Qaib ntxhw tig sab qaum teb thiab tsoo lub Poles

Cov txheej txheem:

Qaib ntxhw tig sab qaum teb thiab tsoo lub Poles
Qaib ntxhw tig sab qaum teb thiab tsoo lub Poles

Video: Qaib ntxhw tig sab qaum teb thiab tsoo lub Poles

Video: Qaib ntxhw tig sab qaum teb thiab tsoo lub Poles
Video: nkauj me nyuam yaus nqhis mis tiag tiag os kuv niam e 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim
Qaib ntxhw tig sab qaum teb thiab tsoo lub Poles
Qaib ntxhw tig sab qaum teb thiab tsoo lub Poles

Raws li txoj cai Turkish

Lub hetmanate tau khaws cia kev ywj pheej sab hauv, kev ywj pheej los ntawm cov se Turkish thiab cog lus tias yuav pab Sultan nrog nws pab tub rog.

Rau nws tus kheej, Doroshenko khom nqi rau kev tshem tawm tsis tau los ntawm hetman lub meej mom thiab qub txeeg qub teg hauv nws tsev neeg. Txoj haujlwm pro-Turkish ua rau npau taws ntawm ntau tus Cossacks zoo tib yam. Qee tus ntawm lawv tau los raws txoj cai ntawm tus tshiab hetman ntawm Left Bank Mnogogreshny, lwm tus - nyob hauv qab chij ntawm Zaporozhye ataman Sukhovei (Sukhoveenko) Uman Colonel Khanenko. Mikhail Khanenko tau lees paub tias yog tus hetman ntawm ib feem ntawm Txoj Cai-Bank Ukraine (peb sab qab teb sab hnub poob). Thiab nws lees paub lub zog ntawm Poland.

Doroshenko, nrog kev pab los ntawm Turks, tawm tsam kev tawm tsam Khanenko thiab Sukhovei (nws tau txhawb los ntawm Crimeans). Sultan Mehmed IV tau ua Selim-Girey Crimean khan, uas yog ib tus neeg ncaj ncees ntawm Port thiab tau koom tes ua txhua yam nws ua nrog Constantinople. Selim tau koom nrog kev koom tes nrog Doroshenko, Cossacks thiab Crimeans thib peb tau tawm tsam Western Ukraine, raug rau Poland.

Cov neeg Polish, raws li ib txwm muaj, tsis maj kom nce nees thiab nqa sabers. Tsuas yog Khanenko Cossacks tau tawm tsam tiv thaiv tus yeeb ncuab. Tab sis Hetman Khanenko tau txais kev pab los ntawm Zaporozhye koshevoy Ivan Sirko (Serko).

Qhov no yog tus neeg muaj dab neeg. Yug los hauv cheeb tsam Kharkiv, hauv ib tsev neeg ntawm cov nyob deb nroog Cossacks, tom qab ntawd tau mus rau Sich. Nws tau qhia cov txuj ci ua tub rog tshwj xeeb thiab, raws li cov lus dab neeg, muaj "tshwj xeeb", "zoo" qhov zoo. Cov Turks ntshai nws thiab hu nws "Urus-shaitan" ("Dab ntxwg nyoog Lavxias"). Thiab lawv ntshai cov menyuam nrog nws lub npe. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Sirko nws tus kheej tau txawv los ntawm kev ua siab dawb tsis pom kev, tsis txaus siab thiab muaj peev xwm, yog Zaporozhye "tus tub rog" tiag. Nws tsis tau kov yeej tus yeeb ncuab tsis muaj zog, tsis tau txais ib yam dab tsi los ntawm kev nyiag khoom, nws yog teetotaler, uas yog qhov tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim rau Cossack. Nws tau dhau los ua neeg muaj zog tiv thaiv kev ntseeg ntawm Lavxias. Nws tawm tsam nrog Turks thiab Crimeans, rau kev ywj pheej ntawm Western Russia (Ukraine) nrog Khmelnitsky.

