Darius xa ib txhiab tus neeg caij nees nrog lawv.
Phau ntawv thib ob ntawm Ezra 5: 2
Kev ua tub rog ntawm qhov tig ntawm lub sijhawm. Hauv cov ntaub ntawv dhau los, peb tau ntsib nrog cov yeeb ncuab ntawm cuirassiers ntawm cov neeg caij nees ntawm Sab Hnub Poob thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj. Tab sis tsis yog tag nrho Sab Hnub Tuaj tau txiav txim siab, yog li hnub no peb yuav txuas ntxiv cov ncauj lus no. Zoo, lub sijhawm no cov khoom yuav raug piav qhia tag nrho los ntawm "cov duab zoo nkauj". Thiab tom qab ntawd tag nrho cov duab los ntawm tsev cia puav pheej, txawm tias cov nto moo. Tab sis cov kws kos duab ntawm tib phau ntawv los ntawm cov tsev tshaj tawm "Osprey" thiab "Kassel" kuj tseem paub txog lawv, thiab qhov xav tau rau lawv yog siab heev. Yog li ntawd vim li cas ho tsis saib lawv, thiab tib lub sijhawm kom paub txog "cov neeg caij nees ntawm kev ua rog" tom ntej, leej twg kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm XVI-17th ib puas xyoo pom nyob rau lub sijhawm tseem ceeb no? Txawm li cas los xij, peb tsis tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj cov khoom pov thawj hauv tsev cia puav pheej, nrog rau cov duab kos los ntawm cov kws kos duab nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, yog li niaj hnub no peb yuav saib daim duab ntawm Jan Martens de Jonge.
Knights nrog rab phom nyob hauv lawv txhais tes
Thiab nws tau tshwm sim tias cov tub rog caij nkoj ntawm cuirassiers thiab cov neeg rov ua haujlwm, uas hloov cov qub tub rog, txawm hais tias nws muaj ntau heev - nyob rau hauv Henry II hauv tib Fabkis hauv 1558, tsuas muaj 7000 tus neeg caij nees rov los, tab sis nws tseem tsis tuaj yeem hloov tau cavalry ntawm horsemen nrog lub teeb riam phom. Thiab yog tias nws nyuaj heev rau Fabkis kom muaj ntau qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm rab phom-rab phom ntawm caj npab, tom qab ntawv peb tuaj yeem hais dab tsi txog cov tebchaws uas kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam tsis tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd?
Lub tswv yim ntawm tus vaj ntxwv ruam yog qhov xwm txheej, tus ntse yog kev zoo siab
Qhov no yog vim li cas kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Tebchaws Europe nyob rau lub sijhawm tam sim ua ntej Peb caug Xyoo Kev Tsov Rog tau los ntawm plaub hom horsemen, tsis suav nrog cov neeg caij nees sab hnub tuaj. Qhov hnyav tshaj plaws yog cov tub rog tiv thaiv peb lub hlis twg, uas yog huab tais Swedish Gustav Adolphus, piv txwv li, suav tias kim heev hauv kev sib piv nrog lawv cov yam ntxwv sib ntaus; tom qab ntawd tuaj lub teeb cavalry, uas tau ua lub luag haujlwm thib ob hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab uas nws xav tias tsis suav nrog; tom qab ntawd tus nees arquebusiers, uas tau koom nrog kev tua hluav taws ntawm cuirassiers los ntawm kev tua los ntawm tus nees, thiab dragoons, "mounted infantry", uas, hauv nws lub tswv yim, tuaj yeem siv tau zoo dua.
Thiab tam sim no, yog tus hloov pauv ntawm lub siab, tab sis kuj tsuas yog tus neeg txawj ntse, thiab muaj tag nrho lub zog ntawm kev muaj koob muaj npe, nws tau rov txhim kho cov tub rog Swedish, ua rau nws yog lub zog sib ntaus tseem ceeb ntawm sab av loj thiab tus qauv rau kev hloov pauv hauv pab tub rog ntawm lwm tus. lub teb chaws. Qhov laj thawj tsim nyog ntawm kev nyiam muaj koob muaj npe yog kev txiav txim siab ua nrog tsuas yog ob tus neeg caij tsheb: cov neeg caij tsheb yuav tsum tau ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev txhawb nqa hluav taws, thiab cov neeg caij lub teeb, uas xav tias yog nws chav nyob. Nws kuj tseem tsis tau tso tseg cov tub rog ua tub rog, uas feem ntau suav nrog cov nom tswv Swedish, hnav peb lub hlis plaub lub tsho tiv thaiv, tab sis tam sim no lawv tsis cuam tshuam loj heev rau kev ua tub rog thiab tsis ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv pab tub rog ntawm huab tais Swedish.
