Khaub ncaws ntawm sab qaum teb "barbarians"

Khaub ncaws ntawm sab qaum teb "barbarians"
Khaub ncaws ntawm sab qaum teb "barbarians"

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Video: Raug koj dag kuv ris siab hlos 3/16/2018 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
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Tus poj niam yuav tsum tsis txhob hnav khaub ncaws txiv neej.

Kevcai 22: 5

Kev coj khaub ncaws. Thaum lub sij hawm Bronze Age, cov neeg German thaum ub tau tsim cov khaub ncaws hnav zoo heev, raws li muaj pov thawj los ntawm ntau qhov kev tshawb pom keeb kwm. Yog li lo lus "neeg vwm", uas niaj hnub no muaj lub ntsiab lus meej meej, tsis haum rau cov neeg German nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, tab sis tsuas yog txhais li cas cov neeg Loos tau nkag siab los ntawm cov ntsiab lus no. Thiab ntawm cov neeg Loos, "neeg txawv tebchaws" tsuas yog "neeg txawv." Tsis tas li ntawd, kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev hnav khaub ncaws ntawm Roman faj tim teb chaws ib feem ntawm "barbarians" tau muaj zog ntau dua li ntawm cov neeg Loos ntawm cov neeg tsis paub cai, uas tsis yog txhua qhov qhia tias rov qab thiab tsis zoo ntawm cov khaub ncaws ntawm tib yam qub Germans.

Khaub ncaws ntawm sab qaum teb "barbarians"
Khaub ncaws ntawm sab qaum teb "barbarians"

Hom khaub ncaws tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg Greek, Loos thiab lwm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm Mediterranean kev coj noj coj ua yog ib qho yooj yim draped daim ntaub, thaum cov neeg German thaum ub thiab Gauls nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab Parthians nyob rau sab hnub tuaj tau txawj txiav thiab xaws cov txuj ci, raws li pov thawj los ntawm pob txha thiab rab koob tooj liab pom los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm.

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Lawm, qhov huab cua hnyav hnyav cuam tshuam rau txoj kev ua neej ntawm cov neeg German. Lub tes tsho uas tau tshwm sim hauv lawv cov khaub ncaws twb nyob rau xyoo 3 lawm. BC, nrog rau ris, uas tau tshwm sim ua ntej lawm, twb yog xyoo VI. BC, yog qhov kev lees paub zoo tshaj plaws ntawm qhov no. Hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm daus thiab lub caij ntuj no, koj tsis tuaj yeem pom ntau yam yam tsis muaj ris thiab nrog txhais tes liab qab. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog lawv, pab pawg ntawm Sab Qaum Teb, uas tau ua lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv kev hnav khaub ncaws: txij li thaum tus txiv neej zaum saum tus nees thiab tso nws lub ris ua ntej ntawd, khaub ncaws pib muab faib ua txiv neej thiab poj niam!

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Cov neeg German hu lub ris "brugs", thiab Celts hu ua "brakka", "kev sib yuav", uas tsis suav nrog lus Lavxias lus "ris". Cov neeg Loos tau saib tsis taus cov khaub ncaws no ntev. Nws tau paub tias txawm tias cov tub rog tshwj xeeb tau taug kev ncig Rome, tshuaj xyuas seb puas muaj kev ntxub cov neeg phem nyob hauv qab togas ntawm cov pej xeem, tab sis … dhau sijhawm lawv raug yuam kom lees tias txawm hais tias cov khaub ncaws no tsis zoo, nws yooj yim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov tub rog thiab ua ntej tshaj plaws, rau cov neeg caij nees.

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Nws yog cov neeg German uas tau pib faib cov khaub ncaws raws li lub caij nyoog mus rau lub caij ntuj no thiab lub caij ntuj sov thiab coj los hauv siab rau nws lub caij cia khoom. Zoo, ntawm qhov tag nrho, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias cov khaub ncaws ntawm cov neeg German tsis muaj qhov qis dua li cov khaub ncaws ntawm cov neeg Greek thiab Loos thaum ub ob qho tib si zoo thiab ua kom zoo nkauj, thiab hais txog qhov ua tau zoo, tau kawg, lawv tau zoo dua.

