75 xyoo dhau los, Kev tawm tsam Vistula-Oder tau pib, yog ib qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws thiab kev ua phem loj ntawm Cov Tub Rog Liab thaum Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Loj. Cov tub rog Soviet tau tso ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm Poland sab hnub poob ntawm Vistula, ntes tus choj hla ntawm Oder thiab pom lawv tus kheej 60 km ntawm Berlin.
Qhov xwm txheej nyob rau hmo ua ntej ntawm kev tawm tsam
Thaum pib xyoo 1945, kev ua tub rog-kev nom kev tswv hauv ntiaj teb thiab hauv Tebchaws Europe tau tsim los ntawm cov tebchaws ntawm kev tawm tsam Hitler kev koom tes. Qhov kev yeej loj ntawm Soviet Union hla German pawg hauv xyoo 1944 tau txiav txim siab cuam tshuam rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Qhov thib peb Reich tau sab laug yam tsis muaj phooj ywg. Ltalis, Romania, Bulgaria thiab Finland thim tawm ntawm Hitlerite pawg thiab nkag mus ua rog nrog lub tebchaws Yelemes. Cov phoojywg khaws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb. Txij li lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1944, Berlin tau tawm tsam ntawm ob sab. Cov tub rog liab tau nce mus rau sab hnub tuaj, Asmeskas, Askiv thiab Fab Kis sab hnub poob.
Nyob rau sab hnub poob, cov tub rog tau tshem tawm Fabkis, Belgium, Luxembourg thiab ib feem ntawm Holland los ntawm Nazis. Kab ntawm Sab Hnub Poob khiav los ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm Dej Meuse hauv Holland thiab txuas ntxiv mus raws tus ciam teb Franco-German mus rau Switzerland. Cov phoojywg tau ua tiav qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv cov tub rog ntawm no: 87 qhov kev sib cais ua tiav, 6500 lub tso tsheb hlau luam thiab ntau dua 10 txhiab lub dav hlau tiv thaiv German 74 kev sib cais tsis muaj zog thiab 3 pab tub rog, txog 1600 lub tso tsheb hlau luam thiab rab phom rau tus kheej, 1750 lub dav hlau. Qhov zoo tshaj ntawm cov phoojywg hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab txhais tau tias yog: hauv lub zog - 2 zaug, hauv cov lej tso tsheb hlau luam - 4, lub dav hlau sib ntaus - 6 zaug. Thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws tau loj hlob tas li. Ib qho ntxiv, German cov lus txib siab tau khaws cov kev tawm tsam tshaj plaws ntawm Lavxias pem hauv ntej. Nyob rau ntawm Italian pem hauv ntej, Cov Tub Rog tau raug tso tseg los ntawm cov neeg German ntawm kab Ravenna-Pisa. Muaj 21 pawg sib cais thiab 9 pawg tub rog tawm tsam 31 kev sib cais thiab 1 pawg tub rog ntawm cov neeg German. Tsis tas li, cov neeg German tau tuav 10 kev sib faib thiab 4 pawg tub rog nyob hauv Balkans, tawm tsam Cov Tib Neeg Cov Tub Rog Liberation ntawm Yugoslavia.
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, Berlin tuav txog ib feem peb ntawm nws cov rog nyob rau sab hnub poob. Lub zog tseem ceeb thiab txhais tau tias tseem tab tom tawm tsam sab hnub tuaj, tawm tsam cov tub rog Lavxias. Sab Hnub Poob tseem yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb. Anglo-American High Command, tom qab raug yuam kom nres hauv kev tawm tsam, tau rov pib txav mus los thiab hla mus rau hauv qhov tob ntawm lub tebchaws Yelemes. Cov phoojywg tau npaj ua ntej rau cov neeg Lavxias hauv Berlin thiab hauv kev nce qib hauv ib feem ntawm Central Europe. Hauv qhov no, Askiv thiab Asmeskas tau yooj yim los ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Peb Reich, uas txuas ntxiv ua kom nws lub zog tseem ceeb thiab txhais tau tias nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm Lavxias.
