"Hnub no yog ib hnub zoo ntawm kev ua tub rog lub yeeb koob: Cov neeg Lavxias tau cawm Moscow thiab hwm; pom zoo Astrakhan thiab Kazan raws li peb yog neeg xam xaj; lawv pauj kua zaub ntsuab ntawm lub peev thiab, yog tias tsis yog tas mus li, ntev li ntev tau txaus siab rau Crimeans, sau lawv nrog cov neeg tuag ntawm lub plab hauv ntiaj teb nruab nrab ntawm Lopasnea thiab Rozhai, qhov twg los txog niaj hnub no sawv ntsug mounds, monuments qhov kev yeej thiab nto moo ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Mikhail Vorotynsky. " Yog li, tus kws sau keeb kwm Lavxias zoo Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin txiav txim siab keeb kwm tseem ceeb ntawm Tsov Rog Molodi.
Kuj ceeb thiab tsis nkag siab yog qhov tseeb tias qhov xwm txheej zoo li no, uas tsis muaj ntau dua, tsis muaj tsawg, thiab kev muaj nyob ntawm Lavxias lub xeev tau tso tseg, xyaum ua thiab niaj hnub no tseem tsis tau paub thiab tsis muaj kev mloog ntawm cov keeb kwm thiab cov tshaj tawm. Peb yuav tsis tuaj yeem nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Molodi, uas yog 444 xyoo hnub no, hauv tsev kawm ntawv phau ntawv, thiab hauv cov ntawv kawm ntawm kev kawm qib siab (tshwj tsis yog, tej zaum, tsuas yog qee lub tsev kawm ntawv tib neeg tib neeg) qhov xwm txheej no tseem nyob yam tsis tau mloog. Lub caij no, lub luag haujlwm keeb kwm ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Molodi tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb tsawg dua li kev yeej ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias ntawm thaj chaw Kulikovo lossis Lake Peipsi, dua li kev sib ntaus sib tua Poltava lossis Borodino.
Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawd, nyob sab nrauv ntawm Moscow, ib pab tub rog Crimean-Turkish loj tau tuaj ua ke nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Khan Devlet-Giray thiab cov tub rog ntawm Lavxias tus thawj coj Mikhail Vorotynsky. Raws li ntau qhov chaw, tus naj npawb ntawm Crimean Tatar pab tub rog "uas tau los tawm tsam Tsar ntawm Moscow" yog los ntawm 100 txog 120 txhiab, nrog rau leej twg kuj tseem muaj txog 20 txhiab Janissaries, muab los pab rau Great Sultan ntawm Ottoman Empire. Kev tiv thaiv ntawm ciam teb sab qab teb ntawm Muscovy tau muab tag nrho los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm tawg los ntawm Kaluga thiab Tarusa mus rau Kolomna, lawv tag nrho cov neeg nyuam qhuav mus txog 60 txhiab tus tub rog. Raws li kev kwv yees ntau yam, kwv yees li 40 txhiab tus tib neeg tau koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog Devlet-Giray nws tus kheej. Thiab, txawm hais tias muaj qhov txiaj ntsig pom tseeb, cov yeeb ncuab tau tsoo taub hau los ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias.
Zoo, cia peb niaj hnub no tig mus rau nplooj ntawv me-paub hauv keeb kwm ntawm peb keeb kwm thiab them nyiaj rau lub siab tawv thiab kev ua siab loj ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias, uas, raws li nws tau tshwm sim ntau dua ib zaug, tiv thaiv tib neeg thiab txiv.
Keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Molody. Kev ntxeem tau ntawm Devlet-Giray hauv 1571 thiab nws qhov tshwm sim
Cov keeb kwm ntawm Russia nyob rau xyoo pua 16th yog nyob rau ntau txoj hauv kev keeb kwm ntawm kev rov txhim kho lub xeev Lavxias, uas nyob rau ntau pua xyoo tau raug puas tsuaj los ntawm kev sib cav sib ceg, Golden Horde quab yuam. Nyob rau sab qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj ciam teb, Muscovy tau nrawm rau hauv lub nplhaib nruj los ntawm qhov tawg ntawm Golden Horde: Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimean Khanates, Nogai Horde. Nyob rau sab hnub poob, thaj av tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias tau ploj mus nyob rau hauv kev tsim txom ntawm lub hwj chim Kingdom ntawm Poland thiab Livonia. Ntxiv nrog rau kev sib ntaus sib tua tas li thiab kev tua neeg phem ntawm cov neeg nyob sib ze, Russia tau raug kev txom nyem los ntawm qhov xwm txheej sab hauv: tsis muaj qhov kawg boyar squabbles rau lub zog. Thawj Lavxias Tsar Ivan IV, uas tau ua tus vaj ntxwv nyob rau xyoo 1547, tau ntsib txoj haujlwm nyuaj: hauv cov xwm txheej no, kom muaj sia nyob thiab khaws lub tebchaws, ruaj ntseg nws cov ciam teb thiab tsim kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. Nws tsis tuaj yeem daws qhov teeb meem no yam tsis muaj tub rog yeej nyob hauv ib puag ncig.
