"Valentine" "Stalin" mus rau USSR raws li qhov qiv qiv.
Cov keeb kwm ntawm Qiv-Lease yog dab neeg los ntawm ob qho kev tawm tsam ntawm tsoomfwv Soviet thiab nws cov neeg txhawb nqa. Yav dhau los ntseeg tias tsis muaj khoom siv tub rog los ntawm Asmeskas thiab Askiv, USSR tsis tuaj yeem yeej qhov kev ua tsov rog, tom kawg - tias lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv no tsis tseem ceeb. Peb coj koj los saib xyuas qhov sib npaug ntawm keeb kwm Pavel Sutulin ntawm qhov teeb meem no, xub luam tawm hauv nws LJ.
Qiv-Qiv keeb kwm
Lend -Lease (los ntawm lus Askiv "qiv" - qiv thiab "qiv" - xauj) - ib hom kev qiv nyiaj rau cov phooj ywg los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas los ntawm kev muab cov thev naus laus zis, khoom noj, khoom siv, cov khoom siv thiab cov khoom siv. Thawj kauj ruam ntawm Lend-Lease tau coj los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 3, 1940, thaum cov neeg Asmeskas tau xa 50 tus qub tub rog rhuav tshem mus rau tebchaws Askiv hloov pauv rau cov tub rog Askiv. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 2, 1941, Oscar Cox, ib tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Nyiaj Txiag, tau npaj thawj daim qauv ntawm Txoj Cai Le-Lease Law. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 10, daim nqi no tau xa mus rau Senate thiab Tsev Neeg Sawv Cev. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 11, txoj cai tau pom zoo los ntawm ob chav thiab tau kos npe los ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm, thiab peb teev tom qab tus thawj tswj hwm tau kos npe thawj ob txoj cai rau txoj cai no. Thawj ntawm lawv xaj kom xa 28 lub nkoj torpedo mus rau tebchaws Askiv, thiab qhov thib ob - ntxeev siab tim Nkij teb chaws nrog 50 75 -mm rab phom thiab ntau pua txhiab lub plhaub. Nov yog qhov keeb kwm ntawm Qiv-Lease pib li cas.
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm Qiv-Lease yog, feem ntau, yooj yim heev. Raws li Txoj Cai Le-Lease Act, Tebchaws Meskas tuaj yeem muab cov khoom siv, mos txwv, khoom siv, thiab lwm yam. cov tebchaws uas tiv thaiv tseem ceeb rau Xeev lawv tus kheej. Tag nrho cov khoom xa tuaj dawb. Txhua lub tshuab, khoom siv thiab khoom siv, siv lossis puas tsuaj thaum ua tsov rog tsis raug them nyiaj. Cov cuab yeej sab laug tom qab kev ua tsov rog kawg thiab tsim nyog rau pej xeem lub hom phiaj yuav tsum tau them.
Raws li USSR, Roosevelt thiab Churchill tau cog lus tias yuav muab nws cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog rau kev ua tsov rog tam sim tom qab kev tawm tsam German rau Soviet Union, uas yog, Lub Rau Hli 22, 1941. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1, 1941, Thawj Moscow Txoj Cai Raws Cai ntawm kev muab khoom ntawm USSR tau kos npe hauv Moscow, qhov tas sij hawm uas tau txiav txim siab thaum Lub Rau Hli 30. Txoj Cai Le-Lease tau txuas ntxiv rau USSR thaum Lub Kaum Hli 28, 1941, uas ua rau qiv nyiaj txog $ 1 nphom rau hauv Union. Thaum ua tsov rog, peb txoj cai ntxiv tau kos npe: Washington, London thiab Ottawa, los ntawm cov khoom siv tau txuas ntxiv mus txog thaum kawg kev ua tsov rog. Kev raug cai, Qiv-Lease xa mus rau USSR tau xaus rau lub Tsib Hlis 12, 1945. Txawm li cas los xij, txog thaum Lub Yim Hli 1945, kev xa khoom txuas ntxiv raws li "Molotov-Mikoyan list".
Qiv-Lease cov khoom siv rau USSR thiab lawv txoj kev koom tes kom yeej
Thaum ua tsov rog, ntau pua txhiab tons ntawm cov khoom thauj tau xa mus rau USSR raws li qiv-xaum. Cov keeb kwm kev ua tub rog (thiab, tej zaum, tag nrho lwm tus), tau kawg, nyiam tshaj plaws hauv cov khoom siv tub rog sib koom ua ke - cia peb pib nrog nws. Hauv Kev Le -Lease, cov khoom hauv qab no tau xa mus rau USSR los ntawm Asmeskas: lub teeb M3A1 "Stuart" - 1676 daim, lub teeb M5 - 5 daim, lub teeb M24 - 2 daim, nruab nrab M3 "Pab" - 1386 daim, nruab nrab M4A2 " Sherman "(nrog rab phom 75 -mm) - xyoo 2007 pcs, nruab nrab M4A2 (nrog rab phom 76 -mm) - 2095 pcs, hnyav M26 - 1 pc. Los ntawm Askiv: cov tub rog "Valentine" - 2394 daim, tub rog "Matilda" MkII - 918 daim, lub teeb "Tetrarch" - 20 daim, hnyav "Churchill" - 301 daim, caij nkoj "Cromwell" - 6 daim. Los ntawm Canada: Valentine - 1388. Tag nrho: 12199 tso tsheb hlau luam. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, 86,100 tso tsheb hlau luam tau xa mus rau Soviet-German pem hauv ntej thaum xyoo tsov rog.