Kev nyuaj siab ntawm Peb Reich
Qhov xwm txheej hauv Tebchaws Yelemees yog kev puas tsuaj loj. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua loj heev nyob rau sab Hnub Tuaj, cov neeg German tau swb, raug kev puas tsuaj uas tsis muaj peev xwm ua tau ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov cuab yeej siv. Cov pab pawg tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg German nyob rau Sab Hnub Tuaj tau swb lawm, cov phiaj xwm khaws tseg ntawm Wehrmacht tau ploj mus. Cov tub rog German tsis tuaj yeem tau txais kev txhawb nqa tas li thiab tag nrho. Berlin txoj phiaj xwm tiv thaiv phiaj xwm tau tawg. Cov Tub Rog Liab txuas ntxiv nws qhov kev tawm tsam yeej. Kev ua tub rog-kev lag luam muaj peev xwm ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees poob qis. Cov neeg German tau poob yuav luag txhua thaj chaw yav tas los thiab cov peev txheej ntawm lub tebchaws satellite. Lub teb chaws Yelemees tsis muaj peev txheej ntawm cov khoom siv raw khoom thiab zaub mov. Kev lag luam tub rog German tseem tsim muaj riam phom thiab khoom siv coob, tab sis twb txog thaum kawg xyoo 1944.kev tsim tub rog tau poob qis thiab thaum pib xyoo 1945 txuas ntxiv nws qhov kev poob qis.
Txawm li cas los xij, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tseem yog tus yeeb ncuab muaj zog. Cov neeg German, txawm hais tias lawv tau poob kev cia siab ntawm kev yeej, tau muab siab npuab rau Hitler, khaws qhov ua tsis ncaj ntawm "kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb" yog tias lawv "muaj sia nyob" nyob rau sab Hnub Tuaj. Cov tub rog German suav nrog 7.5 lab tus tib neeg, Wehrmacht suav nrog 299 kev sib cais (suav nrog 33 lub tank thiab 13 lub cev muaj zog) thiab 31 pab tub rog. Cov tub rog German khaws cov kev tawm tsam zoo, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj zog thiab txawj tawm tsam kev tawm tsam. Nws yog tus muaj zog, tau ntsib thiab tawm tsam tus yeeb ncuab kom suav nrog. Cov chaw ua tub rog tau muab zais hauv qab hauv av thiab hauv pob zeb (los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm kev sib koom ua rog hauv av) thiab nws txuas ntxiv muab cov tub rog nrog riam phom thiab mos txwv. Cov peev txheej ntawm Reich tau siab; txog thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov rog, cov neeg German txuas ntxiv txhim kho lawv lub dav hlau, tsim cov tso tsheb hlau hnyav tshiab, phom thiab phom loj. Cov neeg German tau tsim cov riam phom ntev-tshiab-dav hlau dav hlau, FAU-1 cov nkoj caij nkoj, thiab FAU-2 cov foob pob. Cov tub rog tau siv riam phom nrog Faust - thawj lub foob pob foob pob hluav taws tua phom, txaus ntshai heev nyob ze thiab hauv nroog kev sib ntaus. Tib lub sijhawm, thaum xyoo 1944 kev sib tw, qhov ntev ntawm Soviet-German pem hauv ntej tau raug txo qis. Qhov no tau tso cai rau German hais kom ua kom sib ntaus sib tua.
