Bright Lub Yim Hli 75th
Lub hli kawg ntawm 1975 tau kos txoj hauv kev raws li lub sijhawm nruj ntawm "kev ua tsov rog txias" thiab tib lub sijhawm, zoo li nws yog, suav nrog USSR ntau xyoo ntawm kev rau siab los tsim kev sib tham nrog Sab Hnub Poob. Qhov kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov xwm txheej no tau kos npe thaum Lub Yim Hli 1, 1975 hauv Helsinki los ntawm 35 lub xeev, suav nrog USSR, Asmeskas, Canada, thiab Turkey, ntawm Txoj Cai Kev Ruaj Ntseg thiab Kev Koom Tes hauv Tebchaws Europe.
Qhov xwm txheej kev lag luam hauv USSR lub sijhawm ntawd tau nrawm zuj zus nrog kev sib tw hauv ntiaj teb kev siv riam phom, nrog rau kev ua tub rog thiab kev nom kev tswv loj zuj zus ntawm Moscow thiab Beijing. Kuj tseem muaj ntau qhov cuam tshuam cuam tshuam uas yuav tsum tau ua kom qeeb hauv qhov tsis sib haum ntawm txoj hlua.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Sab Hnub Poob tsis xav tsim kom muaj kev nruj nruj hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog USSR. Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, cov ntawv cog lus roj thiab roj ntev mus ntev ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm 70s rau kev muab cov roj Soviet thiab roj rau Western Europe tau raug kos npe lawm.
Nws yog lawv, cia peb hais txog, tias thawj zaug tau tshaj tawm qhov muaj peev xwm tiag tiag ntawm Sab Hnub Poob kom "tshem tawm" los ntawm cov khoom siv raw siab tshaj plaws nyob ze thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj Sab Hnub Tuaj. Yog li ntawd, kev pib paub zoo thiab kev rau siab ntawm Brezhnev, Gromyko thiab Kosygin nyob rau xyoo 60s - nruab nrab xyoo 70s kom tshem tawm kev nruj ntawm USSR thiab Sab Hnub Poob / Warsaw Pact thiab NATO tau ua tiav.
Qhov no tau ua pov thawj ntau hauv Helsinki Txoj Cai ntawm Lub Yim Hli 1, 1975, uas, ntawm lwm yam, tshaj tawm qhov ua tsis tau ntawm kev ua tsov rog tom qab European ciam teb. Ib qho ntxiv, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib tham thiab kev pom zoo hauv kev sib raug zoo ntawm Soviet thiab Asmeskas cov neeg tawg rog, thiab lawv kev hwm rau ib leeg txoj kev nyiam, yam tsawg kawg hauv Tebchaws Europe, tau lees paub.
Hauv qhov tsis nco qab ntawm Tebchaws Europe
Tab sis, raws li lawv hais, nws tsis yog yam tseem ceeb, txawm tias me me ya hauv cov tshuaj pleev. Rau, raws li txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Tirana-Beijing, sab nrauv ntawm Helsinki-75 muaj ntau qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv xeev uas tsis tau daws, uas tseem yog qhov tseeb. Yog li ntawd, Stalinist Albania tau dhau los ua ib lub tebchaws nyob hauv Europe uas tsis kam koom nrog hauv Helsinki lub rooj sib tham nws tus kheej thiab hauv kev sib tham rau kev npaj ntawm lub rooj sab laj no.
Cov tub ceev xwm Albanian tau hu rau Sab Hnub Tuaj Europe "lub hnub qub ntawm Moscow" txhawm rau ua tib zoo saib qhov tseeb tias Soviet kev coj noj coj ua "rau sab hnub poob thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, FRG" tsis nrhiav kom paub meej ntxiv txog ciam teb tom qab tsov rog. nyob sab Europe Sab Hnub Tuaj thiab thov kom raug txwv tsis pub ua phem rau Sab Hnub Poob German.
Vim yog txoj cai no, raws li Albanian tus thawj coj Enver Hoxha ntseeg, qhov kev cia siab ntawm kev siv Bonn qhov kev thov rov hais dua yog qhov tseeb thaum muaj kev qaug zog ntawm USSR, GDR thiab Warsaw Pact.