Yog li, Lend-Lease tso tsheb hlau luam suav txog 12.3% ntawm tag nrho cov tso tsheb hlau luam tsim / xa mus rau USSR xyoo 1941-1945. Ntxiv rau cov tso tsheb hlau luam, ZSU / ACS kuj tau muab rau USSR. ZSU: M15A1 - 100 pcs, M17 - 1000 pcs; ACS: T48 - 650 pcs., М18 - 5 pcs., М10 - 52 pcs. Hauv tag nrho, 1807 chav nyob tau xa. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, 23, 1 txhiab chav ntawm cov phom tua tus kheej tau tsim thiab tau txais hauv USSR thaum tsov rog. Yog li, kev faib phom ntawm tus kheej tau txais los ntawm USSR raws li qiv-xaum yog 7, 8% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv ntawm hom no tau txais thaum ua tsov rog. Ntxiv rau cov tso tsheb hlau luam thiab rab phom tua tus kheej, cov neeg ua haujlwm tiv thaiv tub rog kuj tau muab rau USSR: Askiv "Universal Carrier" - 2560 pcs. (suav nrog los ntawm Canada - 1348 pcs.) thiab Asmeskas M2 - 342 pcs., M3 - 2 pcs., M5 - 421 pcs., M9 - 419 pcs., T16 - 96 pcs., M3A1 "Scout" - 3340 pcs., LVT - 5 pcs. Tag nrho: 7185 units. Txij li thaum cov neeg ua haujlwm tiv thaiv tub rog tsis tau tsim nyob hauv USSR, cov tsheb qiv-qiv suav txog 100% ntawm Soviet cov nkoj ntawm cov cuab yeej no. Kev thuam ntawm Qiv-Lease feem ntau cuam tshuam txog qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tsheb uas cov phooj ywg muab. Qhov kev thuam no yeej muaj qee qhov laj thawj, vim tias Asmeskas thiab Askiv tso tsheb hlau luam feem ntau tsis zoo hauv cov yam ntxwv ua tau zoo rau ob tus neeg Soviet thiab German. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txiav txim siab tias cov phooj ywg feem ntau muab USSR nrog tsis yog qhov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv cov cuab yeej siv. Piv txwv li, kev hloov kho Sherman tshaj plaws (M4A3E8 thiab Sherman Firefly) tsis tau muab rau Russia.
Qhov xwm txheej zoo dua tau tsim nrog kev muab khoom siv dav hlau raws li Qiv-Qiv. Hauv tag nrho, thaum xyoo ua rog, 18,297 lub dav hlau tau xa mus rau USSR, suav nrog los ntawm Asmeskas: R -40 "Tomahawk" cov neeg tua rog - 247, P -40 "Kitihawk" - 1887, P -39 "Airacobra" - 4952, P -63 "Kingcobra" - 2400, R -47 "Thunderbolt - 195; foob pob A -20" Boston " - 2771, B -25" Mitchell " - 861; lwm hom dav hlau - 813. 4171" Spitfires "thiab" Hurricanes " Tau xa los ntawm Tebchaws Askiv tag nrho, cov tub rog Soviet tau txais 138 txhiab lub dav hlau thaum ua tsov rog. Yog li, qhov sib qhia ntawm cov cuab yeej siv txawv teb chaws hauv daim ntawv txais nyiaj ntawm lub dav hlau dav hlau hauv tebchaws muaj txog 13%. kev txaus siab ntawm lawv Cov Tub Rog Huab Cua- cov phiaj xwm foob pob B-17, B-24 thiab B-29, ntawm uas 35 txhiab lub tsev tau tsim thaum ua tsov rog, thiab tib lub sijhawm nws yog cov tshuab no uas Soviet Air Force xav tau feem ntau tag nrho.
8 txhiab tiv thaiv dav hlau thiab 5 txhiab rab phom tiv thaiv lub tank tau muab rau hauv Qiv-Lease. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, lub USSR tau txais 38 txhiab units ntawm anti-aircraft thiab 54 txhiab anti-tank phom loj. Ntawd yog, qhov sib faib ntawm Lend-Lease hauv cov riam phom zoo li no yog 21% thiab 9%, feem. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias peb siv tag nrho cov phom Soviet thiab cov phom cuaj puas tag nrho (daim ntawv txais nyiaj rau kev ua tsov rog - 526, 2 txhiab), tom qab ntawd cov phom txawv teb chaws hauv nws yuav tsuas yog 2, 7%.