Kev ua tub rog-kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Peb Reich tsis tau tso caj npab. Hitler txuas ntxiv mus koom nrog kev sib cais hauv kev tawm tsam Hitler kev koom tes. Kev sib koom tes ntawm cov neeg muaj hwj chim loj (Tebchaws Askiv thiab Asmeskas) nrog Soviet Russia yog qhov tsis zoo. Thaum pib ntawm kev ua tsov rog ntiaj teb, Anglo-Saxons tso siab rau kev rhuav tshem ntawm USSR los ntawm Hitler, thiab tom qab ntawd lawv yuav tsum ua kom tiav lub teb chaws Yelemees tsis muaj zog, tsoo Nyij Pooj thiab tsim lawv tus kheej lub ntiaj teb. Yog li ntawd, Sab Hnub Poob nrog txhua qhov nws yuav ncua kev qhib lub hauv ntej thib ob, kom cov neeg Lavxias thiab cov neeg German sib cav sib ceg ntau li ntau tau. Txawm li cas los xij, cov phiaj xwm no ua tsis tau tiav. Cov Tub Rog Liab tau tsoo lub Wehrmacht thiab cov neeg Lavxias pib tso lub tebchaws Europe dim. Yog tias cov phoojywg tsis tau tsaws hauv Fabkis, cov neeg Lavxias tuaj yeem nkag mus rau Paris zoo dua. Tam sim no Askiv thiab Asmeskas tau nrhiav kom tau ua ntej ntawm cov neeg Lavxias hauv Berlin, thiab kom muaj thaj chaw ntau li ntau tau hauv Europe. Tab sis qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm Sab Hnub Poob thiab USSR tsis ploj mus. Lub sijhawm twg los xij, kev ua tsov rog ntiaj teb tshiab tuaj yeem tawm - Qhov Peb.
Yog li ntawd, Hitler thiab nws cov phooj ywg tau sim nrog tag nrho lawv lub zog kom rub tawm kev ua tsov rog, tig lub teb chaws Yelemees mus rau hauv qhov chaw tiv thaiv. Lawv cia siab tias Anglo-Saxons thiab cov neeg Lavxias tau hais txog kev sib koom ua ke, thiab Reich yuav tuaj yeem zam kev swb yeej. Kev sib tham zais cia tau ua nrog Cov Neeg Sab Hnub Poob. Ib feem ntawm Hitler cov neeg koom nrog tau npaj los tshem tawm lossis tso Fuhrer txhawm rau kom tau txais kev pom zoo nrog Sab Hnub Poob. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev coj tus yam ntxwv ntawm Wehrmacht thiab qee qhov txhawb cov pej xeem txoj kev ntseeg hauv Fuhrer, Kev tshaj tawm German tau tham txog "riam phom txuj ci tseem ceeb" uas yuav tshwm sim sai sai thiab tsoo cov yeeb ncuab ntawm Reich. Tus German "kev txawj ntse tsaus ntuj" tau tsim cov riam phom atomic, tab sis Nazis tsis tswj hwm los tsim lawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev sib sau ua ke txuas ntxiv mus, tau tsim cov tub rog (Volkssturm), cov txiv neej laus thiab cov tub hluas raug pov rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua.
