrov thiab Ostrolenka. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum pib lub Yim Hli, cov yeeb ncuab kev tawm tsam twb tau nce ntau lawm. Yog li, cov tub rog ntawm pab tub rog 16 ntawm Sollogub thiab Mozyr pab pawg ntawm Khvesin rau ib lub lim tiam tsis tuaj yeem hla tus yeeb ncuab txoj kab ntawm tus dej. Western Kab. Cov kev sib ntaus sib tua no tau qhia tias sab qab teb ntawm Sab Hnub Poob tsis muaj lub zog txaus thiab khaws cia rau kev txhim kho sai ntawm kev tawm tsam thiab tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab uas tuaj yeem tawm tsam.
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 30, Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Ruaj Ntseg Hauv Tebchaws Poland (Polrevkom) tau tsim nyob hauv Bialystok, uas suav nrog Markhlevsky, Dzerzhinsky, Kon thiab Prukhnyak. Qhov tseeb, nws yog tsoomfwv Soviet yav tom ntej ntawm Poland, uas yog ua kom Sovietization ntawm lub tebchaws. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsis muaj kev paub txog cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab kev paub tsis zoo ntawm Poland coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias Polrevkom tsis tuaj yeem kov yeej cov neeg Polish rau nws ib sab. Tshwj xeeb, kev sim daws cov lus nug ntawm kev cog qoob loo ntawm tus qauv ntawm Soviet Russia ua tsis tiav. Cov neeg ua liaj ua teb Polish xav tau tus tswv tsev cov av ua lawv li khoom ntiag tug, thiab tsis tsim lub xeev cov liaj teb rau nws. Cov Neeg Noj Qab Haus Huv Hauv Tebchaws Polish tam sim ntuav cov riam phom no tawm ntawm Bolsheviks txhais tes, ua rau qhov kev txiav txim siab sai ntawm kev hloov kho ua liaj ua teb. Tam sim no cov neeg ua liaj ua teb Polish txaus siab koom nrog pab tub rog los tawm tsam rau lawv thaj av.
Kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Baltics
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Moscow muaj peev xwm txwv tsis pub Poland ntawm cov phoojywg hauv Baltics. Cuam tshuam los ntawm kev yeej ntawm Pab Pawg Liab hla cov yeeb ncuab sab hauv thiab ua tsaug rau kev cog lus siab dawb ntawm Moscow, Baltic txwv thaj tsam ua kev thaj yeeb nrog Soviet Russia. Tom qab kev ua rog 13-hlis nrog Soviet Russia, thaum Lub Ob Hlis 2, 1920, Yuryev Kev Sib Haum Xeeb tau kos npe ntawm RSFSR thiab Estonia. Moscow lees paub kev ywj pheej ntawm Estonia, tso tseg txhua txoj cai thiab cov khoom uas yog koom nrog Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws. Russia hloov mus rau Estonia ntau thaj av nrog kev sib xyaw lossis feem ntau cov neeg Lavxias: Narva, Koze thiab Skaryatino volosts, Pechora Territory (tam sim no cov no yog ib feem ntawm cheeb tsam Leningrad thiab Pskov). Estonia tau txais ib feem ntawm cov nyiaj khaws tseg ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm 11.6 tons ntawm kub (15 lab rubles hauv kub), ntxiv rau cov khoom siv tau txav mus los thiab tsis txav mus los ntawm lub txhab nyiaj Lavxias thiab qee qhov zoo. Ntawd yog, tag nrho lub ntiaj teb tau pom zoo ntawm Estonia. Txawm li cas los xij, tsoomfwv Soviet xav tau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb los ua kom Russia tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig.