"Kuv tus kheej koom nrog kev xav ntawm cov neeg uas ntseeg tias pab pawg neeg nyob hauv Tebchaws Yelemees, uas tsis tau muaj kev sib xyaw los ntawm kev sib yuav nrog lwm tus neeg txawv tebchaws, txij li lub sijhawm dhau los ua ib tus neeg tshwj xeeb uas tau khaws lawv cov kev coj dawb huv thiab tsuas yog zoo li lawv tus kheej. Li no, txawm hais tias muaj coob tus neeg, lawv txhua tus muaj qhov zoo ib yam: lub qhov muag xiav, cov plaub hau daj, lub cev siab, muaj peev xwm tsuas yog siv lub sijhawm luv; nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv tsis muaj lub siab ua haujlwm hnyav thiab hnyav, thiab lawv tsis tuaj yeem sawv nqhis dej thiab cua sov txhua lub sijhawm, thaum huab cua tsis zoo thiab av tau qhia lawv kom yooj yim tiv taus txias thiab tshaib plab."

(Cornelius Tacitus. Txog keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg German thiab qhov chaw nyob ntawm Yelemes, AD 98)

Raws li kev tshawb pom ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm, peb tuaj yeem xav txog cov khaub ncaws ntawm txiv neej thiab poj niam zoo li cas - Cov neeg German ntawm Hnub Nyoog Bronze. Cov poj niam hnav ib daim thooj ntaub linen nrog lub tes tsho luv rau lub caij ntuj sov. Daim tiab ntev tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm txoj siv tawv dav nrog cov tassels ntev, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog daim hlau tooj liab tsis txhob siv lub duav. Ib rab riam nyob rau hauv daim tawv tawv tuaj yeem dai ntawm txoj siv. Cov txuj ci tooj dag zoo - tooj dag, hlua tes thiab cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub - tsis yog qhov yooj yim. Ntxiv mus, cov poj niam tau koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, nyob hauv qib nrog txiv neej. Lawv txoj haujlwm yog, ua ntej tshaj plaws, ua rau cov yeeb ncuab ntshai nrog nrov nrov. Tus txiv neej tub rog tau ua riam phom nrog rab ntaj ntev thiab rab ntaj nrog tooj liab hilts. Cov tsiaj nkaum lub tsho tiv no tau nrawm nrog cov tooj liab tooj liab-qawm qho. Cov hlua tes zoo li lub hnub ci disc ntawm lub dab teg thiab lub xub pwg nyom, nrog rau cov hlua dai kom zoo nkauj tau qhia nws qhov xwm txheej zoo. Ib tus tub rog tuaj yeem hnav daim tiab ntev hauv caug nrog lub ntsej muag ntawm cov ntaub ntxhib ntxhib. Ntawm taw yog khau khiab tawv, poj niam thiab txiv neej hnav lawv.

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Txawm li cas los xij, hom poj niam hnav khaub ncaws no tseem paub, uas tuaj yeem yog cov ntxhais koom nrog kev seev cev, lossis pov thawj. Lawv daim tiab luv luv tau ua los ntawm cov ntaub plaub uas tau muab qhwv rau hauv cov raj tooj liab, vim qhov ntawd daim tiab tau ua suab nrog txhua qhov kev txav ntawm nws tus tswv. Qhov hnav khaub ncaws suav nrog kev dai kom zoo nkauj nrog kauv, lub hnub qub, lossis cov qauv ntais. Hom khaub ncaws coj txawv txawv no tau muaj nyob rau ntau pua xyoo, thiab nws cov ntsiab lus thiab kho kom zoo nkauj tau nthuav tawm hauv ntau lub tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Tebchaws Europe.