Thaum lub xyoo ua rog ntawm USSR, 202 lub nkoj torpedo, 28 lub nkoj saib xyuas, 55 tus neeg saib xyuas lub nkoj, 138 tus neeg yos hav zoov submarine, 49 lub nkoj tsaws tsag, 3 lub nkoj dej khov, txog 80 lub nkoj thauj, kwv yees li ntawm 30 tus tub tau raug xa mus raws Qiv-Lease. Muaj txog 580 lub nkoj nyob hauv tag nrho. Hauv tag nrho, USSR tau txais 2,588 lub nkoj thaum xyoo ua rog. Ntawd yog, qhov sib faib ntawm cov cuab yeej qiv qiv yog 22.4%.
Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qiv qiv xauj tsheb. Tag nrho ntawm 480 txhiab lub tsheb tau xa hauv qab Qiv-Lease (ntawm 85% yog los ntawm Asmeskas). Xws li kwv yees li 430,000 lub tsheb thauj khoom (feem ntau yog Asmeskas 6 lub tuam txhab "Studebaker" thiab REO) thiab 50 txhiab jeeps (Willys MB thiab Ford GPW). Txawm tias muaj tseeb tias tag nrho cov ntawv tau txais tsheb mus rau Soviet-German pem hauv ntej muaj txog 744 txhiab units, feem ntawm Cov qiv-qiv tsheb nyob hauv Soviet fleet yog 64%. Ib qho ntxiv, 35,000 lub tsheb maus taus tau muab los ntawm Asmeskas.
Tab sis kev muab cov caj npab me me nyob rau hauv Qiv-Lease yog qhov zoo heev: tsuas yog txog 150,000 chav nyob. Xav txog tias tag nrho cov ntawv tau txais ntawm caj npab me me hauv Pab Tub Rog Liab thaum tsov rog muaj txog 19, 85 lab units, qhov sib faib ntawm Lend-Lease riam phom yog kwv yees li 0.75%.
Thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog, 242, 3 txhiab tons ntawm lub cav roj av tau muab rau USSR raws li qiv-xauj (2, 7% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom tsim tawm thiab tau txais lub tshuab roj av hauv USSR). Qhov xwm txheej nrog roj aviation yog raws li hauv qab no: 570 txhiab tons roj av tau muab los ntawm Asmeskas, 533.5 txhiab tons los ntawm Tebchaws Askiv thiab Canada. Ib qho ntxiv, 1,483 txhiab tons ntawm cov pa roj feem feem tau muab los ntawm Asmeskas, Tebchaws Askiv thiab Canada. Cov roj av tau tsim los ntawm cov teeb meem roj av feem ntau yog los ntawm kev hloov kho, cov txiaj ntsig uas yog kwv yees li 80%. Yog li, los ntawm 1483 txhiab tons ntawm cov feem, 1186 txhiab tons ntawm cov roj av tuaj yeem tau txais. Ntawd yog, tag nrho cov khoom siv roj av raws li qiv-xauj tuaj yeem kwv yees ntawm 2,230 txhiab tons. Thaum ua tsov rog, USSR tau tsim txog 4750 txhiab tons ntawm aviation roj av. Tej zaum tus lej no tseem suav nrog roj av uas tsim los ntawm cov pab pawg uas muab los ntawm cov phoojywg. Ntawd yog, USSR kev tsim cov roj av los ntawm nws tus kheej cov peev txheej tuaj yeem kwv yees kwv yees li ntawm 3350 txhiab tons. Thiaj li, qhov sib faib ntawm Cov Qiv-Lease roj aviation hauv cov nyiaj tau los thiab tsim tawm hauv USSR yog 40%.
622,100 tons ntawm txoj kev tsheb nqaj hlau tau xa mus rau USSR, uas yog sib npaug rau 36% ntawm tag nrho cov naj npawb ntawm txoj kev xa khoom thiab tsim tawm hauv USSR. Thaum ua tsov rog, 1900 lub tsheb ciav hlau tau xa mus, thaum 800 lub tshuab hluav taws xob tau tsim hauv USSR xyoo 1941-1945, uas yog xyoo 1941 - 708. Yog tias peb suav tus naj npawb ntawm cov tshuab tsheb ciav hlau tsim los ntawm Lub Rau Hli mus txog rau xyoo 1941 ua ib lub hlis twg ntawm tag nrho cov khoom lag luam, tom qab ntawd tus naj npawb ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob tsim tawm thaum ua tsov rog yuav yog kwv yees li 300. Ntawd yog, qhov sib faib ntawm Lend-Lease steam locomotives nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntim ntawm cov cav tsheb tau tsim thiab muab rau hauv USSR yog kwv yees li 72%. Ib qho ntxiv, 11,075 lub tsheb tau xa mus rau USSR. Txog kev sib piv, xyoo 1942-1945, 1,092 lub tsheb ciav hlau tau tsim hauv USSR. Thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog, 318 txhiab tons ntawm cov khoom tawg tau muab rau hauv Kev qiv -Lease (uas yog Asmeskas - 295.6 txhiab tons), uas yog 36.6% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom tsim tawm thiab cov khoom siv tawg rau USSR.