Txawm li cas los xij, twb yog Vinnitsa cov thawj coj, nws tsis kam ua raws li kev cog lus rau Tsar Lavxias thiab rov qab mus rau Zaporozhye. Sirko tiv thaiv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Sich ntawm txoj cai, txhawb kev ywj pheej "Lytsar kwv tij". Lawv tau kos rau nws ua tus txiv neej siab ncaj thiab ncaj ncees, Cossacks tau sib sau ua ke, nkees nkees ntawm kev ntxub ntxaug, kev ntxeev siab thiab kev sib cav ntawm hetmans thiab cov tub rog. Nws tsis lees txais kev faib tawm ntawm Ukraine thaum nws tau tshaj tawm tias Doroshenko tau swb rau Turks. Kev sib raug zoo nrog nws.

Sirko ravaged tus yeeb ncuab nraub qaum. Qhov no cuam tshuam rau Crimeans. Polish crown hetman Sobieski kov yeej cov yeeb ncuab hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Bratslov (Lub Yim Hli 1671) thiab Kalnik (Lub Kaum Hli 1671). Qhov no tau muab rau Turkey vim li cas cuam tshuam kev ua tsov rog.

Tus sultan tau thov kom huab tais tsis txhob tawm tsam

"Cossack xeev nrog txhua lub nroog", thov kom thim cov tub rog, hem tias yuav pib ua tsov rog.

Turkish ntxeem tau

Cov Ncej tau ceeb.

Lwm lub chaw lis haujlwm tau mus rau Moscow kom thov kom muaj kev sib koom tes. Lo lus nug nyuaj. Qaib ntxhw yog kev hem thawj rau ob lub zog Christian. Txawm li cas los xij, Warsaw yog cov phooj ywg tsis txaus ntseeg.

Hauv Moscow, lawv nco qab tias lub lauj kaub tau coj li cas thaum Tsov Rog-Suav ua tsov rog, teeb tsa Crimean horde tawm tsam lawv, ua li cas lawv ua txhaum kev pom zoo thaum nws tau txais txiaj ntsig. Tam sim no Poland tau thov kev pab. Thiab tib lub sijhawm cov lauj kaub tau tsim txom Orthodox. Coob leej yuav tsum khiav tawm.

Tsis tas li ntawd, Cov Tub Ceev Xwm tau hais kom Russia tso cov Jesuits mus rau hauv lub tebchaws, tso cai rau kev tsim cov tsev teev ntuj Catholic. Sab Lavxias ntawm Jesuits thiab cov koom txoos tam sim ntawd tsis lees paub. Lawv tau pom zoo nrog qhov xav tau rau kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv Turkish kev sib koom tes, tab sis rov qab muab Poland kom lees paub Russia lub hwj chim hla Kiev. Lawv dodged cov phiaj xwm phiaj xwm thiab cog lus tias yuav pab los ntawm kev sib cais ntawm Don Cossacks, Kalmyks thiab Nogai.

Moscow tau sim daws qhov teeb meem los ntawm kev ua nom ua tswv. Ib lub chaw lis haujlwm raug xa mus rau Istanbul, cov neeg sultans tau thov kom koom nrog kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Russia thiab Tebchaws. Lavxias tus thawj tswj hwm Alexei Mikhailovich ceeb toom Porto tias thaum muaj kev tawm tsam los ntawm Turks ntawm Poland, peb yuav ua rau nws pab. Grand Vizier khav theeb hais kom cov neeg Lavxias nyob deb ntawm "Polish affairs."

Russia tsis kam muab khoom plig txhua xyoo rau Crimean Khan, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Crimean raug ntiab tawm mus rau Vologda. Kev npaj rau kev ua tsov rog pib.

Moscow tau sim nrhiav cov phoojywg nyob sab hnub poob Europe. Alexei Mikhailovich lub embassies tau mus rau Askiv, Fabkis, Sweden, Spain, Austria thiab Rome. Nws tau npaj siab los koom ua ke tawm tsam

"Common Christian yeeb ncuab".

Txawm li cas los xij, Sab Hnub Poob tsis muaj sijhawm rau Turkey.

Cov Ottomans nyob deb. Muaj teeb meem uas ze dua thiab tseem ceeb dua. Cov Austrians tsis ntev los no los ntawm Turks thiab tsis xav tawm tsam tseem. Pope Clement tau teb, tab sis tsuas yog nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev yaum Moscow kom "koom tes", txhawm rau rov txhim kho txoj haujlwm ntawm koomhaum. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, tsis pom cov phooj ywg.

