… thiab cia lawv txaj muag ntawm lawv lub zog thiab lawv cov tub rog.
Thawj Phau Ntawv Maccabees 4:31
Kev ua tub rog ntawm qhov tig ntawm lub sijhawm. Hauv tsab xov xwm dhau los, peb tau ntsib nrog cov tub rog caij nees ntawm Gustav Adolf thiab "winged hussars" ntawm Lub Tebchaws, uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev kov yeej Turks hauv qab phab ntsa ntawm Vienna. Tab sis ib tus yuav tsum tsis txhob xav tias cov neeg caij nees zoo nkauj no tsuas yog cov tub rog caij nees ntawm lub xeev Polish-Lithuanian koom siab. Tsis tau, muaj lwm tus neeg caij tsheb, thiab qhov ntawd yog yam peb yuav tau paub hnub no.
Cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv pib thiab … poob
Qhov kawg ntawm Peb caug Xyoo Tsov Rog, uas ntau tus kws sau keeb kwm tau hu ua "Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Kawg", kuj tseem hais txog qhov kawg ntawm lub sijhawm hloov pauv mus ntev heev, thaum cov tuam txhab tsim riam phom sib tw yuav luag sib luag nrog cov tuam txhab tsim khoom siv riam phom. Cov phom tam sim no tau siv cov cuab yeej ua rog hauv av, thiab kev sib tw ntawm cov cuab yeej ua rog thiab cov phom loj tau poob nws qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam txog thaum pom thawj lub tso tsheb hlau luam xyoo 1917.
Txawm li cas los xij, Hauv Sab Hnub Tuaj, kev txhim kho kev tiv thaiv rau cov neeg caij tsheb poob qab Western Europe rau ib puas xyoo. Hauv ib nrab ntawm ob xyoo pua 17th. cov neeg caij nees, hnav khaub ncaws hauv ntawv xa ntawv, uas nws cov cuab yeej siv tsis tau hloov pauv ib txhiab xyoo, tau ntsib hauv thaj tsam loj ntawm Russia, Poland, Ukraine, Hungary thiab Turkish thaj tsam. Zoo, hauv Tibet, cov neeg caij tsheb hauv cov saw xa rov qab rau xyoo 1935! Muaj ntau qhov laj thawj vim li cas hom kev tiv thaiv iav no tseem nyob ntev nyob rau Sab Hnub Tuaj tab sis ploj mus rau Sab Hnub Poob.
Chain mail rau Sab Hnub Tuaj
Xyoo 1600, Graz kev cob qhia tseem tab tom tsim cov tsho luv luv, "luv", "capes", dab tshos thiab lub tes tsho los tiv thaiv ib feem ntawm lub cev, uas, yog li hais lus, "nthuav tawm" los ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tsis tau. Txawm li cas los xij, ib khub ntawm lub tes tsho raug nqi 10 tus guilders, lub tsho tag nrho 25, thiab tag nrho cov cuab yeej ua rog tsuas yog 65 tus guilders. Cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tau muab kev tiv thaiv zoo dua qub, thiab cov cuab yeej forging tau yooj yim dua thiab pheej yig dua li vuam lossis riveting cov hlau me me. Yog li ntawd, vim tus nqi siab thiab kev tiv thaiv tsis txaus uas cov saw xa tawm, nyob rau sab hnub poob thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th nws yuav luag tag nrho.
Sab Hnub Tuaj, txhua yam txawv. Txhua lub tsev kws ntaus hlau paub yuav txiav cov hlau thiab tig lawv mus rau hauv txoj haujlwm xa ntawv li cas. Tus nqi ntawm kev ua haujlwm no tau qis dua, vim tias tsis muaj cov txuj ci tshwj xeeb lossis cov cuab yeej siv tau zoo lossis cov ruv hluav taws xob tau tsim los ua cov phiaj xwm kos duab. Yog li ntawd, yuav luag txog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, cov tsho xa ntawv tau tsim hauv tebchaws Afghanistan thiab Iran, thiab lawv tau hnav yuav luag zoo li lub tebchaws khaub ncaws.
Hauv cov tub rog sab hnub poob, qhov piv ntawm cov tub rog mus rau cov tub rog yog kwv yees li peb rau ib leeg. Sab Hnub Tuaj, txhua yam yog lwm txoj hauv kev ib puag ncig: tus neeg caij tsheb tseem yog tus txha caj qaum ntawm pab tub rog, thiab nws cov riam phom tseem ceeb yog hmuv, saber, rab ntaj ntev rau rab hneev thiab rab hneev. Tawm tsam qhov riam phom no, saw xa ntawv thiab ib puag ncig daim thaiv muab kev tiv thaiv zoo heev.
