Hauv thawj feem ntawm kab lus, Great Scythia thiab super-ethnos ntawm Rus, nws tau sau tseg tias Scythian xeev muaj lub xeev-kev sib koom ua ke. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub zog no yog yam tsis muaj kev ywj pheej, tab sis tsis yog kev koom ua ke, tab sis yog "tsoomfwv". Nws yog cov txheej txheem txheej txheem nyuaj uas suav nrog pab pawg hauv pawg neeg, pab pawg, thiab pab pawg hauv pawg neeg ("thaj av"). Tab sis, raws li koj paub, txheej txheem ntawm kev lwj thiab kev puas tsuaj yog ib yam nkaus li kev yug thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub xeev. Lub sijhawm thib peb ntawm Scythian kev tswj hwm hauv Eurasia tau xaus rau thaum xyoo pua 4 BC. NS. Txog rau lub sijhawm no, Scythian xeev (nws sab hnub poob, Ntug Dej Hiav Txwv Dub) tau hloov pauv mus rau hauv ib pawg neeg uas muaj vaj ntxwv nyob nrog kev txiav txim siab ua nom tswv, uas tau muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm Greek kab lis kev cai. Qhov no coj mus rau kev poob ntawm Scythian cov neeg tseem ceeb. Nyob rau xyoo pua 2 BC. NS. Sarmatians-Savromats tau tsiv los ntawm Volga thiab Don mus rau sab hnub poob, hauv thaj av Hiav Txwv Dub thiab tsoo Scythians lub nceeg vaj. Lub sijhawm Sarmatian pib hauv kev vam meej ntawm Sab Qaum Teb.
Sarmatian lub nceeg vaj (400 BC - 200 AD)
Cov Sarmatians tau nce qib los ntawm Urals mus rau Don tom qab Scythians nyob rau xyoo pua 7. BC NS. Lawv yog cov txheeb ze ntawm Scythians - lawv hais lus ib hom lus ntawm Scythian lus, lawv tau koom ua ke los ntawm qhov sib xws ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Tau ntev, Sarmatians thiab Scythians yog cov neeg nyob sib haum xeeb, lawv tau ua lag luam, Sarmatian pawg neeg koom nrog hauv kev ua tsov ua rog ntawm Scythians. Ua ke lawv tau tawm tsam kev ua phem ntawm Persian hordes ntawm Darius.
Lub npe "Sarmatians" raws li ib qho ntawm cov ntawv txhais tau tias "poj niam". Lawv ris lub npe no vim yog lub luag haujlwm siab ntawm poj niam "Amazons" hauv zej zog. Qhov no tsis yog rooj plaub rau Mediterranean thiab lwm lub tebchaws sab qab teb. Hauv txoj ntsiab cai, txoj haujlwm sib luag nrog txiv neej hauv kev ua haujlwm, kev ua tsov ua rog, kev sib raug zoo thiab kev ua neej nyob, yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm txhua pab pawg Scythian "pab pawg". Cov poj niam, sib npaug nrog cov txiv neej, koom nrog kev ua tsov rog, yog cov neeg caij tsheb zoo, tua phom, thiab ntaus pob. Cov khub niam txiv ruaj khov tau yeej ntawm Scythians thiab Sarmatians, qhov twg txiv neej thiab poj niam muaj txoj cai sib nrauj. Feem ntau cov poj niam coj caj ces, pab pawg thiab thaj chaw muaj cai tswjfwm kev nom kev tswv. Yog li, los ntawm kwv yees li 6-5 xyoo pua. BC NS. lub sijhawm ntawm txoj kev kav ntawm tus poj huab tais zaj dab neeg ntawm Sarmatians Zarina yog. Nws lub peev yog lub nroog Roscanak. Lwm tus poj huab tais ntawm Scythians-Sakas (Massagets) Tomiris nyob rau xyoo 6th BC. NS. swb cov tub rog ntawm Cyrus Great thiab "muab ntshav rau nws haus."
Cov Sarmatians tau ua lwm qhov kev hloov pauv hauv kev ua tub rog - yog tias Cimmerians thiab Scythians muaj lub cav cav hnyav ua lub hauv paus ntawm pab tub rog, Sarmatians tsim cov tub rog hnyav. Lawv cov cataphracts (hnyav hnyav horsemen) tiv thaiv los ntawm carapaces. Tus tub rog thiab nws tus nees tau raug tiv thaiv los ntawm cov phom lossis phaj phom. Nws tau siv riam phom muaj zog 4-4.5 m, rab ntaj ntev dua li cov Scythians. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, Sarmatians tau sib koom ua ke ntawm Scythian nees hneev taw nrog kev tawm tsam ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv phom ntawm cov yeeb ncuab pem hauv ntej.