Tsov rog hauv Constantinople twb tau txiav txim siab lawm. Twb tau xaus rau xyoo 1671, Hetman Doroshenko tau txais kev txhawb zog los ntawm Tatars thiab Turks. Thiab nws tau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam. Tom qab ntawd Sultan Muhammad tau xa cov lus cem cem mus rau Poles rau kev cuam tshuam cov khoom.

"Tus qhev ntawm peb qhov chaw siab"

Doroshenko.

Tus huab tais Polish tau sim ua pov thawj nws tus kheej, sau tias Ukraine

"Los ntawm ntau pua xyoo dhau los yog keeb kwm ntawm peb cov neeg ua ntej", thiab Doroshenko yog nws qhov kev kawm.

Qaib ntxhw pib tsov rog. Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1672, cov tub rog Ottoman loj heev tau hla hla Danube - 100-150 txhiab leej neeg. Cov tub rog tau coj los ntawm sultan nws tus kheej thiab yawg vizier Fazil Ahmed Pasha. Tebchaws Poland tuaj yeem tso rau pem hauv ntej tsuas yog kev tshem me me ntawm Luzhetsky (ntau txhiab tus tub rog) kom tau ntsib. Nyob rau yav Qab Teb Kab, nws patted tus yeeb ncuab 's pem hauv ntej detachments, thiab ces retreated rau Ladyzhin, mus rau lub Khanenko Cossacks. Cov Turks tau thaiv lawv. Thiab lub zog tseem ceeb tau ntws raws txoj kev Sab Hnub Poob ntawm Russia.

Duab
Duab

Kev sib cav tshiab hauv Ukraine

Thiab ntawm Lub Tuam Txhab Sab laug pib muaj kev sib cav tshiab.

Hetman Ntau-ua txhaum, thaum lub tebchaws Ottoman nkag mus ua rog, nws pib xav, puas yog lub sijhawm rov kis mus rau lub yeej rog ntawm Doroshenko?

Lwm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Cossack tus thawj coj ua npau suav txog hetman mace. Thiab sai li sai tau Ntau-kev txhaum tau teeb tsa, nws tau tam sim ntawd swb rau Moscow. Tus kws lis haujlwm dav dav Mokrievich, tub rog lub tsheb loj Zabello, txiav txim Domontovich thiab Samoilovich, Pereyaslavl, Nezhinsky thiab Starodub cov tub ceev xwm tau hais rau tsarist tus tswv xeev tias hetman tau nqis nrog Doroshenko thiab pom zoo kom lees paub lub zog ntawm Chaw nres nkoj. Cov tswv xeev tsis ua siab deb. Tus txiv neej ua txhaum tau tso tseg thiab xa mus rau Moscow.

Boyar Duma tau txiav txim rau nws kom tuag, tab sis Tsar zam txim rau nws thiab xa nws mus rau hauv tebchaws Siberia. Nyob ntawd nws tseem tau ua haujlwm zoo rau Russia, tawm tsam nrog Mongols, coj kev tiv thaiv zoo ntawm Selenginsky tsev loj cuj. Ua ntej nws tuag nws tau qaug zog.

Tus thawj coj, tau tshem ntawm Ntau tus neeg ua txhaum, sib cav sib ceg. Kev tawm tsam rau qhov chaw ntawm hetman, intrigue, squabbles thiab lus dag. Sirko tuaj txog hauv lub peev hetman, Baturin, kom paub seb tus neeg sib tw twg los txhawb nqa Cossacks. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau nrov heev nrog Cossacks zoo tib yam. Nws lub yeeb koob ntshai. Atman tau hais lus phem tias nws yog tus yeeb ncuab ntawm huab tais, nws tau ua haujlwm rau Poles.

Sirko raug ntes, coj mus rau Moscow thiab raug xa tawm mus nyob txawv tebchaws hauv Tobolsk. Tab sis lawv tau los sai sai rau lawv qhov kev xav uas cov thawj coj xav tau hauv kev ua rog nrog Turks, thiab rov qab mus rau Ukraine.