Lub hauv paus ntawm cov phiaj xwm tub rog yog tiv thaiv nyuaj. Nws tau pom tseeb rau cov tub rog German hais tias los ntawm kev pom ntawm lub tswv yim zoo, kev ua tsov ua rog tau ploj mus. Qhov kev cia siab tsuas yog khaws koj lub lair. Qhov phom sij loj tuaj ntawm cov neeg Lavxias. Nws tsis yooj yim sua kom pom zoo nrog Moscow tom qab cov ntshav los. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau Sab Hnub Poob, lawv tau npaj tua kom tuag. Nyob rau sab pem hauv ntej ntawm Russia yog lub zog tseem ceeb thiab kev sib cais zoo tshaj plaws. Cov kab hauv ntej tsuas yog nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Prussia dhau los ntawm cov av German. Tsis tas li nyob rau sab qaum teb Latvia, Pab Pawg Pab Pawg Sab Qaum Teb (34 kev sib cais) raug thaiv. Cov neeg German tseem tuav lawv cov kev tiv thaiv hauv tebchaws Poland, Hungary, Austria thiab Czechoslovakia. Nov yog lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm Wehrmacht, uas Berlin vam tias yuav ua kom cov neeg Lavxias nyob deb ntawm cov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm Peb Reich. Ib qho ntxiv, cov tebchaws no muaj cov peev txheej tseem ceeb rau Reich, kev muaj peev xwm ua lag luam thiab nyob deb nroog xav tau txuas ntxiv ua tsov rog. Xav txog txhua yam no, German cov lus txib siab tau txiav txim siab tuav cov kab uas twb muaj lawm, thiab hauv Hungary kom ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam muaj zog. Txhawm rau tsim kom muaj kev tiv thaiv ruaj khov, kev txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv tau ua tiav, cov nroog tau hloov mus ua chaw tiv thaiv, npaj rau kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig. Tshwj xeeb, xya kab tiv thaiv mus txog 500 km sib sib zog nqus (nruab nrab ntawm Vistula thiab Oder) tau teeb tsa hauv nruab nrab, Berlin kev coj. Txoj kab kev tiv thaiv muaj zog nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Prussia, ua rau yav dhau los German-Polish thiab ciam teb sab qab teb ntawm Reich.
Tab sis Berlin tseem cia siab tias yuav pom cov lus sib tham nrog Sab Hnub Poob, siv cov lus hais ntawm "kev hem liab" - "Cov neeg Lavxias tab tom los!" Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los qhia Britain thiab Tebchaws Asmeskas lawv lub zog, lawv xav tau kev tawm tsam yav tom ntej tiv thaiv Soviet Russia. Ua kom tau txais txiaj ntsig ntawm kev hais lus ib ntus rau ntawm qhov ntsej, Berlin tau teeb tsa lub zog loj rau Sab Hnub Poob, hauv Ardennes. Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 16, 1944, peb pawg tub rog German ntawm Pab Pawg B tau pib ua phem rau sab qaum teb ntawm Sab Hnub Poob. Cov neeg German tau qhia rau Allies ntau npaum li cas ib phaus ntawm kev sib tw. Qhov xwm txheej yog qhov tseem ceeb. Muaj kev ntshai txawm tias Nazis yuav hla mus rau Askiv Channel thiab npaj Dunkirk thib ob rau Cov Phooj Ywg. Tsuas yog qhov tsis muaj peev txheej ruaj khov tsis tso cai rau cov neeg German tsim lawv thawj qhov kev ua tiav. Berlin tau qhia Anglo-Saxons nws lub zog, tab sis tib lub sijhawm tsis tawm tsam nrog lub zog tag nrho (rau qhov no nws yuav tsum ua rau cov tub rog tsis muaj zog nyob rau sab Hnub Tuaj). Yog li, kev coj noj coj ua German tau qhia txog lub zog ntawm Reich, cia siab tias yuav muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb nrog Sab Hnub Poob, tom qab ntawd nws yuav muaj peev xwm tig lub dav hlau sib ntaus sib tua tawm tsam Russia.
Yav tom ntej, German cov lus txib siab tsis tuaj yeem npaj muaj zog tawm tsam sab hnub poob. Qhov no yog vim muaj xwm txheej hauv Sab Hnub Tuaj. Thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1944, Soviet pab tub rog puag ncig pab pawg muaj yeeb ncuab Budapest (180 txhiab tus tib neeg), uas yuam cov neeg German txav cov tub rog los ntawm Sab Hnub Poob mus rau Sab Hnub Poob. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Hitler Lub Hauv Paus Tsev Kawm tau paub tias Red Army tab tom npaj kev tawm tsam ntawm Vistula, nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia tseem ceeb ntawm Berlin, thiab hauv Prussia. Lub Tsev Hais Plaub Siab German tau pib npaj hloov chaw ntawm 6th SS Panzer Army thiab lwm pawg los ntawm Sab Hnub Poob mus rau Sab Hnub Tuaj.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Hitlerite cov neeg tseem ceeb tau ua yuam kev los tshuaj xyuas lub zog ntawm Pawg Tub Rog Liab thiab qhia txog kev tawm tsam loj. Cov neeg German xav kom cov neeg Lavxias rov pib ua phem rau lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1945. Txawm li cas los xij, muab qhov hnyav thiab ntshav tawm ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua xyoo 1944, Berlin ntseeg tias cov neeg Lavxias yuav tsis tuaj yeem tawm tsam tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm sab xub ntiag. Ntawm Hitler lub hauv paus chaw, nws tau ntseeg tias cov neeg Lavxias yuav tawm tsam lub tshuab tseem ceeb dua nyob rau sab qab teb cov tswv yim.