Los ntawm xyoo pua 4 BC NS. Sarmatian era pib hauv keeb kwm ntawm yav qab teb Russia. Txawm hais tias lub nceeg vaj Scythian tsis muaj zog tuav tau ob xyoos ntxiv hauv thaj av Hiav Txwv Dub thiab ntau dua hauv Crimea. "Island of Crimea" tau ntev khaws cia ib feem ntawm Scythian lub nceeg vaj qub. Ntxiv mus, Crimean Scythia nkag mus rau hauv kev tswjfwm kev tswjfwm nrog Sarmatian lub tebchaws. Yog tias thaum xub thawj Crimean Scythians tau tsim lub Perekop ditch thiab lub rampart, uas cais cov ceg av qab teb los ntawm tus steppe, tom qab ntawd cov kev tiv thaiv no tau tso tseg kiag li. Tab sis nyob rau sab qab teb, ib qho txheej txheem tshiab ntawm kev tiv thaiv tau tshwm sim, uas tau npog lub peev ntawm Crimean Scythia - Naples, los ntawm kev tuaj yeem tawm tsam los ntawm hiav txwv. Lwm qhov ntawm Scythian cov tub rog-nom tswv cov neeg tseem ceeb tau thim rov qab rau Dacia, mus rau thaj tsam ntawm sab qaum teb Danube. Lub sijhawm ua tiav kev tswj hwm ntawm Sarmatians nyob rau sab qab teb Lavxias teb sab cov hav cuam tshuam nrog rau Prokhorov keeb kwm kev coj noj coj ua (2 xyoo pua BC - 2 xyoo pua AD). Nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias Sarmatians tau tshem tawm tag nrho thiab tshem tawm Scythians, zoo li hauv Scythian-Cimmerian tsis sib haum, tsuas yog cov txheej txheem txiav txim siab sab saud tau hloov pauv. Feem ntau ntawm Scythians koom nrog lub xeev tshiab hauv zej zog.
Lub tebchaws Sarmatian koom ua ke ntau lub koomhaum koomhaum loj. Roksalans thiab Yazygs nyob hauv thaj av Hiav Txwv Dub (nruab nrab ntawm Don thiab Dniep er - Roksolans, mus rau sab hnub poob ntawm lawv - nruab nrab ntawm Dnieper thiab Danube - nyob hauv Yazygs), Aorses - thaj av Azov, qis dua ntawm Don, Siraks - thaj av Azov sab hnub tuaj, Kuban, Alans - North Caucasus. Nyob ib ncig ntawm pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 2. n. NS. lub zog hauv Sarmatia raug Alans txeeb tau, thiab txij thaum ntawd los, feem coob ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv cheeb tsam pib dais lawv lub npe.
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias keeb kwm Dmitry Ilovaisky (1832-1920) txheeb xyuas Roksolan nrog Rus, txiav txim siab lawv li Slavs. Txawm tias ua ntej dhau los, qhov kev thov no tau ua los ntawm MV Lomonosov (1711 - 1765), nws tau sau tias "… txog Alans thiab Vendians los ntawm qhov saum toj no, nws tau paub tias lawv yog Slavs thiab Rossans ntawm tib pab pawg." Cov kws sau keeb kwm muaj npe Georgy Vernadsky (1888-1973) tau xav tias Roxolans, uas tseem nyob hauv Tebchaws Europe Sab Hnub Tuaj hauv IV-VIII ib puas xyoo. n. e., dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm cov neeg ntawm Ros (Rus), thiab tsim Lavxias Kaganate. Yog li, txawm tias ua ntej tuaj txog ntawm Varangians-Rus, coj los ntawm Rurik xyoo 862, lub xeev Lavxias tau tsim nyob rau sab qab teb, uas tau txais cov kev lig kev cai ntawm Alan-Sarmatians thiab Scythians.
Ib qho ntxiv, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias Sarmatia tau txais los ntawm Scythia tsis yog thaj av ntawm thaj av steppe nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Russia, txawm hais tias "chaw tswj hwm" nyob ntawd. Cov peev txheej qub qhia tias Sarmatians tseem nyob thaj tsam hav zoov ntawm Russia yav tom ntej. Lawv cov khoom tau nthuav dav mus rau sab qaum teb, mus txog tundra ntawm Arctic. Muaj ntau qhov qhia tias Sarmatians nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm Belarus, Central Russia. Rau txhua tus neeg sau keeb kwm qub, pib nrog Tacitus thiab Ptolemy, cov khoom ntawm Sarmatians pib los ntawm Vistula thiab txuas ntxiv txhua txoj kev mus rau Volga thiab dhau mus.
Nws yuav tsum nkag siab tias yog lub npe ua ntej "Scythians" thiab "Sarmatians" yog thaj chaw ib puag ncig ntawm tib neeg kev coj noj coj ua, tib neeg, tom qab ntawd lawv tau pib siv los ua cov lus sib xws los xaiv txhua tus neeg ntawm Great Scythia (thiab tom qab ntawd Sarmatia).