Qhov tseem ceeb thib ob
Yog li ntawd hauv tebchaws Poland, nrog rau cov txiv neej ntawm caj npab, hnav khaub ncaws hnav, thoob plaws lub xyoo pua 17th muaj cov neeg caij nees hnav cov saw xa ntawv, uas hu ua ris tsho tiv thaiv. Txiav txim los ntawm cov khoom lag luam kos ua ntej Kev Sib Tw ntawm Vienna (1683), muaj 8,874 lub plhaub nyob hauv qab 84 tus chij; qhov no yog ntau dua ib nrab ntawm tag nrho cov tub rog Polish thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Lawv, ib yam, koom nrog cov tub rog hnyav, thiab tau faib ua pab pawg ntawm 100 tus txiv neej. Lawv tau txais kev pabcuam los ntawm cov neeg uas feem ntau yog cov neeg nruab nrab thiab qis dua. Lawv tau ua riam phom nrog rab hmuv ntev 3 m, saber, rab ntaj konchar ntev txog 170 cm ntev, feem ntau hnav rau sab laug ntawm lub eeb, nkoj tsim saber, hneev taw sib xyaw thiab ib puag ncig daim thaiv (kalkan). Qee lub foob pob uas tau tawm tsam hauv Vienna kuj tseem muaj rab phom rab phom nyob rau hauv daim ntaub npog lub hauv caug.
Dab tsi tshwm sim tom qab Tsov Rog Mojács?
Tam sim no cia peb mus rau lwm lub nceeg vaj sab hnub tuaj ntawm Hungary thiab pom dab tsi tshwm sim nyob rau ntawm qhov tig ntawm lub sijhawm. Thiab nyob ntawd, xyoo 1526, Cov tub rog Hungarian tau swb los ntawm Turks ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Mohacs. Tus vaj ntxwv thiab cov tshuaj tsw qab ntawm cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe tau ploj mus hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua no, thiab Hungary poob mus rau peb ntu: ib leeg tau nyob ntawm Turks, uas tau tsim lawv tus kheej kev tswj hwm nyob ntawd; lwm tus tau los ntawm Vienna, vam tias yuav tau txais kev tiv thaiv los ntawm Turks; qhov thib peb tshaj tawm nws tus huab tais thiab tau txais kev ntseeg Protestantism kom cov tswv xeev muaj peev xwm txeeb tau thaj av nplua nuj ntawm lub Koom Txoos Catholic. Cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no ua rau muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb nyob rau 300 xyoo tom ntej: ib feem ntawm cov neeg siab ncaj Hungarian lees paub txoj cai ntawm Habsburgs, qee qhov tawm tsam lawv nrog Turks, thiab qee qhov nrog Habsburgs tawm tsam Turks. Kev sib koom ua ke nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej thiab kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm yam uas tau pom tias yog kev phem loj tshaj nyob rau txhua lub sijhawm.
Thaum lub sij hawm "Great Turkish March" mus rau Vienna (1683), Austria tau raug kev puas tsuaj los ntawm Tatars thiab lub teeb Hungarian horsemen - hussars. Lawv tau coj los ntawm Imre Thokli, tus tub huabtais Hungarian uas tawm tsam Habsburgs. Nrog kev pab ntawm cov tub rog sib koom los ntawm Poland thiab cov tub rog ntawm German tus thawj tswj hwm, Austrians tau tswj hwm tiv thaiv Vienna, thiab tom qab ntawd pib tawm tsam kev tawm tsam Turkey. Ntxiv mus, qhov kev paub ntawm kev ua tsov rog tau coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias twb tau nyob hauv 1686 cov tub rog Austrian tau rov txhim kho. Thiab nws yog thaum ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev rov txhim kho no thiab npaj rau kev nce qib ntxiv mus rau sab hnub tuaj, Austrian Emperor Leopold I hauv 1688 tsim thawj tus thawj Austrian hussar regiment. Nws suav nrog Hungarian émigrés uas tau xaus rau hauv thaj chaw uas nws tswj hwm thiab leej twg tau cog lus tias yuav ua siab ncaj rau Austrian crown. Cov tub rog no hauv nws cov cuab yeej ua tiav qhov sib txawv ntawm Polish hussars, txawm hais tias nws cov txiaj ntsig tau siab. Hauv Fab Kis, thawj tus tub rog hussar tau tsim xyoo 1692, thiab hauv Spain xyoo 1695.
Them los ntawm lub txhab nyiaj
Nyob hauv pab tub rog Austrian ua ntej, muaj cov neeg caij horsemen nyob ib ntus, uas tuaj yeem muaj txog 3,000 leej. Lawv tau coj los ntawm Hungarian thiab Croatian cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe uas tuaj yeem hloov pauv ib hmos, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias Viennese lub tsev hais plaub tau sim yuam kom lawv ua tiav lawv lub luag haujlwm kev dag ntxias. Leopold hais kom Suav Adas Chobor xaiv 1000 tus neeg thiab tsim ib pab tub rog hussar, uas yuav tau them los ntawm lub tsev txhab nyiaj huab tais, thiab cog lus tias yuav ua siab ncaj rau lub crown. Nws yog suav nrog txiv neej hnub nyoog 24 txog 35 xyoos thiab muaj nees nyob nruab nrab ntawm hnub nyoog 5 thiab 7. Raws li lub xeev, cov tub rog yuav tsum muaj kaum lub tuam txhab ntawm 100 hussars hauv txhua. Cov tub ceev xwm ntawm lwm pawg Austrian niaj hnub cavalry muaj lub tswv yim qis ntawm hussars, thiab txiav txim siab lawv "me ntsis zoo dua li cov tub rog caij nees." Txawm li cas los xij, lawv ua tau zoo heev hauv kev ua tsov rog, uas yog vim li cas xyoo 1696 tau tsim cov tub rog thib ob raws li cov lus txib ntawm Colonel Dick; qhov thib peb, hais los ntawm Colonel Forgach, tau tsim xyoo 1702.