Swedish cavalryman - "nruab nrab cavalryman"
Lub sijhawm dhau los, tus qauv Swedish tub rog caij tsheb los ntawm lub sijhawm no pib xa mus rau "nruab nrab" hom cavalry. Nws hnav lub kaus mom thiab "lub kaus mom kaus mom" ("hws" ua lus Askiv) (lossis lub kaus mom loj nrog tus ncej hlau) thiab tau ua tub rog nrog ob rab phom thiab rab ntaj hnyav me ntsis ntev dua li lwm pab tub rog European. Cov tswv yim ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb no suav nrog siv riam phom tiv thaiv; tsuas yog thawj qib tau siv phom, thiab tau siv lub pob ntaus pob ntawm tus yeeb ncuab thaum tawm tsam. Ntawm daim ntawv, cov tub rog suav nrog yim lub tuam txhab ntawm 125 tus txiv neej txhua tus; qhov tseeb, yuav muaj tsuas yog plaub lub tuam txhab hauv cov tub rog.
Qee qhov kev ua tub rog zoo tshaj plaws hauv pab tub rog Swedish yog Finnish horsemen hu ua hakkapeli, lub npe tau los ntawm lawv cov kev sib ntaus sib tua quaj, uas txhais tau tias "chop lawv!"
Nrog cov tub rog zoo li no, Gustav Adolf yeej ntau txoj kev yeej, sib ntaus hauv Tebchaws Europe thaum Peb caug Xyoo Tsov Rog, tab sis nws tus kheej tau poob rau hauv tshav rog ntawm Tsov Rog Lutsen.
Plaub, tis, ris tsho hnav thiab chij
Txawm li cas los xij, ob tus neeg Swedes thiab cov neeg saib xyuas huab tais muaj cov neeg sib tw tsim nyog hauv Tebchaws. Ib tus neeg koom nrog Kev Sib Tw ntawm Vienna (1683) tau pom qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm 3,000 tus neeg Polish tis hussars ntawm Kahlenberg nqes hav ntawm pab tub rog Turkish thiab piav qhia nws li no: "Hussars tau tawm tsam cov neeg Turks tsis muaj vaj huam sib luag zoo li cov tim tswv saum ntuj ceeb tsheej" armor. Thiab yog, qhov tseeb, cov neeg caij tsheb no hnav khaub ncaws zoo nkauj "peb lub hlis plaub lub tsho tiv no", nrog daim pam thiab lub tsho ntev ua los ntawm dais, tsov txaij thiab tsov daim tawv, nrog rau tis ua los ntawm dav dawb hau, swan thiab goose plaub ya, nrog hmuv ntev nrog xim pennants, xav tsis thoob lub tswv yim ntawm kev sib tham. Ntau tus neeg nyob ib puag ncig sau hais tias lawv yog cov neeg caij nees zoo nkauj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb: hlau, tawv, chij thiab cov neeg siab zoo, txhua yam no yog qhov zoo siab tiag tiag thiab nyob rau tib lub sijhawm pom tau zoo.
Ntau cov duab kos, kos duab thiab sau cov peev txheej los ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th piav qhia lossis piav qhia txog "cov neeg caij nees". Raws li ib qhov chaw, qhov kev coj ua qub no los ntawm Asia thiab tau txais los ntawm cov neeg uas tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Turkish Empire. Lwm tus pom nws nyob hauv nruab nrab Serbia. Ntxiv rau lawv qhov kev ua kom zoo nkauj zoo nkauj, nws tau ntseeg tias tis muab tus neeg caij "lub teeb thiab nrawm ntawm cov noog nqa los ntawm cua", thiab, txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis muab lub sijhawm los pov cov lasso hla nws thiab ntaus nrog saber ntawm lub caj dab los tom qab thiab los ntawm ib sab. Zoo, thiab tau kawg, muab cov neeg caij tsheb loj hlob, cov cuab yeej zoo li no ntshai cov yeeb ncuab nees, thiab cov neeg caij lawv tus kheej.
Txawm li cas los xij, "cov neeg caij nees" ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th feem ntau tau txheeb xyuas nrog Polish phaj hussars, thiab txhua qhov vim tias yuav luag ib puas xyoo cov tub rog Polish tau ua rau thaj tsam ntawm sab qaum teb sab Europe. Nrog lub ntsiab lus: "Ua ntej peb yuav kov yeej cov yeeb ncuab, thiab tom qab ntawd peb yuav suav", lawv swb cov neeg Swedes ntawm Kokenhaussen (1601), swb cov tub rog Lavxias ntawm Kushino (1610), Cossacks ntawm Berestechko (1651), tuav Turks xyoo 1621 thiab 1673, tab sis lawv qhov kev yeej tseem ceeb yog kev sib ntaus ntawm phab ntsa ntawm Vienna thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Parkans (1683).