Hauv Sarmatian era, kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev vam meej ntawm sab qaum teb tau nce ntxiv. Cov Sarmatians tau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm Roman Empire nyob rau sab hnub poob ciam teb thiab cuam tshuam nrog kev cuam tshuam hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm thaj av Balkan-Asia Me. Cov txheeb ze ntawm Scythians - Saki -Parthians nyob rau xyoo pua 3 BC. NS. kov yeej Seleucid Hellenistic faj tim teb chaws thiab kov yeej Persia. Sab qaum teb Dub Hiav Txwv thiab thaj av Azov tau npog nrog lub network ntawm cov nroog thiab cov chaw tiv thaiv. Sab qab teb Lavxias steppes dhau los ua tus xa khoom loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov qoob loo mus rau Mediterranean nroog-xeev. Qhov no qhia tias Sarmatians, zoo li Scythians, tsis yog "nomads" nkaus xwb, lawv kuj yog tus tswv tswv av. Kev nce qib hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab metallurgy ua rau nws muaj peev xwm hloov pauv kev ua tub rog.
Qhov tig ntawm lub sijhawm tshiab yog lub sijhawm muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm Sarmatia. Nyob rau sab hnub poob, ciam teb ntawm Sarmatian cov khoom tau khiav raws Vistula thiab Danube, nyob rau sab qab teb, nyob rau hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm Scythian -Sarmatians, yuav luag yuav luag South Asia - los ntawm Persia thiab India mus rau Tuam Tshoj Sab Qaum Teb. Hiav txwv Baltic nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd hu ua Scythian, lossis Sarmatian Hiav Txwv. Proud Rome raug yuam kom them se rau Roxalans kom ua kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. Txawm tias tus huab tais muaj hwj chim tshaj plaws, Trajan thiab Hadrian, tau them nws.
Scythians-Sarmatians thiab Russians
Alans-Sarmatians nyob rau xyoo pua 4 AD NS. tseem nyob qhov chaw nthuav dav ntawm hav zoov-steppe thiab steppe aav. Hauv keeb kwm keeb kwm muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lawv nyob rau 5-7 xyoo. Cov khoom siv kab lis kev cai ntawm yav qab teb Lavxias steppes ntawm 1st txhiab xyoo AD NS. kuj tseem nthuav qhia txuas ntxiv nrog rau lub sijhawm dhau los. Cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm pom cov qhov txhab faus thiab cov khoom muaj nqis zoo ib yam li qub thaum ub. Hauv lub xyoo pua 7, kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws tau tshwm sim nyob rau thaj tsam Sab Hnub Tuaj Europe Sab Hnub Poob, uas cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau suav tias yog Slavic. Rus thiab Rus hloov Sarmatia-Alania thiab Sarmatian-Alan.
Qhov no ib leeg yog txaus kom nkag siab tias muaj kev sib txuas ncaj qha ntawm Slavic Russians thiab Sarmatians (Alans), kev ua tiav ntawm ntau tiam ntawm kev coj noj coj ua qub thaum ub ntawm "barbarians sab qaum teb". Tab sis, peb tau hais tias feem ntau ntawm Alans tau raug tua thaum lub sijhawm Great Migration of Nations (zoo li ua ntej cov neeg Cimmerian ua ntej, Cimmerians, Scythians thiab Sarmatians raug "tua pov tseg"). Ib feem ntawm Alans tau poob rau hauv cov cua ntsawj ntshab ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw, thiab tso lawv cov kab hauv Central thiab Western Europe, mus txog rau niaj hnub Spain thiab Britain (txawm tias Arthur thiab nws cov tub rog yuav yog los ntawm Alan-Sarmatians). Lwm qhov tau nkag mus rau hauv qhov chaw ruaj khov ntawm North Caucasus, lawv cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv tau suav tias yog Ossetians niaj hnub no.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Alan-Sarmatians mus qhov twg? Ib tus neeg uas, raws li tus kws sau ntawv Roman hais tias Ammianus Marcellinus, uas nyob rau xyoo pua 4 AD yog neeg nyob qhov chaw nthuav los ntawm Danube mus rau Ganges. Cov kev tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm keeb kwm qhia tias "steppe", Scythian-Sarmatian tivthaiv yog qhov tseemceeb tseemceeb hauv kev tsim cov neeg Lavxias niaj hnub no. Raws li tus kws tshaj lij, keeb kwm thiab kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm keeb kwm, tus thawj coj ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Txawj Ntse ntawm Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm USSR xyoo 1987-1991 VP Alekseev, "tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg tias feem ntau ntawm cov pej xeem nyob rau sab qab teb Lavxias teb sab steppes hauv nruab nrab ntawm 1st xyoo txhiab BC. NS. yog cov poj koob yawm txwv lub cev ntawm pab pawg East Slavic ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog ". Thiab "Scythian" hom kab mob anthropological, nyeg, qhia txuas ntxiv los ntawm tsawg kawg yog Hnub Nyoog Bronze - III - II txhiab xyoo BC. NS. Cov ntaub ntawv no tau txais los ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txheeb xyuas hom tsiaj keeb kwm tsis yog tsuas yog ntawm ob haiv neeg sib txawv, tab sis kuj ntawm pab pawg sib txawv hauv ib qho ethnos. Qhov xaus los ntawm cov lus saum toj no yog ib qho: Cov neeg Lavxias niaj hnub no (super-ethnos ntawm Rus, suav nrog Great Russians, Me Russians thiab White Rus thiab lwm pab pawg me) yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Indo-European Aryans ntawm Hnub Nyoog Bronze, Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians thiab Alans.