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Cov neeg German cov ris tsho hauv qab yog cov ntaub linen-tiab tau ua los ntawm lub hauv caug-ntev lub ntsej muag daim. Lub tsho tau tuav ntawm lub xub pwg ntawm cov tawv tawv nrog cov tooj daj. Qhov qis kawg ntawm lub tunic tau siv rau ntawm lub duav nrog txoj siv tawv tawv nrog tassels. Dhau ntawm cov puffins, lawv tuaj yeem hnav lub tsho ntaub plaub lossis daim tawv nqaij nrog cov plaub hauv, uas tau khawm rau hauv siab nrog tus pin. Kev piav qhia ntawm cov khaub ncaws German thaum ub feem ntau suav nrog lub tsho ua los ntawm cov ntaub plaub lossis tsiaj tawv nrog lub tes tsho.

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Cov ris ua los ntawm ntaub plaub lossis ntaub ntaub uas muaj txoj siv dav yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lawv cov khaub ncaws, vim lawv tiv thaiv los ntawm qhov txias. Ib qho ntxiv, lawv kuj tau siv ua ris tsho hauv qab, thiab tsis yooj yim rau caij, raws li tau hais hauv xyoo pua 5. Roman kws sau ntawv Sidonin. Tacitus kuj tau sau ntau yam txog riam phom thiab khoom tiv thaiv ntawm cov neeg German.

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"Lawv kuj tseem muaj cov hlau me me, zoo li tuaj yeem pom los ntawm qhov lawv ua riam phom phem. Lawv tsis tshua siv rab ntaj lossis rab hmuv ntev, tab sis siv rab hneev, lossis, raws li lawv hu nws, tus ncej, nrog cov lus qhia nqaim thiab luv hlau, riam phom kom ntse thiab yooj yim uas, nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej, lawv sib ntaus sib tua tib lub darts, thiab los ntawm qhov deb. Txawm tias cov neeg caij nees muaj kev txaus siab nrog tus ncej thiab daim ntaub thaiv, thaum cov tub rog caij nkoj tseem muab cov hmuv ntuav pov tseg, txhua ntawm ob peb daim, thiab lawv, liab qab lossis hauv lub tsho luv luv, pov lawv ntawm qhov deb. Lawv pom tau tias tsis yog qhov xav tau me ntsis kom khav theeb cov khoom dai, thiab tsuas yog cov ntaub thaiv npog uas lawv pleev xim nrog cov xim ci. Tsuas yog ob peb muaj lub plhaub, tsuas yog ib lossis lwm yam hlau lossis tawv uas peb tab tom nrhiav."

(Cornelius Tacitus. Ntawm Keeb Kwm ntawm Cov Neeg German thiab Qhov Chaw Nyob ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, AD 98)

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"Txhua tus neeg lub tsho sab nrauv yog lub tsho luv luv nrog lub duav, yog tias tsis yog, tom qab ntawd nrog tus pos. Tsis them los ntawm lwm yam, lawv siv tag nrho hnub ntawm qhov hluav taws kub hauv qhov cub. Cov neeg nplua nuj tshaj plaws yog qhov txawv los ntawm qhov tseeb tias, ntxiv rau lub tsho, lawv kuj muaj lwm yam khaub ncaws, tab sis tsis fluttering, zoo li Sarmatians lossis Parthians, tab sis nqaim thiab nruj-haum. Lawv kuj hnav daim tawv nqaij ntawm cov tsiaj qus … Cov poj niam cov khaub ncaws tsis txawv ntawm cov txiv neej, tsuas yog cov poj niam feem ntau hnav khaub ncaws linen, uas lawv pleev xim rau xim liab, thiab lawv lub tes tsho tsis los ntawm lawv lub xub pwg, kom lawv txhais tes liab qab los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv qab, qhib thiab ib feem ntawm lub hauv siab nyob ib sab ntawm lawv."