Tib txoj haujlwm tau hais tawm hauv Stalinist thiab qhib kev txhawb nqa Albanian thiab pro-Suav Communist Party ntawm Poland, uas tsis raug cai nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Nws tus thawj coj ruaj khov Kazimierz Miyal tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm ntau tus nom tswv los ntawm lwm lub tebchaws Warsaw Pact uas tsis lees paub kev thuam ntawm Stalin tus cwj pwm kev coj noj coj ua (kom paub meej ntxiv: "Communists ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj Europe. Lawv tsis ua" coj txawv txawv "phoojywg").
Tirana thiab Beijing tau hais lus zoo rau qhov tseeb tias, ua ntej, hauv kev cog lus thaum ntxov-nruab nrab-70s ntawm USSR, Poland, Czechoslovakia thiab GDR nrog FRG, kev ua tsis ncaj ncees ntawm kev ua tsov rog tom qab ciam teb ntawm cov tebchaws koom nrog nrog sab hnub poob Lub teb chaws Yelemees tau sau tseg tsuas yog hauv cov ntsiab lus dav dav. Tab sis cov kev cai ib puag ncig sib xws ntawm cov ntawv cog lus, qhov twg tus ciam teb tshiab ntawm cov tebchaws no tau teeb tsa kom ntxaws, tsis tau lees paub hauv qhov kev pom zoo sib xws nrog FRG, tsawg kawg hauv kev xa mus rau cov kev cog lus no, uas tau thov los ntawm Albania thiab PRC.
Qhov thib ob, tib cov lus cog tseg tsis muaj FRG lub luag haujlwm yuav thim lossis tsawg kawg hloov cov kab lus ntawm nws Txoj Cai Tseem Ceeb (1949), lees paub qhov kev thov rau tag nrho ntawm yav dhau los Prussia, Pomerania, Sudetenland, thiab ib feem ntawm Silesia. Thiab tseem mus rau Austria thiab ntau thaj tsam hauv Western Europe uas yog ib feem ntawm Nazi Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab lus no kuj tseem tsis quav ntsej hauv Txoj Cai Helsinki.
Yog li, Tshooj 134 ntawm Txoj Cai Lij Choj Tseem Ceeb ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Lub Tebchaws Yelemees hais tias:
Tab sis vim li cas thiaj li "Txoj Cai Lij Choj" thiab tsis yog Txoj Cai Lij Choj? Cov lus teb tuaj yeem nrhiav pom hauv kev hais meej meej ntawm Lub Chaw Xov Xwm thiab Xov Xwm ntawm Tsoomfwv Tsoom Fwv (1999):
Nws hloov tawm tias kev nqus ntawm GDR thiab Sab Hnub Poob Berlin los ntawm Tebchaws Yelemees Sab Hnub Poob xyoo 1990, raws li Tirana ntseeg, tsuas yog cov lus qhuab qhia qhib lub qhov rooj dej nyab rau qhov tau hais los saum no thaum lub sijhawm los txog … Vim yog cov xwm txheej no, tom qab ntawv cog lus nrog FRG tau raug thuam, txawm hais tias tsis tshaj tawm, hauv Romania, Yugoslavia thiab North Kauslim.
Kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Beijing
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Tuam Tshoj, suav nrog Albania, raug txim rau txoj haujlwm ntawm USSR thiab cov tebchaws nyob hauv nws qhov kev cuam tshuam rau cov teeb meem no. Tab sis cov lus thov los ntawm Warsaw, Prague, Bucharest thiab East Berlin kom ua raws cov lus sib cav ntawm Beijing thiab Tirana raug tsis lees paub hauv Moscow.
Hauv PRC thiab Albania, nws tau ntseeg tias qhov ciam teb ntawm kev cog lus ntawm USSR, Poland thiab Czechoslovakia nrog GDR (thawj ib nrab ntawm 50s) yuav tsum tau sau tseg hauv cov lus cog tseg nrog FRG. Thiab qhov "Helsinki Act 75" yuav los tom ntej yuav tsum tau ntxiv nrog cov ntawv txuas ntxiv uas muaj tsawg kawg ntawm cov ntawv xa mus rau cov ntaub ntawv no, ua ke nrog cov lus pom zoo rau Bonn txhawm rau kho qhov hloov kho tshiab ntawm txoj cai lij choj ntawm FRG.
