Hauv qhov kev nco qab loj, cov neeg hneev tshwm tuaj zoo li qee tus neeg ruam nyob rau hauv liab caftans, maj nroos txog Kremlin hauv kev ntshai, qw: "Coj dab los ciaj!" Ua tsaug rau zaj duab xis "Ivan Vasilyevich Hloov Nws Txoj Haujlwm". Tej zaum ib tus neeg yuav nco qab los ntawm chav kawm keeb kwm uas Peter Thawj tau hloov cov hneev nrog cov qauv raws li European qauv - vim qhov kev liam tias ua tsis tiav thiab tsis siv sijhawm ntawm cov tub rog tua hneev taw. Qhov tseeb, cov kws tua hneev yuav luag yog cov sib ntaus zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv lub sijhawm, sib xyaw ua ke European thiab Asian txoj hauv kev tiv thaiv, koom haum thiab khoom siv.
Ivan IV Qhov txaus ntshai ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv txoj hmoo ntawm cov neeg hneev taw. Raws li qhov tseeb, nws tsim lawv thiab tuaj nrog txheej txheem rau manning thiab riam phom, uas tuav tawm nrog kev hloov pauv me me los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm 16th mus rau kaum ob xyoo pua ntawm xyoo pua 18th (thiab nyob rau sab nrauv ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman kom txog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua), tau dhau los ntawm ntau qhov kev tsov kev rog thiab kev sib tw. Ntxiv mus, cov kws tshawb nrhiav tau koom nrog hauv Kev Tsov Rog Qaum Teb thiab Kev Tawm Tsam Prut (1711), tau tsim lawv tus kheej ua cov chav npaj ua rog.
Qhov ua tsis tiav, uas tsis yog yam tsis muaj, yuav tsum yog tus thawj coj tub rog uas tau hais kom cov hneev tua hneev taw, thiab tsis txhob liam tus hneev taw lawv tus kheej. Los ntawm txoj kev, lawv tau hais ua ntej - squeakers, yog li muaj npe vim tias siv kev sib ntaus sib tua (qhov no yog lub npe ntawm ob rab phom tuav thiab rab phom me). Muscovites tau tso tseg tom qab cov tub rog ntawm Tebchaws Europe hais txog kev siv huab hwm coj, cov kws tua hneev taw muaj peev xwm tshaj lij thiab cov txuj ci sib ntaus sib tua ntau dua li cov tub rog tub rog European. Qhov kawg tseem tseem tuav riam phom thiab cov tswv yim nruab nrab nruab nrab. Ib qho ntxiv, cov hneev taw muaj kev qhuab qhia tub rog siab dua thiab kev qhia paub: lawv ua tiav kev sib raug zoo nrog cov tub rog thiab rab phom loj, uas tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim ntawm cov tub rog sab hnub poob. Streltsy tau zoo tshaj txawm tias cov tub rog Spanish muaj npe nrov hauv kev mob siab rau hauv tshav rog. Kev sib ntaus sib tua tseem tau txhawb nqa los ntawm qhov tseeb tias txhua ceg ntawm pab tub rog tau tsawg kawg rau cov chav sib txawv, tab sis rau tib neeg thiab kev ntseeg. Whereas hauv Tebchaws Europe ib tus tuaj yeem pom, piv txwv li, tub rog los ntawm German Reitar lossis Serbian, Polish, Hungarian hussars, thiab cov tub rog los ntawm cov tub rog ua haujlwm tau txais los ntawm hav zoov hav zoov hla txhua thaj tsam ntawm cov tebchaws Europe uas tau tawg. Feem ntau cov tub rog tsuas yog tsis nkag siab ib leeg, txawm hais tias kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm ua tim khawv tias cov lus hais rau cov tib neeg sib txawv yog thaum Upper Middle German. Thiab, piv txwv li, German Landsknechts thiab Swiss infantry ntxub ib leeg thiab tuaj yeem npaj kev tua neeg, txawm tias nyob ntawm ib sab.
Ib qho kev nthuav txuj ci tsim nyog thiab kev daws teeb meem ntawm pab tub rog streltsy yog "taug kev-gorod": phab ntsa tiv thaiv txav tau los ntawm ntoo thaiv los yog cav uas tau cawm cov tub rog ntawm cov yeeb ncuab hluav taws (phom, phom loj lossis hneev). Peb siv gulyai-gorod ob qho tib si hauv kev tawm tsam thiab hauv kev tiv thaiv, uas txo qis kev poob qis. Cov phom loj kuj tau siv los ntawm qhov khoob ntawm Gulyai-nroog, ua rau muaj kev poob qis ntawm cov yeeb ncuab vim raug tua ntawm qhov chaw tsis muaj dab tsi.
Ivan qhov txaus ntshai, tau tsim cov neeg tua hneev hauv xyoo 1540, thaum pib nrhiav neeg nkaus xwb 500 leej. Tab sis cov tub rog tau loj hlob sai, thaum xub thawj cov neeg hauv nroog thiab cov neeg nyob dawb, tab sis tsis ntev lawv tau pib ua haujlwm rau lub neej, thiab cov xwm txheej tau txais.
Nyob rau yav tsaus ntuj, tsuas yog hauv lub nroog, cov tub rog suav nrog 12 txhiab, faib ua 12 tus tub rog. Streltsy tau ua pov thawj lawv tus kheej thaum ntes Kazan xyoo 1552. Thiab lawv tau tawm tsam Krymchaks hauv Kev Sib Tw ntawm Molody, txawm hais tias plaub npaug zoo tshaj ntawm cov yeeb ncuab.
Lub koom haum, riam phom
Qhov siab hais kom ua ntawm cov hneev tau nqa los ntawm Streletskaya lub tsev, tom qab ntawd - Streletsky xaj.
Cov tub rog phom tau muab faib ua Moscow thiab tub ceev xwm. Thawj tus ua haujlwm raws li "Kremlin tus neeg zov", sawv ntawm tus neeg zov, tawm tsam rau lub tebchaws. Cov tub ceev xwm tau ua haujlwm hauv cov tub ceev xwm, tiv thaiv ciam teb, ua tub ceev xwm ua haujlwm. Cov tub ceev xwm hauv nroog tau hais kom cov hneev tua hauv nroog.
Txhua tus kws tua hneev hnav cov khaub ncaws hnav (txawm hais tias muaj xim sib txawv, lub tsho liab liab tsuas yog ib qho ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Moscow) thiab riam phom: rab phom, rab phom (rab hneev) thiab saber. Cov riam phom no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nkag mus rau hauv kev tua hluav taws nrog cov yeeb ncuab, thiab ua tes sib ntaus sib tua ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm qhov nruab nrab thiab luv luv. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb sib txawv ntawm cov neeg hneev taw los ntawm cov tub rog European, qhov chaw musketeers (arquebusiers), siv riam phom, npog lawv tus kheej nrog cov pikemen (spearmen), uas txwv ob qho tib si kev sib ntaus thiab kev ua haujlwm hauv tshav rog. Txawm li cas los xij, ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg hneev taw tseem muaj riam phom, tab sis qhov no yog riam phom uas tsis txawv rau lawv, raws li kev coj ua ntawm European cov tub rog. Raws li cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, ib tus tuaj yeem pom lub kaus mom hlau uas tsis cuam tshuam nrog phom tua phom, thiab cuirass. Tab sis cov mos txwv no tau yuav los ntawm cov neeg hneev taw nrog lawv tus kheej cov nyiaj, hauv qhov sib piv rau lwm yam khoom siv uas tau tshaj tawm los ntawm lub xeev. Cov khaub ncaws hnav tau muab faib rau hauv daim teb, txho lossis xim dub, thiab ua kab ke, ua xim xim. Parade tau hnav rau hnub so loj thiab kev ua yeeb yam. Yog li cov yeeb yaj kiab thiab cov duab piav qhia cov hneev taw ntawm kev sib tw lossis hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv cov khaub ncaws xim tsis sib xws rau qhov tseeb. Tab sis zoo nkauj thiab ntxim nyiam - dab tsi xav tau rau qhov kev nkag siab zoo los ntawm cov neeg saib.
Cov neeg tshwj xeeb, cov tub ceev xwm thiab, cia peb hu nws li ntawd - tub rog, tau txawv los ntawm lawv cov riam phom. Streletsky lub taub hau tau siv riam phom nkaus xwb, lwm tus thawj coj tseem tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, ua kom zoo nkauj.
Kaum tus thiab Pentecostals tau ua tus thawj coj tseem ceeb. Cov neeg raug xaiv raug xaiv ib xyoos.
Hauv 1650s, txoj haujlwm ntawm tsib-ຮ້ອຍ tus txiv neej tau tsim, thiab kev txhawb nqa los ntawm qib-thiab-ntaub ntawv lossis cov thawj coj tseem ceeb tau dhau los. Tsib-pua tus txiv neej tau koom nrog kev txhawb nqa logistic hauv qib ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm qhov kev txiav txim.
Txog thaum nruab nrab ntawm 17th caug xyoo, cov tub ceev xwm ntawm cov phom phom yog cov taub hau thiab cov tub rog. Hauv 1650s, txoj haujlwm ntawm ib nrab -lub taub hau tau qhia - thawj tus thawj coj thawj coj. Kev sib ntaus sib tua Polish-Lavxias ntawm 1654-1667 coj qib ntawm tus thawj coj mus rau cov saw ntawm kev hais kom ua, pib ua lub npe hwm rau lub taub hau, yam tsis tau hais kom ua tub rog. Ib nrab-lub taub hau tuaj yeem dhau los ua ib nrab tus tub ceev xwm. Xyoo 1680, cov tub rog, ib nrab cov tub rog thiab cov thawj tub rog tseem nyob, ua ntej - cov tub rog. Tib lub sijhawm, cov kws tshaj lij phom loj cov tub rog hlau tau txais kev txhawb nqa rau tus saib xyuas. Thiab tam sim no lub npe nom ua ke ua tub rog nyob qib thiab tsev hais plaub qib.
Cov tub rog -tswj hwm siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov tub rog streltsy tau xub hu ua lub cuab yeej, tom qab ntawv xaj, tom qab 1681 - cov tub rog.
Kev tswj hwm cov hneev taw hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tau ua los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua quaj - yasaks. Cov kws tshawb fawb cais ob hom yasaks - suab thiab suab paj nruag (ua los ntawm nruas thiab raj). Yasaki tau lees paub thiab muaj lub ntsiab lus ib leeg rau txhua tus, yog li tswj tau zoo, raug thiab nkag siab ib yam ntawm cov lus txib los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tau ua tiav.
Nyiaj txiag
Kev sib cais sib cais tau faib rau cov neeg hneev taw, qhov uas lawv tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv kev ua teb, khoom siv tes ua thiab kev lag luam. Lub txhab nyiaj tau faib cov nyiaj thiab cov nyiaj lis qoob loo. Qee lub sij hawm cov hneev taw, tsis txhob siv nyiaj hli, tau faib thaj av rau kev ua tswv cuab ntawm tag nrho cov kev hais daws.
Lub xeev daim ntaub tau muab rau Moscow cov kws tua hneev rau xaws txhua hnub caftans txhua xyoo, rau cov neeg hneev taw hauv nroog - ib zaug txhua 3-4 xyoos. Cov ntaub xim kim kim ntawm cov khaub ncaws hnav tau muab tsis xwm yeem, tsuas yog tshwj xeeb rau lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb. Riam phom, txhuas thiab rab phom tau muab los ntawm lub txhab nyiaj (hauv sijhawm ua rog 1-2 phaus ib tus neeg). Ua ntej kev tawm tsam lossis kev mus ncig ua lag luam, cov neeg hneev taw tau muab cov nyiaj lead thiab rab phom xav tau.
Cov nyiaj thiab zaub mov xav tau rau kev saib xyuas ntawm streltsy tau muab los ntawm lub nroog cov pejxeem hnyav thiab Dub Pua pua cov neeg ua liaj ua teb. Lawv tau lav txog ntau lub luag haujlwm, suav nrog se tshwj xeeb - "nyiaj zaub mov" thiab xa "Strelets 'qhob cij". Tag nrho cov no tau mus rau cov tuam txhab cuam tshuam, tom qab ntawd lawv xa nyiaj thiab khoom noj mus rau Streletsky Prikaz. Xyoo 1679, se rau Sab Qaum Teb thiab Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Tuaj ntawm lub tebchaws tau hloov pauv los ntawm ib qho se - "cov nyiaj tsis txaus".
Ntxiv nrog rau kev muab av, daim ntaub thiab riam phom, lub txhab nyiaj tau muab nyiaj rau cov neeg hneev taw, 20-30 rubles hauv nyiaj hauv ib xyoos, suav ntau rau lub sijhawm ntawd.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov nyiaj hli tau qeeb feem ntau, uas yog vim li cas cov neeg tua phom tsis txaus siab. Peter I, uas tau txwv nws, siv ib qho ntawm cov kev tawm tsam no (1698) los ua kev zam txim kom pib rov txhim kho pab tub rog nrog kev sib cais ntawm cov phom.