Hussar's cuirass nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej tuaj yeem tiv taus rab phom mus los ntawm 20 cov kauj ruam, thaum nws lub nraub qaum tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv rab yaj phom ntawm qhov taw tes-khoob ntau. Cov khaub ncaws zoo nkauj tshaj plaws nyob rau daim bib yog duab ntawm Virgin Mary ntawm sab laug thiab tus ntoo khaub lig ntawm sab xis. Ntxiv nrog rau 5 m ntev hmuv hnyav, hussars muaj lub nkoj tsim saber, 170 cm ntev ncaj konchar ntaj (nqa ntawm sab laug ntawm lub eeb), nrog rau ob rab phom nyob hauv lub hnab tawv me. Ntawd yog, qhov tseeb, lawv yog cov kws ua zaub mov zoo ib yam, tab sis muaj riam phom ntau dua, uas yog raws li kev paub ntawm kev siv phaj horsemen. Cov hmuv tau pab tua cov tub rog caij tsheb thiab cov tub rog, tshem cov pikemen lub npog, rab phom - tig "tis hneev nti" mus rau hauv tib pab tub rog, tab sis thaum hmuv tawg lossis tuaj yeem raug pov, rab ntaj -konchar tuaj pab tus neeg caij tsheb Nws tsis muaj qhov ntse ntawm cov hniav, tab sis lawv tuaj yeem tsoo ob tus tub rog uas tau poob rau hauv av, thiab txhua tus neeg caij nrog saber lossis ntaj luv dua. Nws tsis yog yam tsis muaj vim tias cov tub rog Askiv tub rog tseem muaj rab ntaj ua ntej ntawm Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum 1. Nws muab tawm tias kev thawb yog yooj yim dua chopping. Txij li lub tshuab ntaus nrig tsis yog tsuas yog txaus ntshai dua, tab sis kuj tau xa rau qhov sib faib thib ob sai dua …
Ib qho ntxiv, cov cuab yeej ua rog ntawm Polish hussars, tshwj xeeb, cov khoom siv tib yam, ib yam li ntau ntawm cov lus Askiv knights ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm xyoo pua 17th, tau txais los ntawm cov hlua los ntawm rivets. Nws tau muab tawm tias xws li "kev tsim cov txheej txheem", ua ntej, yog qhov yooj yim los ua, thiab qhov thib ob, lawv muaj zog dua li cov khoom siv dag zog. Cov kab ntawv hloov pauv kom yooj yim rau tawv!
Kassel tsab ntawm Cavalry tshaj tawm tias hussar's cuirass tau muaj zog txaus nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej uas nws tuaj yeem tiv taus rab phom mus los ntawm qhov deb ntawm 20 paces, thaum nws lub nraub qaum tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv rab yaj phom ntawm qhov chaw khoob. Ntxiv mus, nws yog kev coj ua los kho lub hauv siab ntawm lub cuirass. Cov khaub ncaws zoo nkauj tshaj plaws ntawm daim npog ntsej muag yog cov duab ntawm Virgin Mary ntawm sab laug thiab tus ntoo khaub lig ntawm sab xis. Cov kaus mom hlau muaj lub qhov ntswg txav mus los tau, thiab feem ntau nrog lub hauv pliaj tsim tau zoo, uas ua rau tus neeg caij lub ntsej muag tiv thaiv ntxiv.
Hussar tshem tawm (chij) suav nrog 150 tus neeg uas raug xaiv los ntawm thaj chaw ib puag ncig, lossis koom nrog qee tus neeg loj hauv tebchaws Poland: Radziwill, Sobesky, Pototsky, Sienovsky, Lubomirsky, Ras, thiab ntxiv rau. Txhua lub tsev muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm tus cwj pwm rau kev txheeb xyuas hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, thiab txhua tus hussar muaj nruab nrab ntawm ib thiab ob tus tub qhe thaum lub sijhawm sib tw, nrog rau "qhov chaw nqa khoom" sib xws hauv lub tsheb ciav hlau.
P. S. Muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog "winged hussars" hauv Lavxias cov ntawv tshaj tawm, xws li, piv txwv li, cov ntawv xov xwm "Tseikhgauz" thiab "Voin", thiab muaj cov ncauj lus no tau txiav txim siab zoo. Yog li ntawd, ntawm no nws yog muab los ntawm cov peev txheej txawv teb chaws thiab tsuas yog cuam tshuam nrog cov ntsiab lus dav dav ntawm koob.
Cov neeg ua tim khawv
1. Richard Brzezinski & Richard Hook. Cov Tub Rog ntawm Gustavus Adolphus (2): Cavalry. Osprey Publishing Ltd. (MEN-AT-ARMS 262), 1993.
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3. Richard Brzezinski & Graham Turner. Lützen 1632. Tsov rog ntawm Peb caug xyoo tsov rog. Osprey Publishing Ltd. (CAMPAIGN 68), 2001.
4. Richard Bonney. Peb caug Tsov Rog Xyoo 1618-1648. Osprey Publishing Ltd., (YUAV TSUM PAUB TXOG 29), 2002.
5. Richard Brzezinski & Angus McBride. Cov tub rog Polish 1569-1696 (1). (MEN-AT-ARMS 184), 1987.
6. V. Vuksic & Z. Grbasic. Cavalry. Keeb kwm ntawm kev sib ntaus cov neeg tseem ceeb 650BC - AD1914. Cassell, xyoo 1994.