(Cornelius Tacitus. Ntawm Keeb Kwm ntawm Cov Neeg German thiab Qhov Chaw Nyob ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, AD 98)

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Nkawm khau, ob qho tib si rau txiv neej thiab poj niam, tau yooj yim: ib leeg nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm daim tawv tawv khov kho nrog lub ntsej muag perforated. Laces tau muab tso rau hauv nws lub qhov, nrog cov ntug tau rub tawm thiab qhwv ib ncig ntawm ko taw. Los ntawm pob taws mus rau hauv caug, ob txhais ceg tau npog nrog cov hlua uas ua los ntawm cov ntaub linen lossis ntaub ntaub.

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Lub taub hau taub hau, ib yam nkaus, tsis txawv qhov nyuaj thiab yooj yim: lub kaus mom lossis lub hau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub taub hau ntawm cov plaub hau txiav. Tab sis cov plaub hau ntawm cov neeg German ua rau muaj kev xav zoo rau cov neeg Loos. Cov plaub hau daj ntev ntawm cov poj niam German tau qhuas los ntawm lawv, ib yam li cov plaub hau ntawm cov poj niam los ntawm Denmark thiab Britain. Cov txiv neej German tau txiav lawv cov plaub hau thiab feem ntau muaj tus cwj pwm saib xyuas lawv cov nroj tsuag, raws li muaj pov thawj tsis yog tsuas yog rab chais pom nyob hauv txiv neej qhov kev faus neeg, tab sis kuj yog los ntawm tweezers rau plucking plaub hau.

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Kev nrhiav pom ntawm cov neeg hu ua swamp, uas yog, lub cev raug daig hauv peat bogs thiab, vim qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm thaj chaw swamp, mummified, kuj pab cov kws tshawb fawb los txiav txim "cov qauv" thiab cov plaub hau ntawm lub Hnub Nyoog Bronze. Muaj qhov pom pom hauv tebchaws Askiv, Denmark thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees. Piv txwv li, ntawm lub taub hau ntawm "txiv neej los ntawm Tollund" muaj txawm tias lub hau tawv tawv, xaws nrog plaub sab hauv, ib yam li cov dab neeg dab neeg; tau pom cov khaub ncaws hnav nyob ze qhov chaw faus neeg "poj niam los ntawm Huldremos", thiab lwm yam. Thiab "tus txiv neej los ntawm Klonikawan" muab qee qhov kev pom rau hauv cov plaub hau. Nws hloov tawm tias nws muaj nws cov plaub hau styled nrog cov sib xyaw ntawm cov roj thiab cov roj zaub. "Tus txiv neej los ntawm Osterby" tau muaj plaub hau plaub hau hla nws lub tuam tsev sab xis, thiab tus kws sau keeb kwm Loos Tacitus tau taw qhia tias cov plaub hau zoo li no yog cov neeg ntawm pawg neeg Suevi.

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Zoo li txhua tus neeg barbarians, Cov neeg German nyiam cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub. Hlua tes nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm coiled nab nrog lub qhov muag ruby, hlaws dai, qhwv ntsej, pendants, brooches, hairpins - txhua yam no tuaj yeem ua tooj dag thiab kub. Yog li hauv kev sib piv nrog lawv, tib tus neeg Loos tau saib zoo nkauj heev, thiab tseem yog poj niam poj niam ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm lub tebchaws. Checkered, cov ntaub zoo los ntawm qhov uas lub tsho thiab lub ris tau xaws, cov qauv hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov paib sau rau ntawm cov khaub ncaws, rov ua dua lub ris ntev thiab lub tsho nqaim ntev, siv cov plaub tsiaj, nplua nuj ntawm tooj liab thiab nyiaj kub - txhua qhov no ua rau lawv tsis nkag siab thiab "neeg txawv teb chaws" rau cov neeg Loos!

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