Moscow txoj kev npaj
Thaum lub sijhawm xyoo 1945 kev sib tw, Red Army tau npaj ua kom tiav qhov thib peb Reich thiab ua tiav kev ywj pheej ntawm cov tebchaws nyob sab Europe uas yog Nazis ua qhev. Thaum pib xyoo 1945, kev ua tub rog-kev lag luam muaj zog ntawm Lub Koom Haum tau nce ntau ntxiv. Kev lag luam tau tsim raws txoj kab nce toj, qhov kev sim nyuaj tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim kho ntawm Soviet lub tsheb tom qab tseem nyob yav dhau los. Kev lag luam tau rov qab los nyob hauv thaj tsam uas tau tso tawm ntawm lub tebchaws, cov hlau sib tsoo, kev siv tsuas, thiab kev tsim hluav taws xob tau nce ntxiv. Mechanical engineering tau ua tiav tshwj xeeb. Hauv qhov xwm txheej nyuaj tshaj plaws thiab txaus ntshai, Soviet kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws tau qhia txog nws cov txiaj ntsig thiab muaj peev xwm loj, kov yeej Hitlerite "European Union".
Cov tub rog tau muab txhua yam lawv xav tau. Hauv kev pabcuam tau siv dav hlau sib ntaus sib tua, tso tsheb hlau luam, phom tua tus kheej, thiab lwm yam. Kev loj hlob ntawm lub tebchaws txoj kev lag luam tau ua rau muaj zog ntawm pab tub rog liab, nce ntxiv hauv nws txoj kev siv lub tshuab thiab cov cuab yeej siv nrog rau kev siv tshuab thiab tshuab txhais tau tias. Yog li ntawd, hauv kev sib piv nrog kev pib xyoo 1944, qhov txaus ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tub rog tau nce: rau cov tso tsheb hlau luam - ntau dua 2 zaug, rau dav hlau - 1,7 zaug. Tib lub sijhawm, cov tub rog muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua siab. Peb tsoo cov yeeb ncuab, tso peb thaj av, mus rau qhov chaw ruaj khov ntawm German. Qib ntawm kev txawj sib ntaus ntawm ob tus kheej thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm hais kom ua tau nce ntxiv.
Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1944, Lub Hauv Paus Soviet tau txiav txim siab hloov pauv mus rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov tub rog ntawm 2nd thiab 1st Belorussian thiab 1st Ukrainian fronts, ua haujlwm tawm tsam cov phiaj xwm tseem ceeb ntawm pab pawg Wehrmacht - Warsaw -Berlin kev taw qhia. Txog kev txhim kho ntawm qhov kev tawm tsam no, yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo npaj, tsim kom muaj qhov tsim nyog ua tau zoo ntawm cov rog thiab txhais tau tias. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev txhim kho ntawm kev tawm tsam tau npaj tseg nyob rau sab qab teb, nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm 3, 2 thiab 4 Ukrainian fronts. Kev swb ntawm pab pawg German hauv cheeb tsam Budapest yog ua rau kev ua kom tsis muaj zog ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv hauv nruab nrab txoj haujlwm ntawm Soviet-German pem hauv ntej.
Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws tau txiav txim siab nyob rau thawj theem kom ua ntau ntxiv ntawm cov nplaim taws, nyob rau sab qab teb - hauv Hungary, tom qab ntawd hauv Austria, thiab sab qaum teb - hauv Sab Hnub Tuaj Prussia. Kev tawm tsam kev ua haujlwm tau nthuav tawm thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis-Kaum Ob Hlis ntawm lub hauv ntej ntawm lub hauv ntej ua rau qhov tseeb tias cov neeg German pib pov lawv cov peev txheej nyob ntawd thiab ua rau cov tub rog tsis muaj zog nyob hauv lub ntsiab, Berlin kev taw qhia. Nyob rau theem thib ob ntawm kev sib tw, nws tau npaj kom xa cov tshuab muaj zog mus thoob plaws hauv ntej, kov yeej cov yeeb ncuab hauv East Prussia, Poland, Czech koom pheej, Hungary, Austria thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej, Berlin, thiab yuam lawv kom swb
Kev quab yuam ntawm ob tog
Thaum pib, pib ua haujlwm hauv lub ntsiab lus tau npaj rau Lub Ib Hlis 20, 1945. Tab sis hnub pib ntawm kev ua haujlwm tau ncua rau Lub Ib Hlis 12 vim muaj teeb meem ntawm cov tub rog Anglo-American nyob rau sab hnub poob. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 6, Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Askiv Winston Churchill tau hais rau Joseph Stalin. Nws thov Moscow kom pib ua haujlwm loj nyob rau ob peb hnub tom ntej txhawm rau yuam cov neeg German hloov pauv ib feem ntawm lawv cov rog los ntawm Sab Hnub Poob mus rau Sab Hnub Poob. Lub hauv paus Soviet tau txiav txim siab los txhawb pab pawg, vim tias qhov kev tawm tsam twb tau npaj lawm.
Ua raws li qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Lub Tsev Hais Plaub Siab Tshaj Hauv Lub Hauv Paus (SVGK), cov tub rog ntawm 1st Belorussian thiab 1st Ukrainian fronts nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Marshals Zhukov thiab Konev tau pib ua phem los ntawm Vistula kab. Cov tub rog Soviet tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua li cov yeeb ncuab hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab khoom siv. Ob lub tebchaws Soviet muaj ntau dua 2, 2 lab tus txiv neej, 34, 5 txhiab rab phom thiab phom, kwv yees li 6, 5 txhiab lub tso tsheb hlau luam thiab rab phom tua tus kheej, txog 4,8 txhiab lub dav hlau.
Cov tub rog Soviet nyob rau thaj tsam Poland tau tawm tsam los ntawm pab pawg tub rog German "A" (txij Lub Ib Hlis 26 - "Chaw"), uas koom ua ke 9 thiab 4th Panzer cov tub rog, nrog rau lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm 17th Army. Lawv muaj 30 kev sib cais, 2 pab tub rog thiab ntau ntau pab pawg sib cais (cov tub rog hauv nroog). Tag nrho kwv yees li ntawm 800,000 tus neeg, kwv yees li 5 txhiab rab phom thiab phom, ntau dua 1, 1 txhiab tso tsheb hlau luam. Cov neeg German tau npaj xya kab tiv thaiv ntawm Vistula thiab Oder, mus txog 500 km tob. Qhov muaj zog tshaj yog thawj - Vistula txoj kab tiv thaiv, uas suav nrog plaub thaj tsam nrog tag nrho qhov tob ntawm 30 txog 70 km. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, cov neeg German tau ntxiv dag zog rau thaj tsam ntawm Magnushevsky, Pulawsky thiab Sandomierz tus choj. Cov kab tiv thaiv tom qab suav nrog ib lossis ob kab ntawm cov nqes hav thiab cais cov chaw ruaj khov. Txoj kab tiv thaiv thib rau tau khiav hla ciam teb German-Polish qub, thiab muaj thaj tsam muaj zog ntxiv.