Tsis muaj ib yam xav tsis thoob hauv qhov no. Ob tus kws sau keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm 18th - thaum ntxov 21st caug xyoo tau hais txog qhov no. Qhov tseeb no tsis tau sau hauv phau ntawv keeb kwm thiab tsis raug lees paub vim yog thaj chaw hauv ntiaj teb. Cov yeej yeej sau keeb kwm. Lub tswv yim qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Mediterranean, kev coj noj coj ua yav qab teb tau kov yeej "cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb" (lawv yeej ntau qhov kev sib ntaus, tab sis kev ua tsov rog txuas ntxiv mus, "lus nug Lavxias" tseem tsis tau daws thaum kawg).
Qhov no piav qhia qhov zoo sib xws ntawm Scythians-Skolots thaum ub thiab cov neeg Lavxias niaj hnub no hauv qhov muag thiab kev xav. Cov duab muaj sia nyob thiab cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig hais ib yam: Scythians thiab Russes tau txawv los ntawm lawv qhov kev loj hlob zoo dua qub thiab ua kom muaj zog, tawv nqaij ncaj ncees, lub qhov muag pom thiab plaub hau (yog vim li cas "Rus" yog "lub teeb, ncaj-plaub hau"). Lawv yog kev ua tsov rog, rau ntau pua xyoo lawv tau hla cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig hauv kev ua tub rog. Lawv tau txawv los ntawm lawv txoj kev hlub kev ywj pheej, kev zoo nkauj thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm poj niam. Sarmatians, Central Asian Saki thiab Rus hnav cov plaub hau uas paub zoo "hauv qab lub lauj kaub", lossis txiav lawv taub hau, tawm hauv cov plaub hau thiab forelocks, thaum Hiav Txwv Dub Scythians muaj cov plaub hau ntev thiab cov plaub hau. Txawm nyob hauv khaub ncaws, "Sarmatian style" tau nrov ntawm cov Slavs tau ntev. Cov khaub ncaws ntawm Scythians tsis txawv ntau los ntawm qhov hnav los ntawm cov neeg Lavxias yuav luag txog thaum xyoo pua 20th. Qhov no yog lub tsho ntev, lub tsho hnav nrog txoj siv tawv, lub tsho khuam nrog lub khawm rau ntawm lub hauv siab lossis ib lub xub pwg, lub tsho harem dav lossis lub ris nruj tso rau hauv khau tawv. Cov Scythians nyiam ua luam dej da dej.
Peb paub tias Scythians thiab Sarmatians hwm ob txoj kev ntseeg tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - lub hnub thiab hluav taws. Tus vaj tswv ntawm cov tub rog tau hwm heev - lawv pe hawm ntaj. Ntawm cov neeg Lavxias Slavic, cov kev cai dab qhuas no yuav luag tag nrho khaws cia. Nco ntsoov Svyatoslav thiab nws tus cwj pwm rau riam phom, kev ua tub rog ua phooj ywg, peb pom cov kev xav zoo ib yam ntawm Scythians.
Cov duab uas tau nqis los rau peb, cov duab ntawm Scythians qhia tsis yog hom Lavxias anthropological nkaus xwb, tab sis txawm tias cov subtypes hauv zos uas muaj nyob rau tam sim no. Piv txwv li, daim duab piav qhia txog qhov xav tias yog Parthian ntxhais fuabtais Rodogun (Rodogunda) qhia pom tus poj niam Lavxias (Great Russia). Cov duab ntawm poj huab tais Chubby Dinamy los ntawm Bosporus qhia me me Lavxias (Ukrainian) hom Slav. Hauv ib qho ntawm cov av nyob rau yav qab teb Siberia, tau pom cov khoom plig nrog cov duab Caucasian, nrog qee qhov "cheekbones" thiab "obliqueness" hauv qhov muag. Cov no yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib feem ntawm Lavxias-Siberians. Thiab tsis muaj ib lossis ob qhov kev pom zoo li no.
Muaj kev sib txuas meej ntawm cov khoom siv kab lis kev cai ntawm Chernigov-Seversky tus thawj tswj hwm thiab Sarmatian era. Cov poj niam cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub - cov nplhaib hauv tuam tsev, hauv cheeb tsam Chernihiv tau ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm txoj hlua, thiab muab cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, cov hlua, cov hlua tes tau nthuav dav ntawm Sarmatian "Amazons". Lub tuam tsev lub nplhaib feem ntau suav tias yog kev kho kom zoo nkauj Slavic, tab sis lawv tau pom ntawm Sarmatian cov khoom muaj nqis, thiab cov qub tshaj plaws tau rov qab los rau Hnub Nyoog Bronze - 2 txhiab BC. NS.
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm haiv neeg yog nyob. Txiav txim los ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm hauv Crimean Scythia, hauv Scythian Naples, Scythians lig nyob hauv cov tsev pob zeb uas muaj lub ru tsev pobzeb. Cov tsev muaj lub ru tsev gable, xub xub tau teeb tsa ntawm lub ru tsev ntawm lub ru tsev, ntawm nws ob sab lub taub hau ntawm ob tus nees txua ntoo los ntawm ntoo, tig mus rau hauv cov lus qhia sib txawv nrog lawv cov muzzles. Qhov no zoo heev nco txog lub tsev pheeb suab Russia nrog skates. Hauv lwm thaj av ntawm Great Scythia - Altai, lawv tau ua tib lub tsev, tab sis los ntawm ntoo. Cov classic txiav ib qho yog lub tsev tseem ceeb ntawm Siberian Scythians. Cov lus dab neeg ntawm "nomads" tau khov kho hauv peb lub taub hau, tab sis qhov tseeb qhov steppe yurt, tsev pheeb suab tsim los ntawm Scythians, tau siv tsuas yog thaum lub caij ntuj sov. Scythians yog tub rog, ua liaj ua teb thiab yug tsiaj, thiab tsis yog chaw pw hav zoov ntawm "gypsies". Qhov laj thawj zoo xav tau txav mus rau thaj av tshiab.
Kuj tseem muaj qhov txuas ntxiv hauv cov khoom siv hauv tsev. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlab ntsha yog lub lauj kaub zoo li lub qe (hemispherical) lauj kaub; nws tseem yuav luag tsis hloov pauv txij li lub sijhawm Dnieper-Donetsk kab lis kev cai ntawm 5 txhiab BC. NS. mus txog Hnub Nyoog Kawg. Kev txuas ntxiv txuas ntxiv ntawm cov khoom siv kab lis kev cai, nrog rau hom tsiaj keeb kwm, tuaj yeem taug los ntawm Neolithic thiab Bronze Age mus rau Nrab Hnub nyoog. Kev faus neeg faus rau hauv qab qhov ntxa tuaj yeem taug los ntawm qhov tig ntawm 4-3 txhiab BC. NS. txog rau kev saws me nyuam ntawm kev ntseeg Vajtswv los ntawm Russia thiab txawm tias me ntsis tom qab (Kev ntseeg Vajtswv yeej nws txoj haujlwm tau ntev). Ib qho ntxiv, faus cov pob zeb sib txawv ntawm lub sijhawm, raws li txoj cai, tau teeb tsa ib sab ntawm ib sab, vim li ntawd, tag nrho "nroog" ("teb") ntawm cov neeg tuag sawv. Ntawm qee qhov chaw faus neeg, "qhov nkag" faus tau ua rau ntau txhiab xyoo! Raws li koj paub, feem ntau yog neeg txawv, neeg txawv tebchaws xav tias ntshai cuam tshuam nrog kev faus neeg ntawm lwm haiv neeg. Lawv tuaj yeem nyiag tau, tab sis lawv yuav tsis faus lawv cov neeg tuag nyob ntawd. Kev nyob ruaj khov thiab txuas ntxiv ntawm kev ua kev pam tuag nyob rau ntau pua xyoo thiab txawm ntau txhiab xyoo qhia tias cov neeg tshiab ntawm cov neeg nyob rau sab qab teb Lavxias teb sab cov neeg saib xyuas lawv cov neeg ua ntej yog lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv tam sim no. Nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm pab pawg neeg, thiab txawm tias muaj kev cuam tshuam kev coj noj coj ua tawg (zoo li kev coj los ntseeg Vajtswv lossis Islam), qhov kev nyob ruaj khov yog, hauv txoj ntsiab cai, tsis yooj yim sua. Ib qho thiab tib txoj kev ntseeg ib yam, kev pam tuag tau khaws cia rau 4 txhiab xyoo. Txog rau "keeb kwm" Slavonic era ntawm cov Hnub Nyoog Kawg thaum ntxov.