Raws li qiv-Xaj, Soviet Union tau txais 328 txhiab tons ntawm txhuas. Yog tias koj ntseeg B. Sokolov ("Lub luag haujlwm ntawm qiv-Xaus hauv Kev Ua Tub Rog Tub Rog Hauv Tebchaws Soviet"), uas kwv yees Soviet tsim cov txhuas txhuas thaum ua tsov rog ntawm 263 txhiab tons, tom qab ntawd cov nyiaj qiv-xaum txhuas hauv cov nyiaj txhuas tsim thiab tau txais los ntawm USSR yuav yog 55%. Tooj liab tau muab rau USSR 387 txhiab tons - 45% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom lag luam thiab khoom siv ntawm cov hlau no rau USSR. Hauv Kev Qiv -Lease, Lub Koom Haum tau txais 3,606 txhiab tons ntawm cov log tsheb - 30% ntawm tag nrho cov log tsheb tsim thiab muab rau USSR. 610 txhiab tons qab zib tau muab - 29.5%. Paj rwb: 108 lab tons - 6% Thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog, 38,100 lub tshuab txiav hlau tau muab rau USSR los ntawm Asmeskas, thiab 6,500 lub tshuab cuab yeej thiab 104 nias los ntawm Great Britain. Thaum ua tsov rog, 141 txhiab m / r tshuab thiab forging nias tau tsim hauv USSR. Yog li, qhov sib faib ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tshuab txawv teb chaws hauv kev lag luam hauv tsev muaj txog 24%. USSR tseem tau txais 956,700 mais ntawm xov tooj xov tooj, 2,100 mais ntawm hiav txwv cable thiab 1,100 mais ntawm submarine cable. Tsis tas li ntawd, 35,800 lub chaw xov tooj cua, 5,899 tus txais thiab 348 tus neeg nrhiav, 15.5 lab khub ntawm cov tub rog khau, 5 lab tons ntawm cov khoom noj, thiab lwm yam tau muab rau USSR raws li qiv-xauj.
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv suav nrog hauv daim duab 2, nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias txawm tias yog hom khoom siv tseem ceeb, kev faib cov khoom qiv-qiv hauv tag nrho cov khoom tsim tawm thiab khoom siv hauv USSR tsis tshaj 28%. Feem ntau, kev faib cov khoom qiv qiv hauv tag nrho cov khoom siv, khoom siv, khoom noj khoom haus, tshuab, khoom siv raw, thiab lwm yam tsim thiab muab rau hauv USSR. Feem ntau kwv yees ntawm 4%. Hauv kuv lub tswv yim, daim duab no, feem ntau, qhia txog qhov xwm txheej tiag tiag. Yog li, peb tuaj yeem hais nrog qee qhov kev ntseeg siab tias Qiv-Lease tsis muaj kev txiav txim siab cuam tshuam rau USSR lub peev xwm los ua tsov rog. Yog lawm, hom khoom siv thiab khoom siv no tau muab rau hauv Kev qiv-Qiv, uas suav rau feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov khoom tsim tawm hauv USSR. Tab sis puas yuav tsis muaj cov khoom siv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb? Hauv kuv lub tswv yim, tsis yog. USSR tuaj yeem faib rov qab ua haujlwm zoo ib yam li muab nws tus kheej nrog txhua yam nws xav tau, suav nrog txhuas, tooj liab, thiab lub tshuab tsheb. Puas yog USSR tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj qiv-xaum? Yog, nws ua tau. Tab sis cov lus nug yog, nws yuav raug nqi dab tsi rau nws. Yog tias tsis muaj Qiv-Lease, USSR tuaj yeem ua ob txoj hauv kev los daws qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov khoom lag luam uas tau muab rau hauv Txoj Cai Qiv no. Thawj txoj hauv kev yog tsuas yog kaw peb lub qhov muag rau qhov tsis txaus no. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, yuav muaj kev tsis txaus ntawm lub tsheb, lub dav hlau thiab tus lej ntawm lwm hom tshuab thiab khoom siv hauv pab tub rog. Yog li, pab tub rog yeej yuav tsis muaj zog. Qhov kev xaiv thib ob yog txhawm rau txhim kho peb tus kheej cov khoom lag luam uas tau muab rau hauv Kev qiv-Xaj los ntawm kev nyiam ua haujlwm ntau dhau rau cov txheej txheem tsim khoom. Qhov kev quab yuam no, tsuas yog tuaj yeem ua rau pem hauv ntej, thiab yog li rov ua rau cov tub rog tsis muaj zog. Yog li, thaum xaiv ib txoj hauv kev no, Red Army yog tus swb. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, kev ua tsov rog tab tom rub tawm thiab tsis muaj kev raug mob rau peb ib feem. Hauv lwm lo lus, txawm hais tias Qiv-Lease tsis muaj kev txiav txim siab qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua tsov rog ntawm Sab Hnub Poob, nws tseem tau cawm ntau pua txhiab tus pej xeem Soviet lub neej. Thiab rau qhov nyob ib leeg Russia yuav tsum ua tsaug rau nws cov phoojywg.
