Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 25, 1939, German cov tub ceev xwm tshaj tawm kev tsim tub rog-tub ceev xwm "General Government for the Occupation of Polish Territory" ("Generalgouvernements für die besetzen pollnischen Gebiete"). Nws thaj chaw tsuas yog kwv yees li 35 feem pua ntawm cov uas tau tuav los ntawm Nazis thaum lub Cuaj Hli - thaum Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj xyoo 1939: tag nrho cov cheeb tsam uas nyob ntawm lawv tau yooj yim koom nrog hauv Peb Reich.
Ob peb tus thawj tswj hwm Polish thiab tsoomfwv raug ntiab tawm tau ntau xyoo tau nyob hauv Fab Kis thiab Tebchaws Askiv. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis txhob tawm tsam kev tawm tsam Nazis, uas lawv cov neeg txhawb nqa xav tau ntawm lawv, lawv feem ntau txuas ntxiv lawv txoj kev xav tsis paub txog ntawm ciam teb Soviet-Polish tshiab. Thiab qhov no tseem txuas ntxiv txawm tias tom qab Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Xaum II txog thaum qhov kev rhuav tshem tus kheej ntawm txhua tus "kav" thaum kawg xyoo 1990.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tom qab tsov rog tshiab ciam teb sab hnub poob ntawm Poland, ntxiv rau suav nrog Gdansk (yav dhau los dawb Danzig) rau hauv nws, ua ke nrog thaj chaw nyob sib ze ntawm yav dhau los East Prussia, tsis ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov thawj coj no. Tab sis dab tsi tuaj ua ntej ntawd? Polish "cov tub ceev xwm" txawv teb chaws tau rov sim sib tham nrog Reich rau kev sib ntaus sib tua tiv thaiv tub rog Soviet. Thiab txawm tias yuav rov tsim ciam teb ua ntej tsov rog sab hnub tuaj ntawm Poland …
"Cov lus nug sab hnub tuaj" rau cov thawj coj ncig émigré thaum kawg tau los ua tus thib ob tsuas yog tom qab xyoo 1956. Nws yog thaum ntawd, ua ke nrog cov teeb meem Hungarian thiab debunking ntawm tus kheej kev coj noj coj ua hauv USSR, thawj qhov kev tawm tsam loj tiv thaiv Soviet hauv ntau tus neeg Polish cov nroog, suav nrog Warsaw, hais txog kev tawm tsam kom tshem cov neeg tawm tsam (PUWP) los ntawm txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub tebchaws.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev tawm tsam no tau txwv tsuas yog rau txhua qhov kev pab tau ntawm tus kheej nws tus kheej, thiab tsis yog rau yam ua tiag. Raws li tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm tebchaws Poland nyob txawv tebchaws (1979-1986), Tus kws tshaj lij Polish rau London hauv xyoo 1930s Edward Raczynski tau sau tseg, "kev rhuav tshem Stalin los ntawm lub hauv caug xyoo 1956 yuav ua rau muaj zog ntxiv thiab ua rau nws tus kheej puas tsuaj ntawm cov kev tswjfwm kev tswjfwm hauv tebchaws USSR thiab Europe sab hnub tuaj. " Raws li lub sijhawm tau qhia, nws yog qhov raug kiag li.
Thaum Lub Kaum Hli thiab Kaum Ob Hlis 1939, tsoomfwv txawv tebchaws thiab cov thawj tswj hwm ntawm Poland * tau tshaj tawm tias lawv lub tebchaws tseem nyob ua rog nrog USSR thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, tias txhua lub tebchaws ua ntej tsov rog ciam teb ntawm Poland tau "ua phem thiab tuav lawv li xwm txheej." Tib yam, raws li koj paub, tau tshaj tawm los ntawm Polish sab ntau dua ib zaug ua ntej - thaum xyoo 1940, thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1941.
Kev sib nrauj tsis mob
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 30, 1941, Daim Ntawv Cog Lus Soviet-Polish ntawm Maisky-Sikorsky ntawm kev rov txhim kho kev sib raug zoo nrog kev sib raug zoo thiab kev koom tes hauv kev ua rog nrog Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab nws cov phoojywg tau kos npe rau hauv London. Nws tau pib siv thaum Lub Yim Hli 1, 1941.
Thawj lub ntsiab lus hauv daim ntawv cuam tshuam txog txoj haujlwm ntawm Polish émigré cov tub ceev xwm raws li hais txog kev khaws cia kev raug cai ntawm Poland tus ciam teb sab hnub tuaj:
"1. Tsoomfwv ntawm USSR lees paub kev cog lus ntawm Soviet-German xyoo 1939 hais txog kev hloov pauv ib puag ncig hauv tebchaws Poland raws li tsis muaj nuj nqis."