Rau ntau txhiab xyoo, tib neeg tau nyob hauv tib qhov chaw txawm tias tom qab muaj kev nom kev tswv loj, thiab kev rov kho tau rov qab los. Peb pom qhov no ntawm qhov piv txwv ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Russia ntawm ib puas xyoo dhau los - rhuav tshem thiab hlawv cov nroog thiab cov zos tau rov qab los sai sai nyob rau tib qhov chaw lossis nyob ze.
Peb pom tus kheej hauv kev sib raug zoo thiab lub xeev. "Lub Nceeg Vaj" (faj tim teb chaws) suav nrog kev ywj pheej ntawm ib cheeb tsam -kev nom tswv koom haum - "thaj av". Muaj ob qho kev sib cav sib ceg thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm dynasties. Cov zej zog suav nrog cov neeg pub dawb, kev ua cev qhev tsis raug rau "cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb" Cov poj niam thiab txiv neej muaj vaj huam sib luag hauv txoj cai, mus txog thiab suav nrog cov ntxhais hauv kev ua tub rog. Peb pom cov poj niam hauv Lavxias pab tub rog txawm tias thaum tsov rog ntawm Svyatoslav Igorevich. Tab sis, tom qab ua kev cai raus dej, kev coj ncaj ncees "muag" thiab cov ntxhais tsis tas yuav tua cov yeeb ncuab. Txawm hais tias peb pom li cas Slavs tiv thaiv lawv lub nroog thiab cov zos ua ke nrog txiv neej nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab. Hom kev lag luam tseem muaj qhov zoo sib xws: cov Scythians tsis yog "nomads" hauv qhov kev nkag siab, tab sis tau txiav txim siab (txawm tias yooj yim mus) cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab cov neeg yug tsiaj nyuj; hauv thaj tsam hav zoov, qhov tseem ceeb tseem ceeb tau txuas nrog kev yos hav zoov thiab lwm yam kev lag luam. Lawv tau tsim cov nroog, yog cov kws ua hlau zoo heev, tau ua ntau yam kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, suav nrog cov tub rog. Lawv ua tiav tawm tsam cov xeev nyob sib ze, ua rau muaj zog tsoo rau Ancient Egypt, Hittite lub nceeg vaj, lub tebchaws Asia Me Me, Assyria, Persia, Hellenistic powers, thiab Roman Empire. Lawv tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau kev txhim kho ntawm haiv neeg Khab thiab Suav.
Tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm P. N. Schultz pib khawb av ntawm Scythian Naples xyoo 1945, nws yog tus thawj coj ntawm Tavro-Scythian ntoj ke mus kawm, yog tus sau kaum ob ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm txog Scythian-Sarmatian. Nws ntseeg tias nyob hauv Scythian qhov chaw nyob, tsev nyob, kev faus neeg, hauv Scythian cov duab, hauv cov khoom siv tes ua, tshwj xeeb hauv cov tais diav, cov ntoo ntoo, cov paj ntaub, khaub ncaws, "peb pom ntau thiab ntau yam ntxiv nrog kev coj noj coj ua thiab lub neej thaum ub Slavs "ib. Cov pab pawg neeg Scythian tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov Slavs Sab Hnub Tuaj, thiab "Qub Lavxias kev coj noj coj ua tsis yog tsim los ntawm Varangians lossis cov tuaj tshiab los ntawm Byzantium, raws li Western pseudoscientists hais txog nws." Lavxias kev coj noj coj ua thiab Lavxias superethnos muaj keeb kwm yav dhau los uas rov qab ntau txhiab xyoo. Nws tsis yog tsis muaj dab tsi uas Mikhail Lomonosov sau hais tias ntawm "cov poj koob yawm txwv thaum ub ntawm cov neeg Lavxias tam sim no … Scythians tsis yog qhov kawg."
Qhov teeb meem ntawm cov lus Scythian
Tam sim no, qhov kev lees paub feem ntau yog tias Scythians, zoo li Sarmatians, tau hais cov lus ntawm pab pawg Iranian ntawm tsev neeg Indo-European lus. Nws tshwm sim tias Sarmatians, Scythians raug hu ua "Iranians". Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov teeb meem tseem ceeb rau kev lees paub ntawm Scythians, Sarmatians - cov poj koob yawm txwv ncaj qha ntawm cov neeg Lavxias. Rov qab rau xyoo pua puv 19, qhov kev xav no tau khov kho khov kho hauv ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb. Tab sis muaj ntau qhov tseeb uas hais tias qhov no tsuas yog lwm zaj dab neeg tsim los "txiav tawm" cov hauv paus ntawm Lavxias kev vam meej.