Vistula-Oder swb
1st Ukrainian Front (UF) tau tawm tsam thaum Lub Ib Hlis 12, 1945, 1st Belorussian Front (BF) - thaum Lub Ib Hlis 14. Tau tawg los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab txoj kab tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm kab Vistula, pab pawg poob siab ntawm ob lub ntsej muag tau pib thawb lawv txoj kev mus rau sab hnub poob. Konev cov tub rog, uas ua haujlwm los ntawm Sandomierz tus choj nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Breslau (Wroclaw), hauv plaub hnub dhau los 100 km tob thiab nyob hauv Kielce. Qhov thib 4 Panzer, Tus Saib Xyuas 13 thiab Pawg Tub Rog 13 ntawm Generals Leliushenko, Gordov thiab Pukhov tau ua tiav tshwj xeeb. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 17, cov tub rog ntawm Lub Nkoj Tiv Thaiv Thib 3, Tus Tiv Thaiv Thib 5 thiab 52 Cov Tub Rog ntawm Rybalko, Zhadov thiab Koroteev coj lub nroog Polish loj ntawm Czestochow.
Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Soviet cov tub rog tau nrawm heev uas pab pawg yeeb ncuab loj thiab cov tub rog nyob tom qab ntawm Red Army. Cov qib siab tau nrawm mus rau tom ntej, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm kev tsim lub nplhaib nruj ntawm ib puag ncig, ob lub suab tau koom nrog cov yeeb ncuab puag ncig. Ntawd yog, qee qhov xwm txheej, xyoo 1941 tau rov ua dua. Tsuas yog tam sim no cov neeg Lavxias tau nce mus sai, thiab cov neeg German tau poob rau hauv "cov lauj kaub". Ua tsaug rau qhov nrawm ntawm kev tawm tsam, peb cov tub rog tau kov yeej thaj tsam tiv thaiv nruab nrab ntawm tus dej Nida thiab hla tus dej Pilitsa thiab Varta. Peb cov tub rog tau mus txog ciam teb ntawm cov dej no txawm tias ua ntej kev tawm tsam Nazis, uas tau txav mus los tib yam. Txog thaum kawg Lub Ib Hlis 17, 1945, kev kov yeej kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov yeeb ncuab tau ua raws hauv ntej los ntawm 250 km thiab tob los ntawm 120 - 140 km. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua no, lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm Pawg Tub Rog Panzer 4 thiab Tub Rog Tub Rog 24th tau swb, thiab Pawg Tub Rog 17th tau raug kev txom nyem hnyav.
Cov tub rog ntawm 1st BF tau xa lub tshuab tseem ceeb los ntawm Magnuszewski tus choj nyob rau hauv txoj kev coj mus rau Poznan thiab ib txhij los ntawm Pulawski tus choj mus rau Radom thiab Lodz. Ntawm sab xis ntawm sab xub ntiag tau tawm tsam Warsaw pab pawg ntawm Wehrmacht. Hnub thib peb ntawm kev tawm tsam, 69th Army ntawm Kolpakchi thiab 11th Panzer Corps tau tso Radom. Thaum sib ntaus sib tua thaum Lub Ib Hlis 14-17, cov tub rog ntawm 47th thiab 61st pab tub rog ntawm Perkhorovich thiab Belov, 2nd Guards Tank Army ntawm Bogdanov (nws tsim kev tawm tsam hauv qab yeeb ncuab sab nraub qaum), 1st Army Cov tub rog ntawm Polish General Poplavsky liberated Warsaw. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 18, Zhukov cov tub rog ua tiav qhov yeej ntawm cov tub rog German puag ncig sab hnub poob ntawm Warsaw. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 19, peb cov tub rog tau dim Lodz, thaum Lub Ib Hlis 23 - Bydgoszcz. Vim li ntawd, cov tub rog Soviet tau nce mus rau ciam teb ntawm lub tebchaws Yelemes, mus rau kab Oder. Kev kov yeej ntawm pab tub rog ntawm Konev thiab Zhukov tau pab txhawb los ntawm kev ua phem ib txhij ntawm qhov thib ob thiab thib 3 Belorussian txoj kev nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob Poland thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj Prussia, thiab thib plaub Ukrainian pem hauv ntej nyob rau yav qab teb cheeb tsam ntawm Poland.