Hais txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm Qiv-Lease hauv kev yeej ntawm USSR, ib tus yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog ob lub ntsiab lus ntxiv. Ua ntej, feem ntau ntawm cov tshuab, khoom siv thiab khoom siv tau muab rau USSR xyoo 1943-1945. Ntawd yog, tom qab qhov kev hloov pauv hauv lub sijhawm ua tsov rog. Piv txwv li, xyoo 1941, nyob rau Qiv-Lease, cov khoom muaj nqis txog $ 100 lab tau xa, uas tsawg dua 1% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv. Xyoo 1942, qhov feem pua no yog 27.6. Yog li, ntau dua 70% ntawm Cov Nqi Le-Lees xa tuaj poob rau xyoo 1943-1945, thiab thaum lub sijhawm txaus ntshai tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua tsov rog rau USSR, cov phoojywg kev pabcuam tsis pom zoo heev. Ua piv txwv, hauv daim duab # 3, koj tuaj yeem pom tias pes tsawg lub dav hlau muab los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas hloov pauv xyoo 1941-1945. Ib qho piv txwv piv txwv ntxiv yog tsheb: txij lub Plaub Hlis 30, 1944, tsuas yog 215 txhiab tus ntawm lawv tau xa tuaj. Ntawd yog, ntau dua ib nrab ntawm cov tsheb qiv-xauj tau xa mus rau USSR hauv xyoo kawg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog. Qhov thib ob, tsis yog txhua yam khoom siv uas tau muab rau hauv Lend-Lease tau siv los ntawm pab tub rog thiab tub rog. Piv txwv li, tawm ntawm 202 lub nkoj torpedo xa mus rau USSR, 118 yeej tsis tau koom nrog kev ua phem ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj, vim lawv tau ua haujlwm tom qab nws xaus. Tag nrho 26 lub nkoj frigates tau txais los ntawm USSR kuj tau nkag rau kev pabcuam nkaus xwb thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1945. Qhov xwm txheej zoo ib yam tau pom nrog lwm hom khoom siv.
Thiab thaum kawg, qhov kawg ntawm ib feem ntawm kab lus no, pob zeb me me hauv lub vaj ntawm Lend-Lease cov neeg thuam. Ntau qhov kev thuam no hais txog qhov tsis muaj kev pab los ntawm cov phooj ywg, txhawb qhov no los ntawm qhov tseeb tias, lawv hais tias, Tebchaws Asmeskas, muab lawv qib kev tsim khoom, tuaj yeem muab tau ntau dua. Qhov tseeb, Tebchaws Asmeskas thiab Tebchaws Askiv tau tsim 22 lab riam phom me, thiab xa tsuas yog 150,000 (0.68%). Cov phoojywg muab 14% ntawm cov tso tsheb hlau luam ua rau USSR. Qhov xwm txheej tseem phem dua nrog lub tsheb: tag nrho, kwv yees li 5 lab lub tsheb tau tsim tawm hauv Asmeskas thaum xyoo ua tsov rog, thiab kwv yees li 450 txhiab lub tsheb tau xa mus rau USSR - tsawg dua 10%. Lwm yam Txawm li cas los xij, txoj hauv kev no yeej tsis yog lawm. Qhov tseeb yog tias cov khoom siv rau USSR tau txwv tsis yog los ntawm kev muaj peev xwm tsim khoom ntawm cov phooj ywg, tab sis los ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm cov nkoj thauj khoom muaj. Thiab nws nrog nws tias Askiv thiab Asmeskas muaj teeb meem loj. Cov phoojywg yooj yim tsis muaj lub cev muaj pes tsawg lub nkoj thauj khoom tsim nyog los thauj khoom ntau ntxiv mus rau USSR.
