Great Scythia thiab Ze Sab Hnub Tuaj hauv 1st txhiab xyoo BC NS.
Thawj cov ntawv Asxia (cov no yog kev tshaj tawm xov xwm rau huab tais ntawm Assyria) txog kev sib tw ntawm "Gimirri" cov neeg nyob rau sab qab teb Caucasus hnub rov qab mus rau ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 8. BC NS. "Gimirri", raws li lub xeev qub nyob rau Sab Qaum Teb Mesopotamia hu ua Cimmerians uas nyob rau thaj tsam Hiav Txwv Dub Sab Hnub Poob hauv Hnub Nyoog Hlau. Kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm qhia pom tias cov khoom siv ntawm Cimmerians zoo ib yam li pab pawg ntawm Scythian zej zog.
Tom qab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tub rog-nom tswv cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv Great Scythia, ib feem ntawm Cimmerians tau tsiv mus rau Balkans, lwm qhov mus rau Caucasus thiab txuas ntxiv mus rau Asia Minor. Lawv tau sau tseg hauv kev ua rog nrog Urartu, Assyria, Phrygia thiab Lydia. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Cimmerians tseem nyob hauv lawv lub tebchaws, thiab pib hu ua "Scythians". Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv kev ua tub rog thiab nom tswv ntawm Great Scythia, feem, kev nthuav dav mus rau sab qab teb tau hnyav dua. Derbent, uas tau tsim nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm lub Hnub Nyoog Bronze, dhau los ua qhov chaw muaj zog rau phiaj xwm rau sab qab teb.
Hauv Asia Minor lub sijhawm ntawd, muaj ob qhov kev tawm tsam tub rog-nom tswv tsis sib haum. Nws yog Assyrian faj tim teb chaws, uas tau nrhiav kom subjugate txhua lub xeev ib puag ncig thiab cov tib neeg los ntawm kev siv tub rog, thiab nws cov neeg tawm tsam, cov muaj zog tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog Urartu, Media thiab Babylon. Cimmerians thiab Scythians tau dhau los ua qhov tshiab uas hloov pauv qhov xwm txheej hauv cheeb tsam.
Nyob rau hauv 720 BC. NS. Cimmerian-Scythian pab tub rog pib ua rog nrog Urartu thiab los ntawm 711 ua rau muaj kev swb ntawm lub xeev Transcaucasian no. Urartu tau dhau los ua lub xeev nyob ntawm Scythians. Tom qab ntawd Scythians tau teeb tsa nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Asia Minor thiab tsis ntev los no cov phoojywg Scythian-Urartian tau kov yeej Phrygia. Tsim kev tawm tsam, Scythians tau tawm tsam Assyria: hauv 705 BC. NS. hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog Scythian pab tub rog, tus huab tais Assyrian Sargon II tuag. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ib feem ntawm Scythians tau nce mus rau Media, thiab qhov no ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm cov pejxeem hauv nroog tawm tsam cov neeg Axilias. Ntawm ib feem ntawm Media thaum ub, Scythians tau tsim lawv tus kheej thiab tsim lawv lub xeev, uas kav ntev txog 590 BC. NS. Lwm qhov Scythian-Cimmerian lub xeev tsim ("lub teb chaws Gimir") tau tsim nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Asia Me, ntawm qhov chaw ntawm yav dhau los Hittite faj tim teb chaws. Hauv Anatolia, Scythians mus txog ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Aegean, kov yeej Phrygia.