Tus neeg sib tw tseem ceeb rau qhov chaw ntawm hetman tau suav tias yog tus txiv neej thib ob hauv pab tub rog, tus paub txog kev xav Mokrievich. Nws tau tuav txoj kev tswj hwm hauv cheeb tsam. Tab sis nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm tus tswv xeev tsarist Romodanovsky thiab Rzhevsky, thaum Lub Rau Hli 17, 1672, ntawm lub rooj sib tham hauv Konotop, tus kws txiav txim plaub ntug Ivan Samoilovich tau raug xaiv los ua hetman.

Nov yog thawj tus txiv neej ntawm Sab laug Bank txij li lub sijhawm Bogdan Khmelnitsky, uas tseem muaj kev ntseeg siab rau Moscow, txawm hais tias yav dhau los nws tau txhawb nqa Bryukhovetsky kev ntxeev siab.

Duab
Duab

Kev swb ntawm Poland thiab Buchach kev thaj yeeb

Lub caij no, kev tsov rog hauv Ukraine txuas ntxiv mus.

Tus huab tais Polish Mikhail Vishnevetsky (nws tau raug xaiv nrog nyuaj nyuaj hauv 1669) tau sim tsa pab tub rog. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg muaj suab npe nrov, cov poj koob yawm txwv hetman Sobieski tawm tsam nws, cov neeg siab phem cuam tshuam rau Seimas. Kev tsov rog hauv zej zog tau ua.

Moscow vam tias Poland tseem yuav txhawb nqa cov tub rog thiab tawm tsam thaum muaj kev hem thawj ntawm kev tawm tsam Turkish. Cov Turks yuav raug bogged hauv qhov siege ntawm fortresses. Lub sijhawm no, Russia yuav cuam tshuam cov yeeb ncuab los ntawm kev tawm tsam Azov thiab Crimea. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg Ottomans tsis tau poob siab.

Cov tswv Polish tau cia siab rau lub zog ruaj khov Kamenets -Podolsky -

"Tus yuam sij rau Podillia".

Lub nroog tau npaj rau kev tiv thaiv. Tab sis cov tub rog me me - 1, 5 txhiab tus neeg raws li Potocki hais kom ua.

Thaum Lub Yim Hli 12, 1671, Cov Turks tau mus txog lub chaw tiv thaiv thiab sai sai no tau pib muaj kev tawm tsam. Lub fortress tsuas kav ntev txog thaum kawg ntawm lub hlis. Pototsky tau lees paub Kamenets. Lub tsev teev ntuj tau hloov mus rau hauv mosques, toj ntxas tau raug puas tsuaj. Ntawd yog, Cov Turks tau mus ua lub nroog Muslim. Tsis muaj leej twg txwv Sultan cov tub rog ntxiv lawm. Yuav luag tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv, cov neeg Ottomans txuas ntxiv lawv txoj kev kov yeej. Cov Turks tiv thaiv Buchach.

Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 28 lawv nkag mus hauv Lviv.

Vajntxwv thiab cov tswv tau ntshai kawg. Tsis muaj nyiaj, pab tub rog tsis tau nce. Yuav ua li cas yog tias tus yeeb ncuab mus rau Warsaw?

Cov tub rog tau pom zoo rau txhua qhov kev xav tau ntawm Ottomans. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1671, Buchach Peace Treaty tau kos npe. Tebchaws Poland lees paub Doroshenko raws li kev kawm ntawm Turkey. Lub zwm txwv Polish tau tso lub Podolsk thiab Bratslav voivodeships, sab qab teb ntawm Kiev voivodeship tau thim los ntawm Doroshenko. Podolia thiab Kamenets tau ncaj qha ib feem ntawm Turkish Empire li Kamenets Pashalyk. Warsaw tau them nyiaj rau Ottomans rau kev siv tub rog thiab cog lus tias yuav them se txhua xyoo. Cov tub rog Turkish tau thim tawm rau lub caij ntuj no hla Danube.

Mus rau Azov thiab Crimea

Rov qab rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1672, tsoomfwv tsarist qhia rau Don pab tub rog, Zaporozhye Sich thiab Kalmyks ntawm Taishi Ayuki los npaj phiaj xwm ntawm Azov thiab Crimea. Don Ataman Yakovlev tau thov kom tua cov ntug dej hiav txwv thiab cov nkoj ntawm Qaib Cov Txwv thiab Crimean Khanate (yav dhau los qhov no tau txwv nruj me ntsis). Lub Kalmyk horde thiab Astrakhan Tatars yuav tsum mus rau Kerch lossis Perekop thiab tsoo Crimeans. Cossacks raws Dnieper raug txib kom mus rau Hiav Txwv Dub thiab tsoo cov yeeb ncuab. Tus nab npawb plows thiab gulls (nkoj), phom thiab mos txwv raug xa mus rau Zaporozhye Cossacks. Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav, Crimean horde tau xa cov tub rog tseem ceeb los pab Sultan cov tub rog thiab Doroshenko, yog li ntawd thaj av muaj kev tiv thaiv tsis muaj zog.