1) Nws tau tshaj tawm tias "Cov lus Scythian" yuav luag ploj tag (txawm hais tias nws tau hais hauv qhov kev nthuav dav ntawm Great Scythia), tab sis vim muaj tsawg tus ntawm cov npe tus kheej, cov npe hauv cheeb tsam thiab cov lus ntxiv uas tseem nyob hauv cov lus txawv teb chaws, cov lus no tau muab rau pawg Iran … Qhov ua tiav "ploj mus" ntawm cov lus tsis tiv thaiv nws los ntawm qhov raug ntaus nqi rau pab pawg Iranian.
2) Qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho "Iran -hais lus" ntawm Scythians yog tag nrho rau cov kws paub lus German ntawm 19th - thawj ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua 20th. Lub sijhawm no, cov kws tshawb fawb German tau siv zog ua pov thawj "thawj" ntawm cov neeg German hauv ntiaj teb Indo-European (lawv hu nws Indo-German), tsuas yog cov neeg German yuav tsum yog "Aryans tseeb." Qhov no yog hnub kawg ntawm Germanic thiab, feem ntau, Western "kev xav", uas tau ua pov thawj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg European sab hnub poob, feem ntau yog neeg German keeb kwm, thiab kev thim rov qab, "kev phem" ntawm Slavs. Keeb kwm tau sau nyob rau hauv "blond German beasts". Qhov kev xav no tau lees paub hauv Russia, zoo li tau muaj "Norman txoj kev xav" ua ntej. Nws yog qhov txaus siab tias tom qab xyoo 1945 kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb German ntawm lub ncauj lus "Iranian-hais lus" ntawm Scythians, thiab feem ntau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg German tshaj li lwm pab pawg ntawm Indo-European tsev neeg, tso tseg. Thaj, txoj cai tswjfwm tau ploj mus, thiab cov Slavs tau ua pov thawj los ntawm kev ua uas lawv tsis yog "cov neeg ntawm qib ob lossis thib peb."
3) Hauv USSR hauv xyoo 1940s-1960s, tau ua tiav qhov kev sim ua tiav kom thim qhov kev xav ntawm Iranian-hais lus ntawm Scythians. Tab sis, thaum lub sijhawm xyoo "nyob qis qis", "Iran-hais lus" tau nce. Nws yog nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd ntawm keeb kwm uas peb pom yuav ua li cas "Russianess" tau tawm ntawm USSR, muab txoj hauv kev rau ntiaj teb kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj noj coj ua sab hnub poob. Pom tseeb, muaj "kev txiav txim" rau "Norman txoj kev xav", "Iranian hais lus Scythians", "kev ua phem thiab rov qab" ntawm Slavs ua ntej kev cai raus dej ntawm Rus, thiab lwm yam.
4) "Iranian-like" cov npe ntawm Scythians uas tau nqis los rau peb lub sijhawm tsis tuaj yeem txhais tau tias lawv yog "Iranians". Kev txiav txim los ntawm cov npe niaj hnub Lavxias, kev loj hlob ntawm Russia feem ntau yog cov neeg Greek, Loos thiab neeg Yudais! Slavyans - Svyatoslavov, Yaroslavov, Vladimirov, Svetlan, thiab lwm yam. Peb paub tias sab hnub poob ntawm Scythia tau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev los ntawm Mediterranean (feem ntau yog Greek) kev coj noj coj ua, tau dhau los ua neeg ntiaj teb. Scythians ntawm Central Asia tau muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm Persia, thiab tom qab kev tawm tsam ntawm Alexander the Great - los ntawm Hellenization. Txawm tias tom qab ntawd, Scythian kev vam meej tau lees paub qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Turkic keeb kwm, txawm hais tias nws khaws nws cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb.
5) Hauv cov lus uas tau nqis los rau peb, peb pom ntau yam hauv paus hauv paus Indo-European dua li "Iran". Piv txwv li, Scythian lo lus "vira" - "tus txiv, txiv neej", muaj qhov sib piv hauv "Avesta", tab sis kuj tseem muaj nyob hauv Ancient Rome: txiv neej - "vira", duumvirs, triumvirs. Tus Scythian vaj tswv ntawm cua daj cua dub thiab cua Vata kuj tseem muaj Indo-European counterparts, Indian Vayu, Celtic Fata Morgana. Scythian "qhuas" tsis xav tau kev txhais lus. Qhov tseeb, ntawm no ib yam, tus neeg txhawb nqa ntawm Iranian-hais lus ntawm Scythians tuaj nrog cov lus teb, lawv hais tias, Slavs tau qiv cov lus los ntawm Scythians (piv txwv li, lo lus "ax").