Hauv xyoo 679 BC. NS. ib qho phiaj xwm tshiab ntawm Scythians tawm tsam Assyria tau ua tsis tiav - Vaj Ntxwv Ishpakai tuag (tej zaum qhov no yog tib tus neeg nrog Cimmerian tus vaj ntxwv Teushpa, uas tau tuag hauv 670s hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog cov Assyrians), nws tus tub Partatai xaus rau xyoo 673 BC. NS. kev thaj yeeb nrog cov neeg Axilias thiab tau sib yuav tus ntxhais ntawm tus huab tais Assyrian. Kev sib koom ua tub rog tau xaus ntawm Scythians thiab Assyria, tab sis nws tau dhau los ua qhov tsis yooj yim thiab ib ntus. Tom qab so luv, kev sib ntaus txuas ntxiv mus. Nyob rau hauv 665 BC. NS. Lydian tus vaj ntxwv Gig tau thov cov neeg As Xias kom txhawb nqa "Cimmerians", Assyria tuaj pab Lydia. Tab sis kev cuam tshuam ntawm Assyrian tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv qhov xwm txheej nyob rau sab Asia Me Me: xyoo 655 BC. NS. Scythian huab tais Madiy ua rau muaj kev swb tshiab rau Lydians thiab coj lawv lub peev Sardis, thiab xyoo 653 BC. NS. tsim kev tswj hwm Media (sab qaum teb hnub poob Iran).
Qhov tseeb ntawm kev ua phem phem loj, mus los ntawm sab hnub poob ntawm Asia Me Me mus rau sab qab teb ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Caspian, hais txog lub koom haum zoo ntawm pab tub rog ntawm "barbarians". Thiab qib kev koom tes ntawm pab tub rog (thiab txij lub sijhawm puag thaum ub los txog niaj hnub no) hais txog qib kev txhim kho kev vam meej. Great Scythia yog lub hwj chim hauv ntiaj teb uas muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam tsis zoo hauv ntau txoj hauv kev qhia ib zaug. Kwv yees li 633 BC NS. theem kawg ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Sab Hnub Poob Asia tau pib, Scythians thiab Media, vam khom lawv, tau koom nrog kev koom tes nrog Babylon tawm tsam Assyria. Scythian pab tub rog zoo li nag xob nag cua hla tag nrho Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine thiab mus txog ciam teb ntawm Egypt. Pharaoh Psammetichus Kuv nrog kev nyuaj nyuaj tswj kom Scythians tsis txhob ua rau nws thaj av thiab yuav tawm ntawm lawv cov ntxeem tau. Txawm li cas los xij, lub sijhawm no, Medes faib kev sib koom ua ke. Hauv kev teb rau lawv kev ntxeev siab, Scythians nres qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Assyria thiab tiv thaiv Assyrian peev Nineveh los ntawm kev kov yeej Medes hauv 623-622. Tsis ntev, Media tau tsim kev koom tes tshiab nrog Scythians (615 BC), thiab kev sib koom ua ke Scythian-Median-Babylonian tau ua nyob rau xyoo 612 BC. NS. Nineveh. Lub tebchaws Assyrian kawg, Harran nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm Upper Mesopotamia, tau kov yeej los ntawm Babylonia hauv 609 BC. NS. Nyob ib ncig ntawm tib lub sijhawm, Scythians ua tiav Urartu, rhuav tshem lub peev kawg ntawm lub xeev no - Teishebaini. Tsis ntev tom qab Urartu lub caij nplooj zeeg, lub zog Scythian tseem tshuav sab qab teb Asia sab hnub poob - ib puag ncig 580 BC. NS. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, Medes tau ntxeev siab dua - lawv tau caw Scythian cov thawj coj los noj hmo thiab tua lawv.
Yog li, qhov tseeb, kev ua tsov rog nyob ib puas xyoo tau xaus nrog kev poob ntawm Assyrian cov tub rog faj tim teb chaws. Scythians tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb uas hloov pauv qhov xwm txheej geopolitical hauv cheeb tsam. Lawv yeej lawv txoj kev yeej ua tsaug rau qib siab dua ntawm lub koom haum thiab kev siv tub rog. Hauv qhov no lawv tau dhau qhov kev ua tiav ntawm kev vam meej ntawm Middle East. Lawv tau qhia txog hom tub rog tshiab: cov tub rog caij nees. Ib qho ntxiv, Scythians tau nthuav dav ib hom tshiab ntawm cov xub - nrog cov ntsej muag tooj dag nrog lub tes tsho thiab lub eeb tau qhia rau siv. Ua tau zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev ua tub rog thiab koom haum ua rau muaj kev tswj hwm nom tswv. Tsis muaj qhov xav tsis thoob Herodotus thiab lwm tus kws sau ntawv tshaj tawm tias txhua lub tebchaws Asia tau ua tiav kev tswj hwm ntawm Scythians thaum lub sijhawm tig xyoo 7th - 6th. BC NS. Cov "Islands tuaj" ntawm Scythian kev vam meej tseem nyob hauv Middle East thaum ntxov li xyoo 5th-4th. BC NS.