Cov tub rog ntawm 1st UV thaum Lub Ib Hlis 19, nrog rau cov tub rog ntawm Lub Nkuaj Tiv Thaiv Thib Peb, Cov Tiv Thaiv Thib 5 thiab Cov Tub Rog 52, tau mus txog Breslau. Ntawm no tawv ncauj sib ntaus pib nrog German tub rog. Nyob rau tib hnub, cov tub rog ntawm sab laug tis ntawm lub hauv ntej - 60th thiab 59th pab tub rog ntawm Kurochkin thiab Korovnikov - tau dim Krakow, lub qub Polish peev. Peb cov tub rog nyob hauv thaj tsam Silesian industrial, yog ib lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm German faj tim teb chaws. Yav qab teb Poland tau tshem ntawm Nazis. Txog thaum kawg Lub Ib Hlis - pib Lub Ob Hlis, cov tub rog Soviet tau mus txog ntawm Oder nyob rau pem hauv ntej dav dav, ntes cov choj nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm Breslau, Ratibor thiab Oppeln.
Cov tub rog ntawm 1st BF txuas ntxiv tsim kev tawm tsam. Lawv tau nyob ib puag ncig Poznan thiab Schneidumel pawg ntawm Wehrmacht, thiab thaum Lub Ib Hlis 29 lawv tau nkag mus rau tebchaws German. Cov tub rog Soviet hla Oder thiab txeeb tau cov choj hauv K areasstrin thiab Frankfurt cheeb tsam.
Thaum pib Lub Ob Hlis 1945, txoj haujlwm tau ua tiav. Tau xa mus rau hauv kab txaij mus txog 500 km, peb cov tub rog tau nce mus txog 500 - 600 km hauv qhov tob. Cov neeg Lavxias tau tso tawm feem ntau ntawm Poland. Cov tub rog ntawm 1st BF tsuas yog 60 km ntawm Berlin, thiab 1st UV tau mus txog Oder hauv nws qhov rov qab los thiab nruab nrab mus txog, hem cov yeeb ncuab hauv Berlin thiab Dresden cov lus qhia.
Cov neeg German tau xav tsis thoob los ntawm kev nrawm ntawm Lavxias kev kov yeej. General ntawm Wehrmacht tank rog von Mellenthin tau sau tseg: "Kev tawm tsam Lavxias dhau ntawm Vistula tau tsim los nrog lub zog tsis tau pom dua thiab nrawm, nws tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia txhua yam uas tau tshwm sim ntawm Vistula thiab Oder hauv thawj lub hlis xyoo 1945. Teb chaws Europe tsis tau paub ib yam dab tsi zoo li no txij thaum lub tebchaws Roman poob lawm."
Thaum lub sijhawm tawm tsam, 35 kev sib cais German tau raug rhuav tshem, thiab 25 kev sib faib poob 50 - 70% ntawm lawv cov neeg ua haujlwm. Ib txoj kab loj loj tau tsav mus rau lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm Wehrmacht, qhov kawg uas tau nyob hauv cheeb tsam Kustrin. Txhawm rau kaw qhov sib txawv, German cov lus txib yuav tsum thim ntau dua 20 kev sib cais los ntawm lwm cov haujlwm hauv ntej thiab sab hnub poob. Kev tawm tsam Wehrmacht ntawm Sab Hnub Poob tau nres tag, cov tub rog thiab cov cuab yeej siv tau xa mus rau Sab Hnub Tuaj. Qhov kev yeej no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm tag nrho 1945 phiaj xwm.