Xyoo 1943, Moscow txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg Polish émigré cov tub ceev xwm tau, raws li koj paub, raug tshem tawm, tab sis lawv tau thov tas li mus rau nqe lus ntawm qhov kev cog lus, thov tias Moscow tau lees paub tebchaws Poland nyob hauv nws cov ciam teb txij li lub Cuaj Hlis 1, 1939 txawm tias tom qab qhov sib cais ntawm cov no Moscow txoj kev tshem tawm tsab ntawv cog lus ntawd. Qhov ntawd, peb nco ntsoov, yuav muaj txiaj ntsig kev nom kev tswv thiab raug cai.
Tsim tawm thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1, 1943.cov lus qhia ntawm tsoomfwv cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw rau Cov Tub Rog Hauv Tsev Tsis Zoo muaj cov lus qhia hauv qab no:
"Tsoomfwv Polish tau xa kev tawm tsam mus rau tebchaws United Nations tiv thaiv kev ua txhaum ntawm Polish kev tswjfwm - vim yog Soviets nkag mus rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj (piv txwv li, nyob rau ciam teb thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 17, 1939 - Kwv yees li. Auth.) Ntawm Tebchaws Poland yam tsis tau kev tso cai los ntawm tsoomfwv Polish. Tib lub sijhawm tshaj tawm tias lub tebchaws yuav tsis cuam tshuam nrog Soviets. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsoomfwv ceeb toom tias thaum raug ntes cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev txav chaw hauv av thiab ib qho kev ua pauj rau cov pej xeem Polish, cov koom haum hauv av yuav hloov mus rau kev tiv thaiv tus kheej."
Ntawd yog, txhawm rau ua phem thiab ua phem tawm tsam cov tub rog Soviet, uas txuas ntxiv los ntawm pab pawg haiv neeg Polish ("Tsev Tub Rog"; "TSIS MUAJ!") Nrog kev pab los ntawm Western cov kev pabcuam txawj ntse txog thaum xyoo 1951 suav nrog.
Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 15, 1944, tsoomfwv Polish tau tshaj tawm nws qhov kev tawm tsam rau kev tsim kom muaj ciam teb sab hnub tuaj nrog USSR raws txoj kab "Curzon Line" (1919). Tsab ntawv tshaj tawm hais tias "teeb meem ciam teb yuav tsum raug txiav txim siab tom qab lub sijhawm ua tsov rog, thiab thaum ua tsov rog nws yuav tsum tau lees paub txoj kab kev sib cais raws ciam teb ntawm Poland nrog USSR, Lithuania thiab Latvia thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 17, 1939". Thaum Lub Xya Hli 24, 1944, tib lub tseem fwv tau xa cov lus zoo sib xws mus rau Great Britain hauv daim ntawv ceeb toom, tab sis tsoomfwv Askiv tsis kam lees txais nws.
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm Askiv cov tub ceev xwm rau cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw zoo sib xws thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1946, Lub Yim Hli 1948, thiab Lub Peb Hlis 1953 yog tib yam. Qhov ntawd yog, hauv qhov pom ntawm cov xwm txheej uas paub zoo ntawm xyoo 1953 thiab 1956, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tawm tsam tiv thaiv pro-Soviet Poland thiab lwm lub tebchaws socialist tau hloov pauv nyob rau sab Hnub Poob: cov koom tes twb tau muab tso rau hauv kev cuam tshuam lawv cov kev ntseeg hauv paus los ntawm tsis pub dhau
Taiwan paub
Tsis ntev tom qab cov lus ntawm Tehran Lub Rooj Sib Tham ntawm Cov Phooj Ywg (Kaum Ib Hlis 30, 1943) txog "Kab Curzon" raws li lub ntuj thiab tsuas yog ua tau Soviet-Polish tom qab kev ua tsov rog ciam teb, nws tau paub txog kev sib cuag ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsoomfwv Polish emigre (nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd nws yog tus thawj coj ntawm Stanislav Mikolajczyk) thiab tom qab ntawd Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Tebchaws Poland nyob rau sab hnub poob Vladislav Rachkevich nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm German Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Txawv Tebchaws hauv Turkey thiab Sweden txij thaum kawg lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1943.
Kev sib tham tau hais txog kev tsim nyob hauv tebchaws Poland ntawm ib hom "kev tswj hwm Polish ib ntus" raws li qhov tseeb, ua ke nrog cov neeg nyob hauv, "txhawm rau tiv thaiv Bolshevik kev nthuav dav." Tab sis cov neeg Polish tau thov kom lees paub qhov raug cai ntawm nws cov ciam teb ua ntej tsov rog sab hnub tuaj, thiab sab German xav kom lees paub qhov tsis raug cai ntawm ciam teb ua ntej kev ua tsov ua rog ntawm Tebchaws Yelemees nrog Poland, lees paub txog Danzig ua German thaj chaw.