Ib qho ntawm qhov tau hais ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm lub npe Rus, cov neeg Lavxias, yog cuam tshuam nrog cov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua tsov rog ntev no rau kev muaj yeej nyob hauv Middle East. Hauv cov lus faj lem ntawm Exekees, uas hem tias ua tsis zoo rau ib pawg neeg, hais tias Vajtswv yuav rau txim rau lawv thiab xa cov neeg phem "Gog thiab Magog, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Rosh." Pom tseeb, qhov kev qhia yav tom ntej no tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev xav ntawm kev ntxeem tau ntawm Scythian cov tub rog mus rau Palestine. Nyob rau hauv lub npe "Rosh" peb pom Scythians, cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Rus, cov neeg Lavxias. Tom qab ntawd, Greek (Byzantine) cov kws sau ntawv pib siv lub npe no, hloov lo lus "rosh" nrog cov paub ntau rau lawv "loj hlob". Rau ntau tshaj li ib txhiab xyoo, cov neeg ntawm Rosh (Ros) yuav ua raws li qhov nthuav tawm ntawm lub siab nyiam, rau txim rau cov tib neeg uas ua txhaum.
Scytho-Persian Wars thiab Alexander the Great
Hauv tag nrho, kev ua tsov rog nyob rau ib nrab xyoo nyob hauv Middle East tau muaj txiaj ntsig. Cov Scythians muab kev txhawb zog rau kev txhim kho ntawm Indo-European tshiab (Aryan) kev vam meej-Median-Persian (Iranian). Medes thiab Pawxia yog kwvtij txheeb ze ntawm Scythians, tabsis lawv twb sib txawv lawm. Tshwj xeeb, cov neeg Iran tau tsim lawv tus kheej kev ntseeg - Zoroastrianism. Scythian ntxeem tau coj mus rau qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm Medes, uas nyob hauv txoj cai ntawm Assyria, thiab rov ua kom muaj kev ywj pheej. Thaum ua rog nrog Assyria, Media pom nws tus kheej ntawm qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws, ua rau thaj tsam ntawm Persia, Assyrian Empire, Urartu, tus lej ntawm lub xeev me me, thiab ib feem ntawm Anatolia.
Kwv yees li 550 BC NS. nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm kev tawm tsam huab tais, Persian Cyrus II tau tuav lub zog hauv Media, thiab lub xeev Achaemenid tau tsim. Lub xeev tshiab no txuas ntxiv nws txoj kev nthuav dav - Cov neeg Pawxia tau txeeb tag nrho Asia Me Me (Cilicia, Lydian lub nceeg vaj thiab lwm lub xeev), thiab tom qab ntawd Babylon. Tom qab ntawd, lub tebchaws tshiab tau tig nws lub qhov muag mus rau Sab Hnub Tuaj - nthuav mus rau hauv Central Asia, uas yog nyob hauv kev tswj hwm ntawm Scythians (Sakas), tau pib. Cov tub rog loj ntawm Pawxia pib ua rog nrog Scythians-Saks. Tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav, cov tub rog Persian tau raug rhuav tshem (raws li kev coj noj coj ua thaum ub, ntau txhiab tus poj niam Scythian tau koom nrog hauv kev ua rog nrog txiv neej), thiab Kira "muab ntshav" rau poj huab tais Tamiris.