Tsib tus nees caij thiab cov neeg caij nees liab
Cov neeg Muslim nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam ciam teb ntawm Tebchaws Ottoman kuj tseem tuaj yeem nrhiav cov tub rog ua haujlwm los tawm tsam Austria thiab Hungary. Lawv raug hu ua at-kulu. Qhov no yog lub npe dav dav rau cov tub rog tsis xwm yeem hauv pab tub rog hauv lub xeev Turkish thiab hauv pab tub rog ntawm Crimean khans. Cov pab pawg no suav los ntawm 20 txog 50 tus neeg; lawv txoj haujlwm yog los tiv thaiv ciam teb, thiab lawv kuj tau ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb hauv pab tub rog thaum muaj kev ua tsov rog. Beshley - ntawv.; hom teeb pom kev rog tub rog nyob hauv cov tswv xeev ntawm cov xeev. Lawv tau txais lawv cov nyiaj hli tsib acce *ib hnub los ntawm cov nyiaj tau los ntawm eyalet **. Hauv cov chaw tiv thaiv, beshli tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv ib cheeb tsam thiab tau npaj siab los tawm tsam kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab. Kuj tseem muaj kev sib cais nyob hauv tus tswv xeev Wallachian. Ib txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb tau nyob ntawm beshli kev sib cais, tsim los ntawm Janissaries, uas tseem tau txais tsib akche ib hnub. Lawv tau npaj rau kev saib xyuas txoj hauv kev thaum cov tub rog tab tom taug kev. Lub beshli ntawm Turks hais kom txhua qhov kev cais tawm, aha. Chav me me (ode - "barracks") tau hais los ntawm odabasa. Xyoo 1701, ntawm tus ciam teb Austrian, tus thawj coj Bayram-aga muaj 48 tus neeg ntawm nws pov tseg: nws tus lwm thawj (tsehai), tus tuav ntaub ntawv (bayrektar), tub ceev xwm (gulaguz), tus kws sau ntawv (kyatib), plaub tus tub ceev xwm (pom zoo) thiab 40 tus neeg caij nees. (kev). Lawv cov nyiaj hli txhua hnub yog: aha - 40 akche, tsehai - 20, bayrektar - 15, gulaguz thiab kyatib - 13, odabasa - 12 thiab faris - 11.
Thaum ua tsov rog, ntau qhov kev sib cais ntawm 500-1000 tus neeg tau tsim los ua qhov loj dua (alai), hais los ntawm alaybey. Bey yog tus tub ceev xwm qis tshaj plaws hauv pab tub rog Ottoman uas tau tso cai hnav ib qho plaub hau (bunchuk ***); bey (beylerbey) tuaj yeem hnav ob, vizier peb, thiab sultan muaj plaub pawg.
Ntawm cov pab pawg neeg Esxias, tus naj npawb ntawm cov tails ntawm tus ncej txhais tau ntau, tab sis txoj cai dav dav yog ib qho: cov plaub hau ntau dua, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj tus neeg muab qhov kev txiav txim, thiab yog li qhov kev txiav txim nws tus kheej. Lub sijhawm dhau los, pawg neeg tau dhau los ua tus chij tub rog, uas cov Turks tau coj los ntawm Central Asia thiab nthuav tawm thoob plaws thaj chaw uas lawv kov yeej. Hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, lawv tau hloov pauv ib nrab hauv cov tub rog niaj hnub ua raws cov kab ntawm European, tab sis ib nrab tsis tu ncua thiab teeb pom kev zoo cavalry txuas ntxiv siv lawv kom txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19.
Cov neeg ua tim khawv
1. Richard Brzezinski & Richard Hook. Cov Tub Rog ntawm Gustavus Adolphus (2): Cavalry. Osprey Publishing Ltd. (MEN-AT-ARMS 262), 1993.
2. Richard Brzezinski & Velimir Vuksic. Polish Winged Hussar 1576-1775. Osprey Publishing Ltd. (WARRIOR 94), 2006.
3. Richard Brzezinski & Graham Turner. Lützen 1632. Tsov rog ntawm Peb caug xyoo tsov rog. Osprey Publishing Ltd. (CAMPAIGN 68), 2001.
4. Richard Bonney. Peb caug Tsov Rog Xyoo 1618-1648. Osprey Publishing Ltd., (YUAV TSUM PAUB TXOG 29), 2002.
5. Richard Brzezinski & Angus McBride. Cov tub rog Polish 1569-1696 (1). (MEN-AT-ARMS 184), 1987.
6. V. Vuksic & Z. Grbasic. Cavalry. Keeb kwm ntawm kev sib ntaus cov neeg tseem ceeb 650BC - AD1914. Cassell, xyoo 1994.