Muab txoj hauv kev
Cov khoom qiv qiv qiv nkag mus rau hauv USSR los ntawm tsib txoj hauv kev: hla Arctic tsheb thauj mus rau Murmansk, hla Hiav Txwv Dub, hla Iran, hla Far East thiab hla Soviet Arctic. Cov nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm cov kev no yog qhov tsis ntseeg txog Murmansk. Kev ua siab loj ntawm cov neeg tsav nkoj ntawm Arctic convoys tau qhuas hauv ntau phau ntawv thiab yeeb yaj kiab. Tej zaum, nws yog vim li no ntau tus ntawm peb cov pej xeem muaj kev xav tsis tseeb tias cov khoom siv tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv Qiv-Lease tau mus rau USSR ncaj qha los ntawm Arctic tsheb thauj mus los. Qhov kev xav no yog kev nkag siab dawb huv. Hauv daim duab # 4, koj tuaj yeem pom qhov sib piv ntawm qhov ntim ntawm cov tsheb thauj khoom ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev hauv cov tons ntev. Raws li peb tuaj yeem pom, tsis yog tsuas yog ua feem ntau ntawm Cov Qiv-Qiv thauj khoom tsis dhau los ntawm Lavxias Sab Qaum Teb, tab sis txoj hauv kev no tsis yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb, ua rau Far East thiab Iran. Ib qho laj thawj tseem ceeb rau lub xeev txoj haujlwm no yog qhov txaus ntshai ntawm txoj kev sab qaum teb vim yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg German. Hauv daim duab # 5, koj tuaj yeem pom tias Luftwaffe thiab Kriegsmarine ua haujlwm tau zoo npaum li cas nyob rau ntawm Arctic convoys.
Kev siv txoj kev hla Iran tau dhau los ua tau tom qab Soviet thiab Askiv pab tub rog (los ntawm sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb, feem) tau nkag mus rau thaj chaw ntawm Iran, thiab twb tau nyob rau lub Cuaj Hli 8, kev sib haum xeeb tau kos npe los ntawm USSR, Askiv thiab Iran, raws li uas cov tub rog Askiv thiab Soviet tau nyob ntawm thaj tsam Persia. Txij lub sijhawm ntawd, Iran tau pib siv rau cov khoom siv rau USSR. Cov khoom qiv qiv tau mus rau cov chaw nres nkoj ntawm sab qaum teb kawg ntawm Persian Gulf: Basra, Khorramshahr, Abadan thiab Bandar Shahpur. Cov cua thiab tsheb sib dhos cog tau teeb tsa hauv cov chaw nres nkoj no. Los ntawm cov chaw nres nkoj no mus rau USSR, cov khoom thauj mus los hauv ob txoj hauv kev: los ntawm thaj av hla Caucasus thiab los ntawm dej - hla Hiav Txwv Caspian. Txawm li cas los xij, Trans-Iranian txoj kev, zoo li Arctic convoys, nws muaj qhov tsis zoo: ua ntej, nws tau ntev dhau (txoj kev ntawm lub npav los ntawm New York mus rau ntug dej ntawm Iran ncig South African Cape ntawm Kev Cia Siab Zoo tau siv li 75 hnub, thiab tom qab ntawd nws siv sijhawm li 75 hnub, thiab tom qab ntawd cov khoom thauj khoom kuj tau siv sijhawm rau Iran thiab Caucasus lossis Caspian). Qhov thib ob, kev taw qhia hauv Hiav Txwv Caspian tau cuam tshuam los ntawm German kev ya dav hlau, uas tau poob thiab ua rau 32 lub nkoj puas nrog cov khoom thauj thaum Lub Kaum Hli thiab Kaum Ib Hlis ib leeg, thiab Caucasus tsis yog qhov chaw nyob ntsiag to: tsuas yog xyoo 1941-1943, 963 bandit pawg nrog rau tag nrho 17,513 tau raug tshem tawm hauv North Caucasus tib neeg. Xyoo 1945, hloov ntawm Iran txoj kev, Txoj Kev Hiav Txwv Dub tau siv rau cov khoom siv.
Txawm li cas los xij, txoj kev nyab xeeb tshaj plaws thiab yooj yim tshaj plaws yog txoj kev Pacific los ntawm Alaska mus rau Sab Hnub Tuaj (46% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv) lossis hla hiav txwv Arctic mus rau Arctic cov chaw nres nkoj (3%). Yeej, cov khoom qiv qiv qiv tau xa mus rau USSR los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas, tau kawg, los ntawm hiav txwv. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau ntawm kev ya dav hlau tau txav los ntawm Alaska mus rau USSR ntawm nws tus kheej (tib yam AlSib). Txawm li cas los xij, teeb meem tshwm sim raws txoj kev no, lub sijhawm no txuas nrog Nyij Pooj. Xyoo 1941-1944, cov neeg Nyij Pooj tau ntes 178 lub nkoj Soviet, qee qhov ntawm lawv - thauj "Kamenets -Podolsky", "Ingul" thiab "Nogin" - rau 2 lossis ntau lub hlis. 8 lub nkoj - thauj khoom "Krechet", "Svirstroy", "Maikop", "Perekop", "Angarstroy", "Pavlin Vinogradov", "Lazo", "Simferopol" - tau poob los ntawm cov neeg Nyij Pooj. Kev thauj mus los "Ashgabat", "Kokhoznik", "Kiev" tau poob los ntawm cov nkoj tsis paub tseeb, thiab kwv yees li 10 lub nkoj ntxiv tau ploj hauv qhov xwm txheej tsis tau piav qhia.