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 12, 1920, kev sib haum xeeb tau kos npe ntawm Lithuania thiab Soviet Russia. Moscow Cov Lus Cog Tseg tau xaus qhov teeb meem Soviet-Lithuanian. Moscow tau txais thaj chaw tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias Sab Hnub Poob rau Lithuania, suav nrog cov nroog ntawm Grodno, Shchuchin, Oshmyany, Smorgon, Braslav, Lida, Postavy, nrog rau thaj tsam Vilna nrog Vilna (peev ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania thiab Lavxias - ib puag ncig Lavxias nruab nrab) xeev). Qhov kev pom zoo tau lees tias Lithuania qhov nruab nrab hauv kev ua rog Soviet-Polish (cov neeg Lithuanians ntshai Warsaw cov lus foob rau Vilno) thiab nyab xeeb sab qaum teb ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Tuaj, uas ua rau pab tub rog liab tawm tsam Warsaw. Thaum lub Yim Hli 1920, cov tub rog Soviet tau hloov Vilno mus rau cov neeg Lithuanians, uas dhau los ua lub peev ntawm koom pheej ntawm Lithuania.
Thaum Lub Yim Hli 11, 1920, kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Russia thiab Latvia tau kos npe hauv Riga. Moscow kuj tau pom zoo loj. Paub txog kev ywj pheej ntawm Latvia, muab cov khoom ntiag tug rau Tebchaws Russia, suav nrog cov nkoj ntawm Baltic Fleet thiab cov tub lag luam. Cov av Lavxias tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Latvia: sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob ntawm Vitebsk xeev thiab xeev Pskov (suav nrog lub nroog Pytalovo). Moscow pauv mus rau Riga ib feem ntawm cov nyiaj khaws cia ntawm tsarist Russia ntau dua 3 tons ntawm kub (4 lab rubles). Yog li Poland tau poob nws cov phooj ywg Latvian, uas ntxiv dag zog rau sab xis ntawm Pab Pawg Liab.
Txhua yam los tawm tsam "Lavxias barbarians"
Lub sijhawm no, tus neeg saib xyuas tebchaws Polish tau tso cov khoom kom zoo hauv cov tub rog swb, npaj cov peev txheej thiab cov chav tshiab. Ntawm qhov one tes, Kev tshaj tawm Polish tau qhia txog kev tawm tsam ntawm tus kheej ntawm pab tub rog Polish "tiv thaiv kev ntxeem tau ntawm Lavxias cov neeg ua phem rau hauv Europe." Cov tub rog tau tuaj yeem tsa thiab txhawb nqa tag nrho cov neeg rau kev ua tsov rog tawm tsam "kev hem thawj liab". Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Pilsudski tau tuaj yeem qhia qhov tsis sib xws ntawm txoj cai tswjfwm ntawm Russia, los txhawb kev xav ntawm Russophobic. Lub Koom Txoos Catholic kuj tau koom tes nrog hauv kev ua tsov rog xov xwm. Qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tau yaum nrog kev pab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tsoomfwv Soviet Polish hauv Bialystok, pogroms thiab kev xav tau ntawm cov pejxeem bourgeois, kev tawm tsam hauv pawg ntseeg txoj cai ntawm Bolsheviks.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, Kev hais kom Polish, siv qhov kev ntsuas hnyav tshaj plaws, coj kev txiav txim rau pab tub rog. Cov tsev hais plaub tub rog tau qhia, tsim kev sib cais tawm tsam. Ua haujlwm pab dawb "tua tsiaj" tau tsim. Cov aristocrats tau tsim "cov tub rog dub" los tawm tsam Pab Pawg Liab, thiab cov neeg zej zog Polish kev ywj pheej tau tsim "cov tub rog liab". Pilsudski nkag siab tias Warsaw tseem ceeb dua Lvov, thiab thim qee tus tub rog tawm ntawm sab qab teb hnub poob. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tub ceev xwm tau xa mus rau sab hnub tuaj los ntawm German ciam teb. Los ntawm kev swb yav dhau los thiab tau tsim cov tub rog tshiab los ntawm lwm qhov hauv ntej thiab tom qab, pab pawg poob siab tau tsim rau sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb ntawm Warsaw, nyob rau ntawm cov pab pawg poob siab ntawm Sab Hnub Poob ntawm Tukhachevsky.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias cov tub rog Polish ua haujlwm ze lawv lub hauv paus loj thiab cov khoom siv roj ntsha, thiab txuas ntxiv mus thiab sib ntaus sib tua Soviet cov tub rog tau qhib ntxiv thiab txuas ntxiv los ntawm lawv lub nraub qaum. Kev tsheb nqaj hlau, chaw nres tsheb, txuas hniav tau raug puas tsuaj thaum sib ntaus los ntawm Tus Tsov Rog thaum lub sijhawm rov qab los, yog li kev muab cov khoom txhawb ntxiv, riam phom, mos txwv thiab khoom noj rau Red Army nyuaj heev. Qee tus tub rog tseem nyob ntawm cov tub rog thiab tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab hla kev tiv thaiv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Tukhachevsky pawg tawm tsam los ntawm kev pib sib ntaus sib tua rau Warsaw tau raug txo kom txog 50 txhiab tus neeg tua rog.