Cov kev sab laj no tej zaum tau ua tiav nrog kev pab los ntawm Washington thiab London, txiav txim los ntawm kev sib tham tom qab ntawm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Cov Neeg Sab Hnub Poob thiab Berlin txij thaum pib xyoo 1943 hauv Vatican, Switzerland, Spain, Sweden, Portugal, Turkey Li, Liechtenstein. Cov tub ceev xwm German tau mob siab txog sab hnub poob Polish ciam teb thiab Danzig, yog li kev sib tham nrog Polish "cov npoj yaig" xaus rau lub Rau Hli 1944.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tub ceev xwm Polish tau lees paub tsis lees paub qhov kev txiav txim zoo ntawm Yalta Lub Rooj Sib Tham ntawm Cov Phooj Ywg (Lub Ob Hlis 1945):
"Ib qho xwm txheej tshiab tau tsim hauv tebchaws Poland vim nws tau ua tiav los ntawm Red Army. Qhov no xav tau kev tsim Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Polish, uas yuav muaj lub hauv paus dav dua li qhov ua tau ua ntej tsis ntev los no kev ywj pheej ntawm sab hnub poob ntawm Poland. Tam sim no Tsoom Fwv Saib Xyuas Haujlwm tam sim no ua haujlwm hauv tebchaws Poland yuav tsum tau rov tsim kho dua tshiab raws li kev ywj pheej nrog rau suav nrog cov thawj coj ywj pheej los ntawm Poland nws tus kheej thiab Tus ncej los ntawm txawv teb chaws. Tsoomfwv tshiab no yuav tsum raug hu ua Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws ຊົ່ວ ຄາວ ntawm Kev Koom Tes Hauv Tebchaws."
Txawm li cas los xij, thaum Lub Xya Hli-Cuaj Hli Xyoo 1945, Great Britain, nws txoj cai, Tebchaws Asmeskas thiab Fab Kis tsis lees paub cov tub ceev xwm hauv tebchaws Poland. Lub Vatican, Ireland, Spain thiab Portugal yog zaum kawg hauv Tebchaws Europe kom lees paub cov tub ceev xwm no txog rau thaum xyoo 1950s. Thiab qhov "ua tsaug" tsis ntev los no ntawm cov tub ceev xwm Polish émigré yog, ua ntej lawv qhov kev sib cav sib ceg, "Tuam Tshoj ntawm Tuam Tshoj" hauv Taiwan.
Tab sis Sab Hnub Poob tsis ua txhua qhov kev npaj txo nqi rau kev rov kho dua ntawm tib lub tebchaws Poland. Cov tub ceev xwm "neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw" txuas ntxiv ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam London ntawm Chelsea 43 "Eaton" txog thaum nruab nrab Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1990. Thiab lawv tau ua raws li lawv txoj haujlwm yav dhau los hais txog Poland tus ciam teb sab hnub tuaj, ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov rau Vilnius thiab Braslav, tab sis tsis tau tawm tsam nws ciam teb tshiab nrog Lub Tebchaws Yelemees (piv txwv li nrog GDR), kev hloov pauv ntawm Gdansk thiab sab qab teb ntawm East Prussia mus rau Poland.
Hauv ib lo lus, Soviet "khoom plig" rau Poland, tau them los ntawm ntau txhiab txhiab lub neej ntawm cov tub rog Soviet, tau thov hauv Jesuit los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm Polish émigré, uas tsuas yog Jesuitical. Hauv qhov no, nws yog tus yam ntxwv uas cov "tub ceev xwm" tshaj tawm lawv qhov kev tshem tawm yuav luag tam sim tom qab kev xaiv tsa ntawm Lech Walesa ua Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Tebchaws Poland. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau txais tus thawj tswj hwm kev cai lij choj los ntawm Ryszard Kaczorowski, tus thawj tswj hwm zaum kawg ntawm tebchaws Poland nyob txawv tebchaws (1989-1990).
Leej twg paub, tej zaum tom qab qee lub sijhawm cov tub ceev xwm ntawm tebchaws tom qab socialist Poland yuav "nco" txoj haujlwm ntawm lawv cov neeg ua ntej, cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw, txog ciam teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws no, piv txwv li. nrog Latvia, Lithuania thiab tam sim no nrog yav dhau los USSR? Tsawg kawg, qhov no yog qhov laj thawj txiav txim siab tias lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub ceev xwm thiab lawv cov neeg sab hnub poob tau ua tiav lawm: kev rhuav tshem ntawm kev ua nom tswv Poland. Thiab tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem daws cov lus nug "seem"?..