Qiv-Qiv them nyiaj
Qhov no yog tej zaum lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau kev xav ntawm cov neeg sim ua qee yam tsis txaus siab rau Qiv-Lease program. Feem ntau ntawm lawv txiav txim siab nws yog lawv lub luag haujlwm tsis tseem ceeb tshaj tawm tias USSR, lawv hais tias, them nyiaj rau txhua yam khoom lag luam uas tau muab rau hauv Kev qiv-Qiv. Tau kawg, qhov no tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li kev dag ntxias (lossis txhob txwm dag). Tsis yog USSR lossis lwm lub tebchaws uas tau txais kev pabcuam raws li Txoj Haujlwm Lend-Lease, raws li Txoj Cai Lend-Lease thaum tsov rog, tsis tau them ib feem rau qhov kev pabcuam no, yog li tham. Ntxiv mus, raws li tau sau tseg thaum pib ntawm tsab xov xwm, lawv tsis raug them nyiaj tom qab ua tsov rog rau cov khoom siv, khoom siv, riam phom thiab mos txwv uas tau siv thaum ua tsov rog. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum tau them rau qhov uas tseem zoo li qub tom qab ua tsov rog thiab tuaj yeem siv los ntawm cov teb chaws tau txais. Yog li, tsis muaj kev qiv qiv qiv nyiaj thaum ua tsov rog. Lwm qhov yog tias USSR tau xa ntau yam khoom mus rau Tebchaws Meskas (suav nrog 320 txhiab tons ntawm chrome ore, 32 txhiab tons ntawm manganese ore, ntxiv rau kub, platinum, ntoo). Qhov no tau ua tiav raws li ib feem ntawm qhov kev qiv qiv qiv rov qab. Ib qho ntxiv, tib txoj haujlwm suav nrog kho cov nkoj Asmeskas dawb hauv cov chaw nres nkoj Lavxias thiab lwm yam kev pabcuam. Hmoov tsis zoo, Kuv tsis tuaj yeem pom tag nrho cov khoom thiab cov kev pabcuam muab rau cov phoojywg hauv lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev qiv qiv rov qab. Tib qhov chaw kuv tau pom cov neeg pab leg ntaubntawv hais tias qhov nyiaj ntau heev no yog 2.2 lab daus las. Txawm li cas los xij, kuv tus kheej tsis paub meej txog qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv yuav suav tias yog qhov txwv qis. Qhov txwv qis tshaj hauv qhov no yuav yog ntau pua lab daus las. Ua qhov zoo li nws yuav ua tau, qhov sib faib ntawm cov qiv qiv rov qab hauv cov nyiaj qiv qiv qiv tag nrho ntawm USSR thiab cov phoojywg yuav tsis tshaj 3-4%. Txog kev sib piv, cov nyiaj qiv rov qab qiv los ntawm UK rau Tebchaws Meskas yog sib npaug rau 6, 8 txhiab daus las, uas yog 18, 3% ntawm kev sib pauv khoom thiab kev pabcuam ntawm cov xeev no.
Yog li, tsis tau them nyiaj rau Qiv-Lease thaum tsov rog. Cov neeg Asmeskas tau muab daim nqi rau cov tebchaws tau txais tsuas yog tom qab ua tsov rog. Qhov ntim ntawm UK cov nuj nqis rau Tebchaws Meskas muaj txog $ 4.33 nphom, rau Canada - $ 1.19 nphom. Kev them nyiaj zaum kawg ntawm $ 83.25 lab (hauv Tebchaws Meskas) thiab $ 22.7 lab (Canada) tau ua rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 29, 2006. Qhov ntim ntawm Tuam Tshoj cov nuj nqis tau txiav txim siab ntawm 180 lab nyiaj daus las, thiab cov nuj nqis no tseem tsis tau them tawm. Fab Kis them nyiaj rau Tebchaws Meskas thaum lub Tsib Hlis 28, 1946, muab rau Tebchaws Meskas tus lej nyiam ua lag luam.