Lub hom phiaj tub rog Anglo-French coj los ntawm Generals Weygand thiab Radcliffe tuaj txog ntawm tus Tsov Rog. Paris xa cov kws qhia ua haujlwm. Hauv tebchaws Askiv thiab Fabkis, cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg ntawm haiv neeg Polish. Cov khoom siv tub rog los ntawm Sab Hnub Poob pib tuaj txog hauv tebchaws Poland. Tebchaws Askiv tau xa tub ceev xwm mus rau Baltic sai. Ib feem ntawm pawg tub rog tau tso cov thauj tog rau nkoj hauv Danzig (Gdansk), lwm qhov hauv Helsingfors. London tseem tab tom txiav txim siab qhov muaj peev xwm tsim kab tshiab ntawm kev tiv thaiv nyob tom qab ntawm Poland - hauv Tebchaws Yelemees. Tsis tas li ntawd, Askiv thiab Fab Kis tau nce kev pab rau Pab Tub Rog Dawb (Wrangel) hauv Russia txhawm rau txhawm rau hloov cov tub rog thiab khaws cia ntawm Pawg Tub Rog liab los ntawm Tebchaws Poland. Tebchaws Asmeskas tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv tiv thaiv Soviet thaum Lub Yim Hli 20, 1920. Hauv tsab ntawv, Tus Tuav Ntaub Ntawv Hauv Xeev Colby tau sau tseg: "Tsoomfwv Meskas tsis txiav txim siab nws tuaj yeem lees paub cov thawj coj ntawm Russia tam sim no xws li tsoomfwv uas nws muaj peev xwm tswj hwm kev sib raug zoo ntawm tsoomfwv uas phooj ywg …"
Txoj kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Vistula
Thaum cov tub rog Polish tab tom tuav tus yeeb ncuab txoj kev tawm tsam ntawm Kab Kab Sab Hnub Poob, Polish High Command, nrog kev koom tes ntawm Fab Kis cov tub rog lub hom phiaj, tsim txoj haujlwm tshiab ntawm kev ua tub rog. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 6, 1920, nws tau pom zoo los ntawm Piłsudski. Tus ncej tau npaj tseg: 1) txhawm rau txhawm rau tus yeeb ncuab hauv Lvov kev taw qhia, los tiv thaiv Lvov thiab cov roj av ntawm Galicia; 2) tsis txhob tso lawv tus kheej hla dhau ntawm sab qaum teb, ntawm tus ciam teb German thiab los ntshav pab tub rog liab nrog kev tiv thaiv ntawm kab Vistula; 3) sab qab teb ntawm Warsaw hauv cheeb tsam Demblin (Ivangorod), ntawm tus dej. Vepshe, pab pawg poob siab tau tsim los tawm tsam sab nraub qaum thiab tom qab ntawm Tukhachevsky cov tub rog tawm tsam lub nroog Polish. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Cov Tub Rog ib txhij txhawb kev tiv thaiv ntawm Warsaw thiab npaj kev tawm tsam ntawm sab qab teb flank.