Nws muaj peev xwm los npaj kev mus ncig tsuas yog thaum Lub Yim Hli.

Lub Yim Hli 20, Donets (kwv yees li 5 txhiab) tuaj ze Azov. Qhov kawg ntawm Lub Yim Hli, Cossacks tau tawm tsam tus saib xyuas, uas thaiv qhov tawm ntawm Don. Artillery tsoo ib tus pej thuam mus rau hauv qab, ib nrab. Tom qab ntawd lawv thim rov qab. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli, lawv tau txais daim ntawv tsarist tshiab - kom rhuav lub pej thuam, tab sis tsis txhob kov Azov.

Detachments ntawm Kalmyks tuaj txog pab cov Donets. Cossacks thiab Kalmyks rov mus rau Azov thaum Lub Kaum Hli thiab rhuav tshem ib puag ncig. Lub Kalmyks, tom qab ua nyob ze Azov, raided Perekop thiab rhuav tshem tus lej ntawm Crimean uluses. Zaporozhian Cossacks txiav txim siab tawm hauv av, vim lawv tsis tau npaj nkoj. 9 txhiab qhov kev tshem tawm tau coj los ntawm ataman Vdovichenko. Cossacks tau mus rau Perekop, tab sis tsis ua tiav dab tsi, sib cav thiab rhuav tshem Vdovichenko. Peb rov qab mus rau Sich.

Yog li, nws tsis muaj peev xwm los npaj phiaj xwm tiv thaiv kom raws sijhawm thiab cuam tshuam cov yeeb ncuab ntawm Poland. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua ntawm Cossacks txhawj xeeb Crimea thiab Qaib Cov Txwv; hauv kev tawm tsam tom ntej, ib feem ntawm lawv cov rog tau hloov mus rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov cheeb tsam no.

Qaib ntxhw txoj kev vam meej hauv kev ua tsov rog nrog Lub Tebchaws tau ua rau Moscow ceeb heev.

Tam sim no Doroshenko tau nthuav tawm raws li hetman ntawm txhua lub tebchaws Ukraine, tom qab nws sawv ntawm Porta uas muaj zog. Cov ntaub ntawv tau txais tias kev tawm tsam yeeb ncuab tom ntej yuav poob rau ntawm Lub Txhab Nyiaj Txiag. Tias cov Turks tau txaus siab rau lawv txoj kev yeej yooj yim dua Lyakhs thiab tam sim no xav kov yeej lub xeev Lavxias. Kev sau se se thaum muaj xwm ceev rau kev ua tsov rog tau tshaj tawm.

Cov tub ceev xwm nyiag nyiag xa ib lub chaw lis haujlwm, muab rau Lavxias tus thawj tswj hwm xa tub rog mus rau Txoj Cai Lij Choj. Lawv tau lees paub tias Tebchaws Poland yuav rhuav tshem Buchach Kev Thaj Yeeb tam sim ntawd, cov neeg Lavxias thiab Tus Kheej yuav ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm Danube.

Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau pom tseeb tias Warsaw xav tawm ntawm Russia tus nqi. Yog li ntawd, kev npaj ua tsov rog rau xyoo 1673 yog kev tiv thaiv kom dawb huv. Lawv txiav txim siab tsis ua phem rau Ottomans, tab sis yog tias lawv nce, lawv yuav ntsib lawv ntawm Dnieper. Kuj tseem ntxias Dnieper Cossacks rau lawv sab.

Romodanovsky pab tub rog mus rau hauv tebchaws Ukraine, koom nrog Samoilovich's Cossacks. Sirko tau rov qab los ntawm kev ntoj ke mus kawm. Tus thawj coj rov qab los rau Cossacks nrog tsheb ciav hlau loj.

Pom zoo: