… thiab lawv cov tub rog caij tsheb hla toj.
Yauhas 16: 3.
Shootout tom qab toj;
Saib lawv lub yeej thiab peb li;
Nyob saum toj roob hauv ntej ntawm Cossacks
Qhov liab liab sib tw.
Pushkin AS, 1829
Kev ua tub rog ntawm qhov tig ntawm lub sijhawm. Lub sijhawm kawg peb pom tias cov yeeb ncuab ntawm cov tub rog caij nkoj ntawm cuirassiers thiab rov ua haujlwm ntawm qhov tig ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub Nyoog thiab Lub Sijhawm Tshiab, ntxiv rau cov tub rog nrog cov pike thiab muskets, muaj ntau chav nyob ntawm cov tub rog lub teeb, suav nrog cov tebchaws. Nws yeej muaj ntau heev, txawm hais tias tsis zoo li ua tub rog. Hauv tsab xov xwm dhau los, nws tau hais txog Hungarian hussars, Venetian stradiots, Wallachians thiab dragoons. Hnub no peb yuav txuas ntxiv peb zaj dab neeg txog cov yeeb ncuab ntawm cuirassiers. Thiab peb yuav pib nws nrog cov tub rog hnyav hnyav ntawm cov tub rog caij nees ntawm Sipah cov tub rog, uas ze tshaj plaws rau European hom hmuv horsemen nyob rau hauv cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm puv ntoob lossis hauv peb lub hlis plaub rab phom.
Thaum xub thawj, Sipahs tau zoo ib yam, muaj cov tub rog caij nees hnyav, nyob saum nees, hnav khaub ncaws hnav thiab muaj riam phom thiab hmuv. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias kev ua tub rog ntawm Sipah tus tub rog, zoo li nyob hauv European tus tub rog, ncaj qha rau nws cov peev txheej thiab qhov loj ntawm nws cov tswv av - timar. Los ntawm txoj kev, cov tub rog no feem ntau hu ua Timariots tom qab nws. Ntawd yog, nws yog qhov sib piv ntawm peb "tus tswv tsev". Txij li thaum Sipahs raug tua los ntawm hneev taw los ntawm tus nees, cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv uas lawv siv yuav tsum tau muab kev txav mus los zoo ntawm lub xub pwg nyom. Yog li qhov kev nthuav dav ntawm lub nplhaib-phaj armor ntawm lawv. Hau kaus mom hlau nrog cov saw hlau aventails thiab lub qhov ntswg phaj tau nrov. Lwm hom kaus mom hlau yog shashak thiab misyurka, los ntawm Arabic lo lus Misr - Egypt. Txij li thaum xyoo pua 16th, caracene armor tau nthuav tawm. Cov caj npab saum lub dab teg tau tiv thaiv los ntawm tubular bracers. Kalkan cov ntaub thaiv me me me me, tab sis lawv tau ua los ntawm cov hlau - hlau lossis tooj liab.
Thaum cov tub rog tau raug hu kom taug kev, txhua feem kaum ntawm sipahs, los ntawm ntau, tseem nyob hauv tsev kom tswj hwm kev tswj hwm hauv lub tebchaws. Zoo, cov uas pom lawv tus kheej hauv pab tub rog tau faib tawm ntawm cov tub rog alay, uas tau hais los ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm cheribashi, subashi thiab cov tub ceev xwm alaybei.
Nws yog qhov muaj peev xwm hais txog sipahs tias lawv yog hom neeg muaj peev xwm ntawm lub tebchaws Ottoman thiab kev sib piv ntawm Lavxias lub zos cavalry. Ib thaj av nrog cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, kev sib pauv ua lag luam, tshuab mills - txhua qhov no tuaj yeem tshaj tawm lub sijhawm (lo lus spahilyk kuj qee zaum siv), thiab pauv mus rau siv sipah, leej twg, siv cov nyiaj tau txais, yuav tsum tau caj npab nws tus kheej thiab nqa cov tub rog me me nrog nws. Timars ntawm lub hnub poob ntawm teb chaws Ottoman tsis yog kev tuav cov cuab yeej cuab tam, tab sis tsuas yog ib ntus hauv kev siv tus tuav (timarly lossis timariot) tsuas yog thaum nws ua haujlwm. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem no sipahs tsis muaj lub zog ua tiav rau lawv cov neeg ua liaj ua teb. Ntxiv mus, thaum nyob hauv qhov kev pabcuam, sipakhs tsis tau txais kev tso nyiaj los ntawm lub txhab nyiaj, tabsis lawv muaj txoj cai los ua tsov rog.
Yog tias sipah zam kev ua tiav nws lub luag haujlwm, nws cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig tuaj yeem coj los ntawm nws thiab xa rov qab mus rau lub txhab nyiaj. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm sipahi, nws tuav nws tsev neeg nyob, tab sis tsuas yog nws muaj tub lossis qee tus txheeb ze ze uas tuaj yeem hloov nws hauv qhov kev pabcuam.
Los ntawm 1533 tsoomfwv Porte tau tsim txoj cai Timar tshiab raws ciam teb Hungarian. Tam sim no, tsis txhob nyob hauv lawv thaj chaw ib puag ncig, cov vultures yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm tas mus li thiab nyob hauv cov nroog ciam teb nrog cov tub rog ntawm cov tub ceev xwm nyob hauv lawv.
Kev tshem tawm txoj cai tseem ceeb ntawm kev kov yeej thiab kev nthuav tawm ntawm kev noj nyiaj txiag tau dhau los ua qhov laj thawj rau kev ua phem loj ntawm vultures los ntawm kev pabcuam. Ntxiv mus, los ntawm tus nqaj lossis los ntawm nkhaus, lawv tau pib sim hloov lub timars rau hauv lawv cov khoom ntiag tug lossis kev cai dab qhuas nrog kev them tus nqi xauj tsev sib cog lus.
Hauv XV-XVI ib puas xyoo, cov tub rog ntawm Sipahs muaj coob heev: txog 40,000 tus neeg caij nees, thiab ntau dua li ib nrab tuaj ntawm cov xeev ntawm lub tebchaws uas nyob hauv Europe, tshwj xeeb hauv Rumelia. Tab sis tom qab ntawd, los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th mus rau qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, dhau 100 xyoo, lawv cov lej tau poob ntau dua 10 npaug. Yog li xyoo 1787, thaum Qaib ntxhw ib zaug ntxiv tau tawm tsam nrog Russia, Porta, nrog rau qhov nyuaj, tau sau ob txhiab tus neeg caij nees nkaus xwb.
Zoo, tom qab ntawd Sultan Mahmud II hauv xyoo 1834 tau tshem tag nrho Sipahs, tom qab uas lawv tau suav nrog hauv cov tub rog tshiab niaj hnub. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, xyoo 1831-1839, cov tub rog-feudal system ntawm timars tau raug tshem tawm. Cov av ntawm cov tswv av qub tau pauv mus rau lub xeev, uas tam sim no tau them lawv cov nyiaj hli ncaj qha los ntawm pob nyiaj siv. Txawm li cas los xij, lub cim xeeb ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb siab tawv ntawm sipahi tsis tau tuag. Los ntawm lub npe no tuaj lwm tus - Spahi (spagi). Tsuas yog tam sim no puas tau teeb lub cav cav tub rog nyob hauv Fab Kis thiab Italis cov tub rog pib raug hu ua qhov ntawd, qhov uas cov neeg txawv tebchaws tau txais, tab sis cov thawj coj tau los ntawm Fab Kis, ntxiv rau Sepoy (sepoy) - paub cov tub rog Askiv nyob hauv tebchaws Askiv zoo cov Neeg Qhab hauv Is Nrias teb, tau teeb tsa zoo ib yam.
Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm Sipahs, zoo li teeb meem ntawm Lavxias lub zos cavalry, los ntawm txoj kev, yog tias ob leeg ntawm lawv tsis muaj peev xwm hloov pauv. Hauv qee theem, lawv lub luag haujlwm yog qhov zoo, tab sis lub sijhawm hloov pauv, thiab cov sipahs tsis xav hloov nrog lub sijhawm. Tshwj xeeb, qhov no tau hais tawm hauv tus cwj pwm tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm rab phom, thiab qhov twg, hauv Qaib Cov Txwv, qhov chaw uas cov phom tau zoo heev, thiab tau siv rab phom thiab rab phom zoo heev. Tab sis … cov tub rog tau ua tub rog nrog txhua qhov no. Feem ntau yog Janissaries, uas ua rau lawv tus kheej raug mob hauv lub xeev. Tab sis cov sipahs tsis xav yuav phom ntawm lawv tus kheej cov nyiaj, thiab yog tias lawv tau ua, tom qab ntawd … lawv tsis xav hloov lawv lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, lawv hais tias, yawg txiv tau tawm tsam thiab yeej zoo li ntawd, thiab peb yuav yog tib yam!
Ib txwm, cov tub rog hnyav heev ntawm Sipahs yuav tsum tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev siv phom me me. Thiab hauv pab tub rog Turkish muaj cov ntawd ib yam. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws yog akinji (muab los ntawm Turkish lo lus akın - "tua", "nres"). Cov no yog cov qauv tsis xwm yeem, tab sis lawv tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua tub rog ntawm Chaw Nkoj. Lub koom haum akindzhi cavalry tau hu ua akindzhlik, thiab nws tau tsim los ua cov tub rog ciam teb los tiv thaiv beyliks - thaj tsam ciam teb. Cov neeg Ottomans hu ua thaj chaw ntawd uj. Ugem tau txiav txim siab bey, nws lub npe yog xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv. Xws li bei tau hu ua akinji-bey lossis uj-bey.
Hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman ntawm Seljuk Turks, Uj Bey yog tus neeg tseem ceeb heev. Nws tsuas yog them ib xyoos ib zaug ua se rau Sultan, thiab yog li nws muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm nws. Nws tuaj yeem tawm tsam nrog cov neeg nyob ze, nyiag lawv - Sultan tsis quav ntsej txog qhov ntawd. Hauv lub xeev Ottomans, akindzhi tau txo lawv txoj kev ywj pheej thiab lawv yuav tsum tau ua sawv cev ntawm tus neeg Sultan. Qhov tseeb, uj-bey tau txais nyiaj los ntawm cov av no, thiab ntawm lawv nws tau hu cov tub rog tawm mus. Lub xeev tsis them nyiaj rau lawv, tsis tau muab riam phom thiab khoom siv, akinji kuj yuav nees lawv tus kheej. Tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, lawv tsis tau them se ntawm kev tsim khoom, thiab txhua yam uas poob rau hauv lawv txhais tes tseem nyob nrog lawv!
Qhov tseeb, cov no yog kev sib cais ntawm pej xeem, qhov twg txhua tus tuaj yeem tso npe tau, tab sis nws yog qhov tsim nyog los nthuav qhia cov lus pom zoo los ntawm imam, tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub zos lossis ib tus neeg paub rau uj-bey. Cov npe ntawm cov neeg thov, nrog rau lub npe txiv thiab qhov chaw nyob, tau kaw thiab khaws cia hauv Istanbul. Akinji-bey (tus thawj coj) tau raug xaiv los ntawm sultan lossis nws tus tswv xeev sardar.
Kaum tus neeg caij nees tau hais kom ua los ntawm onbashi (tus neeg ua haujlwm), ib puas - los ntawm subashi, ib txhiab - los ntawm bigbashi (loj). Twb tau nyob hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kosovo teb, tus naj npawb ntawm akindzhi tau mus txog 20,000, thiab hauv Suleiman I, ntau dua 50,000 tus neeg. Tab sis tom qab ntawd lawv cov lej pib poob qis dua thiab xyoo 1625 tsuas muaj ob txhiab leej ntawm lawv xwb. Qhov txaus siab, nyob rau lub sijhawm muaj kev thaj yeeb, lawv tuaj yeem nyob nyob txhua qhov chaw, tab sis nws tau xav kom lawv niaj hnub qhia thiab npaj kom npaj tawm ntawm kev taug kev. Lub akinji xyaum tsis hnav ris tsho tiv thaiv, tab sis lawv muaj daim thaiv - txawm yog kalkans lossis Bosnian scutums. Riam phom tau siv feem ntau txias: sabers, hneev, lasso. Feem ntau, cov neeg caij nees ntawm kev sib tw tau yog nyob rau hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm pab tub rog lossis tom qab tiv thaiv. Lawv muaj nees nyob nrog lawv kom muaj qee yam tshem tawm cov tsiaj txhu. Feem ntau akindzhi tawm tsam hauv Tebchaws Europe, tabsis cov sultans xws li Mehmed II, Bayezid II thiab Selime kuv siv lawv hauv Anatolia ib yam.
Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, cov neeg caij nees no pib raug kev txom nyem hnyav hauv kev tawm tsam nrog cov tub rog caij nees. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1630, akinji tau hloov mus rau hauv cov tub rog zoo ib yam, lossis pom zoo los ua haujlwm nkaus xwb rau nyiaj. Hloov chaw, Cov Turks yuav tsum tau siv lub Tatar cavalry ntawm Crimean khans. Thaum kawg lawv tau ploj mus hauv xyoo 1826.
Lwm chav nyob ntawm cov tub rog caij tsheb ciav hlau Turkish yog cov neeg caij tsheb Delhi, uas tuaj yeem txhais ua "lub taub hau" thiab "siab tawv ua siab tawv". Lawv tau tshwm sim nyob rau xyoo lig 15th thiab thaum ntxov xyoo pua 16th thiab muaj npe nrov rau lawv txoj kev ua siab loj, nrog rau lawv cov khaub ncaws txawv txawv. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau nws tshwm sim uas cov khaub ncaws tub rog tsuas yog xeeb tub xws li ua rau cov yeeb ncuab ntshai cov tub rog. Ib tus neeg niaj hnub piav qhia lawv cov khaub ncaws, hais txog tias ntau ntawm lawv tau npog nrog tawv tawv, ua rau lawv zoo li caftan. Ntawm txoj kev tiv thaiv, lawv muaj daim npog ntsej muag, thiab lawv cov riam phom yog hmuv thiab mace txuas rau ntawm lawv lub eeb. Delhi headdresses kuj tau tsim los ntawm cov tawv nqaij ntawm cov tsiaj qus thiab dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov dav dawb hau. Lawv kuj tau dai daim thaiv ntawm Boyesnian scutum yam nrog plaub, thiab ntxiv rau, lawv kuj muaj plaub tis tom qab lawv nraub qaum. Yog li nws ntseeg tias Polish phaj hussars tsuas yog los ntawm lawv, los ntawm Delhi, qiv lub tswv yim ntawm hnav tis nrog plaub ntawm lawv nraub qaum. Lawv cov riam phom yog hmuv, saber, hneev thiab xib xub. Cov nees ntawm Delhi cov neeg caij tau txawv los ntawm lawv lub zog, nrawm thiab ua siab ntev.
Xyoo pua 18th, rau qee qhov laj thawj, Delhi tau pib hnav lub kaus mom uas zoo li lub tog raj kheej 26 ntiv tes siab, ua los ntawm cov tawv nqaij tawv dub (!) Thiab qhwv rau hauv lub taub hau saum toj!
Lub koom haum ntawm Delhi yog raws li hauv qab no: tsib caug rau rau caum tus neeg caij nees tau ua lub nkoj (chij, tus qauv). Delibashi tau txib ob peb bairaks. Cov neeg nrhiav haujlwm tau cog lus tseg, tau txais lub npe ntawm aga-jiragi ("menyuam kawm ntawv ntawm agi") thiab lub kaus mom nto moo heev. Yog tias Delhi ua txhaum nws cov lus cog tseg lossis khiav tawm ntawm tshav rog, nws raug ntiab tawm, thiab nws lub kaus mom raug tshem tawm!
Cov neeg ua tim khawv
1. Nicolle, D. Cov tub rog ntawm Ottoman Turks 1300-1774. L.: Osprey Pub. (MAA 140), 1983.
2. Vuksic, V., Grbasic, Z. Cavalry. Keeb kwm ntawm kev sib ntaus cov neeg tseem ceeb 650BC - AD1914. L.: Phau Ntawv Cassel, 1993, 1994.