"Tsis tas li ntawd," Cov Tib Neeg Txhua Hnub tau sau tseg thaum Lub Yim Hli 14, 1970, "muaj kev ntxeev siab ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm GDR thiab lwm lub tebchaws, txhawb kev rov hais dua cov neeg thov ntawm ib feem ntawm Bonn." Hauv PRC thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1970, daim ntawv qhia ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Hauv Paus ntawm Pawg Sab Laj thiab Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Feem Txawv Tebchaws tau luam tawm ua lus Lavxias nrog cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog cov no thiab cov lus sib cav uas cuam tshuam.
Albanian thiab Suav cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tau sib cav hais tias tom qab ntawd kev coj noj coj ua ntawm USSR tau tso lub foob pob ntawm qhov tsis ua tiav raws li kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm ntau lub tebchaws European Sab Hnub Tuaj. Ntxiv mus, nws tau ua qhov no hauv kev txaus siab xav sib tham sai sai nrog Bonn txog kev qiv nyiaj thiab kev siv thev naus laus zis ntawm Soviet cov roj thiab cov khoom siv roj rau Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Koom pheej ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees thiab cov tebchaws nyob sib ze ntawm Sab Hnub Poob.
Qhov no, zoo li nws tseem ntseeg hauv Beijing, tseem tuaj yeem nug txog qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm USSR hauv cheeb tsam Kaliningrad-Klaipeda ntawm yav dhau los East Prussia. Moscow, ntawm qhov tod tes, tau tsis quav ntsej txoj haujlwm ntawm nws cov neeg sib tw. Tab sis tom qab kev tawg ntawm USSR, kev tshem tawm ntawm Sab Hnub Poob European kev coj noj coj ua thiab Warsaw Pact, Kev hloov kho German, tsawg kawg "tsis raug cai", dhau los, raws li tau paub, muaj zog dua.
Ntxiv mus, nws tau dhau los ua haujlwm ntau dua tom qab tau lees paub los ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm USSR xyoo 1989 ntawm kev tsis raug cai ntawm Soviet-German kev pom zoo nom tswv xyoo 1939. Los ntawm txoj kev, txoj haujlwm no ntawm Moscow tau raug txim hnyav los ntawm Romania nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm N. Ceausescu thiab Albania, uas tseem yog Stalinist txog rau thaum ntxov 90s.
Hauv Albania, nws tau thov kom suav nrog hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm Helsinki -75 lub tswv yim "thawj" heev ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Francoist Spain tom ntej - txog qhov tsis raug cai Askiv raws cai ntawm Gibraltar; ntxiv rau qhov kev thov ntawm koom pheej ntawm Cyprus ntawm kev tsis raug cai ntawm tus kheej "style Republic of Northern Cyprus".
Nws kuj tseem tau thov los ntawm Tirana kom koom nrog hauv Helsinki-75 ntau lub xeev ywj pheej Mediterranean uas nyob ib sab nrog cov tebchaws koom nrog hauv kev sib tham, uas yog, lub tebchaws ntawm North Africa, nrog rau Syria, uas ib txwm muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog qub teb chaws. Tab sis nyob rau hauv vain. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Albania tsis quav ntsej lub rooj sib tham Helsinki loj.
Tab sis qhov tsis sib xws saum toj no, thiab hauv Cyprus; thiab nrog Gibraltar thiab nruab nrab ntawm Syria thiab Qaib Cov Txwv, thiab txawm tias Spanish-Moroccan tsis sib haum xeeb txog thaj tsam Spanish hauv Morocco, tseem tsis tau ploj mus txog niaj hnub no. Nws zoo li tias ntawm qhov teeb meem no txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb ntawm Albania tsis yog "tsis muaj tseeb" thiab "tsis tsim nyog"?