6) Nws muab tawm tias Ossetians tsis yog xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Alan-Sarmatians. Lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv yog cov neeg nyob hauv nroog (autochthons) uas nyob hauv Caucasus yuav luag los ntawm lub sijhawm Upper Paleolithic. Cov Scythians tau tsim kev tswj hwm Caucasus, thiab nws tau nyob hauv lawv txoj kev tswj hwm rau txhiab xyoo. Cov neeg Caucasian Sab Qaum Teb tau koom nrog kev sib raug zoo nrog Scythians thiab Sarmatians, pom tseeb, cov pab pawg me ntawm Scythians tau nyob hauv Caucasus thiab tau sib sau ua ke, tab sis tau tso lawv cov lus tsim tawm. Cov lus Ossetian tau cuam tshuam ntau tshaj plaws. Tab sis, nws yog qhov txaus siab tias nws tau khaws cia isoglosses (kev sib tham ntawm cov lus), ua neeg txawv txawv rau Iran pawg. Linguist V. I. Abaev pom tias cov lus Ossetian tsis muaj kev sib txuas nrog cov lus Indo-European yav qab teb- Greek thiab Armenian. Tab sis, ntawm qhov tod tes, nws pom muaj kev sib txuas nrog cov lus ntawm cov neeg ntawm Sab Qaum Teb Europe thiab Siberia - Germanic, Latin, Baltic (Lithuanian), Laus Siberian Tocharian lus. Thiab qhov ntxim nyiam tshaj plaws yog Abaev nrhiav pom kev sib txuas ntawm Ossetian (cov ntsiab lus ntawm Scythian lus hauv Ossetian lus) nrog cov lus Slavic, thiab lawv muaj zog dua nrog cov lus ntawm lwm haiv neeg Indo-European. Lub ncauj lus no tau nthuav tawm hauv kev nthuav dav hauv Abaev cov haujlwm: "Ossetian lus thiab lus dab neeg", "Scythian-European isoglossy". Baev tau txiav txim siab txog qhov qub qub qub, kev coj tus kheej ntawm Scythian cov lus ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Yav Qab Teb Russia thiab ua pov thawj tias Scythian lus qhia pom cov cim ntawm kev sib txuas sib sib zog nqus, ua ntej tshaj plaws, nrog cov lus Slavic.
7) Tus naj npawb ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb - ntawm lawv ON Trubachev, tau tshaj tawm tias cov lus Scythian muaj kev sib txuas zoo nrog cov lus "Pro -Indian", Sanskrit. Qhov no tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm cov neeg Qhab thaum ub tuaj rau hauv hav hav ntawm Indus River, thiab tom qab ntawd mus txog Ganges los ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Russia niaj hnub no, Great Scythia. Tsis muaj qhov xav tsis thoob ib pawg ntawm Scythia yog Sindi. Thiab, Sanskrit, nyeg, nthuav qhia qhov zoo sib xws nrog txhua yam lus Slavic ntau dua nrog cov lus ntawm lwm pab pawg ntawm Indo-European lus tsev neeg. Sanskrit tau coj tuaj rau Is Nrias teb los ntawm Aryan pab pawg neeg nyob txog 2 txhiab BC. NS. Cov lus ntawm Vedas, ua tsaug rau kev coj nruj, tau raug khaws cia ntau rau niaj hnub no. "Scythian language" tau raug khaws cia los ntawm qhov tseeb; nws tsis muaj dab tsi ntau dua li "lus proto-Aryan", cov lus ntawm Indian Indian Vedas thaum ub. Txawm tias muaj kev xav tias cov lus Lavxias niaj hnub no yog ceg ncaj qha ntawm cov lus Aryan puag thaum ub, thiab Sanskrit yog ib hom lus ntawm Lavxias qub (Scythian) lus.
Cov txiaj ntsig
Nws yog lub sijhawm rau Russia tam sim no, nws keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb kom tsis txhob tsim tawm, rov ua cov lus tsis tseeb thiab cov dab neeg yug thaum lub sijhawm tswj hwm ntawm Western lub tsev kawm ntawv, uas tau hais tawm los ntawm "haiv neeg keeb kwm" zoo li cov neeg Yudais thiab Germans, thiab tawm ntawm Slavs ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws "los ntawm txoj kev. " Peb xav tau cov lus sib piv ntawm German Ahnenerbe ("German Society rau Kev Kawm ntawm Ancient German History thiab Ancestral Heritage"), tsuas yog tsis muaj kev paub tsis meej, kev xav phem, kev tshaj tawm ntawm qhov zoo tshaj ntawm ib lub tebchaws dua lwm tus. Hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab tsev kawm qib siab, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau kawm keeb kwm ntawm Leej Txiv hauv kev sib koom siab, txij li lub sijhawm Aryan kab lis kev cai ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej Cimmerian. Tam sim no, nws muaj peev xwm tsim kom muaj keeb kwm keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai txuas ntxiv ua ntej lub sijhawm no.
Cov peev txheej thiab Ntawv Sau
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