Cov nuj nqis ntawm USSR tau txiav txim siab xyoo 1947 ntawm 2.6 txhiab daus las, tab sis twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1948 cov nyiaj no tau raug txo qis rau 1.3 billion. Txawm li cas los xij, USSR tsis kam them. Qhov kev tsis kam ua raws li cov lus pom zoo los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas: xyoo 1951, cov nuj nqis tau rov kho dua thiab lub sijhawm no tau txog 800 lab. Nws tau raug txo dua, lub sijhawm no mus rau $ 722 lab; maturity - 2001), thiab USSR pom zoo rau daim ntawv cog lus no tsuas yog nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej uas nws tau txais nyiaj qiv los ntawm Lub Tuam Txhab Txawv Tebchaws Txawv Tebchaws. Xyoo 1973, USSR tau them ob qho nyiaj tag nrho $ 48 lab, tab sis tom qab ntawd txiav kev them nyiaj vim 1974 Jackson-Vanik hloov kho rau xyoo 1972 Soviet-Asmeskas kev lag luam pom zoo. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 1990, thaum sib tham ntawm cov thawj tswj hwm ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab USSR, ob tog tau rov los tham txog cov nuj nqis. Hnub kawg tshiab rau kev them nuj nqis zaum kawg tau teeb tsa - 2030, thiab tus nqi yog $ 674 lab. Tam sim no, Russia tshuav nqi US $ 100 lab rau kev qiv qiv xev khoom xa tuaj.
Lwm hom khoom siv
Lend-Lease tsuas yog hom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv sib koom ntawm USSR. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog tib txoj hauv kev xwb. Ua ntej qhov kev lees txais ntawm Txoj Haujlwm Lend-Lease, Tebchaws Asmeskas thiab Tebchaws Askiv tau muab USSR nrog cov cuab yeej thiab khoom siv rau nyiaj ntsuab. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov loj ntawm cov khoom xa tuaj no yog qhov me me. Piv txwv li, txij Lub Xya Hli mus txog Lub Kaum Hli 1941, Tebchaws Asmeskas tau muab USSR nrog thauj khoom rau tsuas yog $ 29 lab. Ib qho ntxiv, Tebchaws Askiv tau muab cov khoom xa mus rau USSR vim yog qiv nyiaj mus sij hawm ntev. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom siv no txuas ntxiv tom qab tau txais Kev Pabcuam Qiv.
Tsis txhob hnov qab txog ntau lub hauv paus uas muaj kev siab hlub tsim los txhawm rau txhawm nyiaj rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm USSR thoob ntiaj teb. USSR kuj tau muab kev pab rau cov tib neeg. Ntxiv mus, cov kev pabcuam zoo li no los ntawm Africa thiab Middle East. Piv txwv li, hauv Beirut, Pawg Patriotic Lavxias tau tsim, hauv Congo - Lavxias Kev Pabcuam Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv Lavxias.. Cov neeg lag luam Iranian Rahimyan Ghulam Huseyn xa 3 tons txiv hmab txiv ntoo qhuav rau Stalingrad. Thiab cov tub lag luam Yusuf Gafuriki thiab Mamed Zhdalidi tau xa 285 lub taub hau nyuj rau USSR.
Cov ntawv nyeem
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2. / Keeb Kwm Me Me ntawm Tebchaws Meskas / Hauv qab. ua ed. I. A. Alyabyev, E. V. Vysotskaya, T. R. Dzhum, S. M. Zaitsev, N. P. Zotnikov, V. N. Tsvetkov. Minsk: Sau qoob, 2003.
3. Shirokorad AB Far Eastern Final. M.: AST: Transizdatkniga, 2005.
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5. Temirov YuTT, Donets AS War. M.: Eksmo, 2005.
6. Stettinius E. Lend -Lease - riam phom ntawm yeej (https://militera.lib.ru/memo/usa/stettinius/index.html).
7. Morozov A. Anti-Hitler koom nrog thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Lend-Lease hauv kev kov yeej ib tus yeeb ncuab (https://militera.lib.ru/pub/morozov/index.html).
8. Russia thiab USSR hauv kev ua tsov rog ntawm tiam XX. Poob ntawm cov tub rog / Hauv qab tag nrho. ua ed. G. F. Krivosheeva. (https://www.rus-sky.org/history/library/w/)
9. Kev lag luam hauv tebchaws ntawm USSR hauv Great Patriotic War. Kev suav sau. (Http://tashv.nm.ru/)
10. Cov ntaub ntawv Wikipedia. (Http://wiki.lipetsk.ru/index.php/%D0%9B%D0…BB%D0%B8%D0%B7)
11. Lend-Lease: nws zoo li cas. (https://www.flb.ru/info/38833.html)
12. Aviation Lend-Lease in the USSR in 1941-1945 (https://www.deol.ru/manclub/war/lendl.htm)
13. Soviet Lend-Lease historiography (https://www.alsib.irk.ru/sb1_6.htm)
kaum plaubYam peb paub thiab yam peb tsis paub txog Great Patriotic War (https://mrk-kprf-spb.narod.ru/skorohod.htm#11)