Raws li txoj kev npaj no, cov tub rog Polish tau muab faib ua peb ntu: Sab Qaum Teb, Nruab Nrab thiab Sab Qab Teb. Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Poob ntawm General Haller suav nrog 5th Army ntawm Sikorsky, uas yuav tsum tiv thaiv ntawm tus dej. Narew, 1st Army ntawm Latinik - hauv cheeb tsam Warsaw, 2nd Army of Roy - ntawm Vistula River. Qhov nruab nrab pem hauv ntej raws li kev hais kom ua ntawm General Rydz -Smigla (txij lub Yim Hli 14 - Pilsudski) yog txiav txim siab qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua. Lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm lub hauv ntej yog 4th Army ntawm General Skerski hauv cheeb tsam Demblin-Lublin. Mus rau sab qab teb, pab pawg tawm tsam ntawm pab tub rog thib peb ntawm Rydz-Smigly (2 pawg tub rog sib tua thiab 2 pab tub rog tub rog) tau npaj rau kev tawm tsam, tom qab ntawd cov seem ntawm pab tub rog thib 3 ntawm Zelinsky tau xa mus, uas tau muab lub ntsej muag thiab nraub qaum pawg neeg tawm tsam Sab qab teb pem hauv ntej ntawm Ivashkevich, ua ib feem ntawm 6th Army ntawm Endrzheevsky (3 kev sib faib) thiab Ukrainian pab tub rog ntawm Petliura, npog Lviv cov lus qhia. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias ntau tus tub ceev xwm Polish yog cov tub ceev xwm yav dhau los thiab cov thawj coj ntawm Austro-Hungarian thiab Lavxias cov tub rog ua rog, tau ntsib kev ua tsov rog nrog Russia thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Yog li ntawd, Latinik, Rydz-Smigly tau tawm tsam ua ib feem ntawm pab tub rog Austro-Hungarian nrog Russia, thiab Skersky, Ivashkevich thiab Endrzheevsky-nyob sab Russia.
Cov Tub Ceev Xwm tau faib 23 kev sib faib, ntawm uas 20 qhov kev faib ua haujlwm hauv Warsaw kev coj. Feem ntau ntawm cov tub rog tau tsom mus rau qhov kev qhia no. Cov pab pawg Polish ntawm Vistula suav txog 110 txhiab tus neeg, ntau dua 100 rab phom hnyav thiab 520 lub teeb, ntau dua 70 lub tso tsheb hlau luam, ntau dua 1800 lub phom tshuab. Tsis tas li thaum lub sijhawm sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Vistula thaum Lub Yim Hli 1920, Entente xa 600 rab phom hla Romania, uas tam sim ntawd raug pov rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Qhov no ua kom muaj zog ntxiv rau Poland qhov chaw tua phom loj.
Kev mloog zoo ntawm cov neeg tawm tsam Polish yog kev lag luam nyuaj thiab txaus ntshai. Cov tub rog Polish yuav tsum tshem tawm ntawm cov yeeb ncuab thiab nyob hauv thaj chaw uas tau xaiv tseg raws li tau npaj tseg. Nws nyuaj tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsom mus rau Vepsha River qhov kev sib cais ntawm 4 Cov Tub Rog, uas tau tawm tsam ntawm Kab thiab yuav tsum tau tawm ntawm cov neeg Lavxias thiab ua kev tawm tsam yuav luag txhua lub hauv ntej. Kev tawm tsam ntawm Red Army muaj zog nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia no tuaj yeem ua rau tag nrho txoj kev npaj ua haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, Tus Kav Xwm tau muaj hmoo uas cov neeg tawm tsam ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob raug khi nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav rau Lvov thiab tsis koom nrog hauv Warsaw kev ua haujlwm. Thiab sab qab teb sab hnub poob ntawm Sab Hnub Poob (Mozyr Group thiab 12th Army txoj cai-flank faib) tsis muaj zog thiab tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm kev tawm tsam sai. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm Sab Hnub Poob thiab Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob tau coj mus rau kev sib faib ntawm peb cov rog hauv cov lus qhia sib txawv uas tsis cuam tshuam nrog ib leeg. Qhov no ua rau nws yooj yim dua rau tus Pole los npaj kev tawm tsam.