Yav tom ntej, kev tsov kev rog tau txuas ntxiv mus. Nyob rau hauv Darius, cov neeg Pawxia, tom qab kev ua tsov rog ntau, muaj peev xwm ua rau thaj tsam yav qab teb ntawm Central Asia. Tab sis txuas ntxiv mus rau sab qaum teb tau nres. Cov ntsiab lus tshiab ntawm Achaemenid faj tim teb chaws tau muab cov kev sib ntaus sib tua npaj txhij tshaj plaws, uas tau sau tseg hauv ntau qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua nto moo. Yog li, hauv kev sib ntaus Marathon - qhov no yog ib qho kev sib ntaus sib tua loj tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws ntawm Greco -Persian tsov rog, uas tau tshwm sim rau lub Cuaj Hlis 12, 490 BC. e., Nws yog Saki uas tsoo dhau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm pab tub rog Greek.
Nyob rau hauv 512 BC. NS. Darius tau sim tawm tsam nruab nrab ntawm Great Scythia - pab tub rog Persian loj hla tus choj los ntawm cov nkoj ntawm qhov nqaim tshaj plaws ntawm Bosphorus, thiab tom qab ntawd hla Danube. Cov Scythians siv lawv cov tswv yim nyiam ntawm "lub ntiaj teb kub hnyiab" (ntau tom qab lawv tau ntsib dua los ntawm Tsar Peter hauv Tsov Rog Qaum Teb thiab Barclay de Tolly thiab Mikhail Kutuzov hauv kev ua rog nrog Napoleon's "Great Army"), pib tawm, rhuav tshem cov zos nrog txoj kev, nyiag nyuj, thiab hlawv steppe. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Scythian cov tub rog tshem tawm tsis tu ncua tau ua kev tawm tsam, rhuav tshem ib tus yeeb ncuab sib cais, tas li khaws cov tub rog ntawm Darius tsis txaus ntseeg. Tom qab kev tawm tsam ntev, paub tias nws tau raug ntxias mus rau hauv qhov ntxiab, Darius tso cov neeg mob thiab raug mob raug mob, tsheb laij teb, thiab nrawm nroos (khiav tawm). Lub sijhawm muaj hmoo tau cawm cov tub rog ntawm Darius thiab lawv khiav hauv tsev. Great Scythia tseem tsis tau swb.
Nyob rau hauv 5-4 centuries. BC NS. Scythia "mus rau hauv nws tus kheej", muaj kev rov txhim kho sab hauv, ntau qhov chaw sab nrauv tau ploj mus. Hauv qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm thaj chaw geopolitical ntawm sab qaum teb kev vam meej - hauv thaj tsam ntawm Don thiab Volga mus rau Urals, tau tsim lub xeev tshiab (cov neeg tseem ceeb) tshiab. Tsis ntev Scythia yuav hloov los ntawm Sarmatia. Sarmatians-Alans yuav dhau los ua lub zog tshiab ntawm kev vam meej sab qaum teb, uas yuav ua rau muaj xwm txheej thoob ntiaj teb kev nom kev tswv.
Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, Sab Hnub Poob Scythians, tawm ntawm ntug dej ntawm Danube, yuav tsum tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm lub zog tshiab - Macedonia. Nyob rau hauv 339 BC. NS. cov Scythians nyob rau sab hnub poob, "Ukrainian" kab yuav swb los ntawm pab tub rog ntawm Filis ntawm Macedon, hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua no Tsar Atey muaj hnub nyoog 90 xyoo poob. Txawm li cas los xij, pom tseeb, kev yeej tau los ntawm tus nqi siab, thiab cov neeg Macedonians yuav nres qhov kev tawm tsam mus rau sab hnub tuaj. Qhov txuas ntxiv "kev soj ntsuam hauv lub zog" yuav muaj nyob hauv Alexander Filipych. Cov neeg Macedonians yuav ua tiav hauv kev nce mus rau qis dua ntawm Dniep er, Zoripion yuav thaiv ib puag ncig Olbia, tab sis tsis ua tiav.
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias kev sib raug zoo ntawm Macedonia hauv qab Alexander thiab Scythia tau yooj yim dua. Ntawm qhov one tes, tsar zoo tau soj ntsuam lub xeev sab qaum teb, ua kev soj qab xyuas, ntawm qhov tod tes, muaj kev koom tes ua haujlwm tau zoo, Scythian cov neeg tseem ceeb raug tshem tawm yog ib feem ntawm Alexander cov tub rog. Tus vaj ntxwv Macedonian, tau ua "hmuv ntaus" hla Persia thiab muaj zog nyob hauv Central Asia, tau sim tshuaj xyuas ciam teb ntawm Scythia. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tawm tsam hauv Bactria thiab Sogdiana, kev tawm tsam ntawm satrap Bess, uas vam khom rau kev txhawb nqa ntawm Scythians (thiab tom qab ntawd Spitamen), qhia Alexander tias kev mus rau sab qaum teb yuav txaus ntshai heev. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws tau xaiv txoj kev coj mus rau sab qab teb. Ciam teb nrog Great Scythia tau ruaj khov. Nikanor Chronicle tshaj tawm tias San, Velikosan, Avelgasan yog tus thawj coj ntawm "cov neeg Slovenian uas muaj siab tawv, muaj koob meej thiab muaj koob muaj npe nyob hauv pab pawg neeg Lavxias", thiab Alexander Filippych tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev cuam tshuam, cog lus tias yuav tsis nkag mus rau lwm thaj chaw. Txhua thaj av los ntawm Baltic mus rau Caspian seas tau lees paub tias yog thaj av ntawm Scythians.
Parthians
Qhov kawg qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev vam meej sab qaum teb hauv Middle East yog Parthians, uas tau tsim Lub Tebchaws Parthian (3 xyoo pua BC - 2 xyoo pua AD). Nyob rau lig 3 - thaum ntxov thib ob centuries. BC NS. qhov xwm txheej hauv Scythia tau hloov pauv ntau. Lub sijhawm Sarmatian ntawm kev vam meej sab qaum teb pib. Cov qub "Scythian" cov neeg tseem muaj lub zog tsuas yog nyob hauv Crimea, thiab Sarmatians tau rov ua lub zog ntawm Scythia-Sarmatia rau Iran thiab Is Nrias teb nyob rau sab Qab Teb, Balkans nyob rau Sab Hnub Poob.
Ib ntawm Scythian -Massaget pab pawg - Parthians (Parny), coj los ntawm Arshak (tus tsim ntawm Arshakid dynasty) ncig 250 BC. NS. tsim kev tswj hwm rau sab qab teb thiab sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Hiav Txwv Caspian ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Turkmenistan niaj hnub no. Tom qab ntawd, Cov Parthians tau kov yeej thaj chaw dav los ntawm Mesopotamia mus rau ciam teb ntawm Is Nrias teb. Nyob rau sab hnub poob, Parthia sib tsoo nrog Rome thiab nres nws txoj kev nce mus rau sab hnub tuaj. Nyob rau hauv 53 BC. NS. Marcus Licinius Crassus swb los ntawm Parthians ntawm Carrhus thiab raug tua nrog nws tus tub Publius. 40 xus. cov tub rog Loos tsis muaj nyob - ib nrab tuag, kwv yees li 10 txhiab leej raug ntes, cov uas tshuav tau khiav dim.
Los ntawm xyoo pua 3 BC NS. 3-4 xyoo pua. n. NS. Great Sarmatia (Alania) khaws Eurasia feem ntau hauv nws qhov kev cuam tshuam: Transcaucasia, Mesopotamia, Iran (hla Parthians), Central Asia thiab Afghanistan (Saka-Kushan cov thawj coj), Qaum Teb Is Nrias teb (Indo-Scythian lossis Indo-Saka kingdoms). Sarmatia tuav rov qab kev ua phem ntawm Rome mus rau sab hnub tuaj nrog kev pab los ntawm Parthia, thiab sib ntaus hauv thaj tsam ntawm Bulgaria.