Xyoo 1552 Ivan IV tau mus rau Kazan thiab coj nws los ntawm cua daj cua dub. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Kazan Khanate tau txuas nrog Muscovite Rus. Txij li xyoo 1556, Ivan IV kuj tau los ua Tsar ntawm Astrakhan, thiab Nogai Horde, coj los ntawm Khan Urus, tau dhau los ua tub rog rau Moscow. Ua raws qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm Kazan thiab Astrakhan, Siberian Khanate lees paub nws tus kheej li ib feem ntawm Moscow. Ib qho ntxiv, Caucasian tus thawj coj me me pib nrhiav kev tiv thaiv los ntawm Tsar Moscow rau lawv tus kheej thiab lawv cov neeg ob leeg los ntawm kev tua ntawm Crimean Tatars, thiab los ntawm kev poob qis hauv txoj cai ntawm Ottoman sultanate.
Moscow ntau thiab ntau thawb ciam teb ntawm nws cov kev cuam tshuam rau cov xeev Muslim, uas nyob ib puag ncig Russia los ntawm Sab Qab Teb thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj hauv lub nplhaib nruj. Sab qaum teb tus neeg nyob ze, uas tau txais qhov hnyav ntawm thaj chaw hauv tebchaws, tau dhau los ua qhov teeb meem tiag rau tebchaws Ottoman thiab nws cov tub rog, Crimean Khanate, uas tau txiav txim siab cov xeev Muslim nyob raws ciam teb ntawm Muscovite lub nceeg vaj los ua ib cheeb tsam, raws li lawv hais, ntawm lawv nyiam geopolitical
Lwm qhov txaus ntshai rau Lavxias lub tebchaws tau dai ntawm nws cov ciam teb sab hnub poob. Xyoo 1558, Ivan IV pib ua rog nrog Livonia, uas xub tsim tau zoo heev rau Moscow kev ywj pheej: ntau lub tsev fuabtais thiab lub nroog raug cua daj cua dub, suav nrog Narva thiab Derpt. Kev ua tiav ntawm Moscow Tsar yuam Livonia mus nrhiav kev ua tub rog-kev sib koom tes, thiab xyoo 1561 Livonian Confederation tau nkag mus rau tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Lithuania, uas Livonia yog vassal. Thiab nyob rau xyoo 1569 Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania thiab Lub Nceeg Vaj Tebchaws Poland tau koom ua ib lub Rzeczpospolita. Kev ua tub rog-nom tswv kev sib koom ntawm cov tub rog tau hloov pauv tsis txaus siab rau Moscow, thiab qhov no tau hnyav dua los ntawm kev suav nrog Sweden hauv kev ua tsov ua rog. Kev ua siab phem tau dhau mus ntev, vim yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias nyob rau thaum ntxov xyoo caum ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, Ivan the Terrible raug yuam kom nyob hauv Baltic States.
Yog li, thaum ntxov 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm Ivan IV tau cuam tshuam nrog sab hnub poob ua yeeb yam ntawm kev ua tub rog. Txog rau Crimean Khanate thiab Ottoman Empire, kev teeb tsa nom tswv yooj yim heev thiab faib cov peev txheej tub rog tau tshwm sim, uas lawv tsis tuaj yeem pab tab sis ua kom zoo dua. Nyob rau ciam teb sab qab teb ntawm Lavxias lub tebchaws nws tau dhau los ua ntau yam nyob tsis tswm. Kev tawm tsam tsis tu ncua ntawm Crimean Tatars nqa kev puas tsuaj mus rau tebchaws Russia, cov txiv neej raug kaw, poj niam, menyuam yaus tau dhau los ua cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev ua lag luam qhev ntawm ob sab ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub.
Txawm li cas los xij, kev hla ciam teb tsis tuaj yeem coj Nogai Horde thiab Siberian Khanate tawm ntawm kev cia siab, lawv tsis tuaj yeem rhuav Kazan thiab Astrakhan kom deb ntawm tebchaws Russia. Qhov no tsuas tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev rhuav Moscow lub peev xwm rau kev sib ntaus sib tua loj hauv tub rog. Thiab rau qhov no yuav tsum muaj kev ua tsov rog yeej.
Xyoo 1571, Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey sib sau ua tub rog plaub caug txhiab leej thiab txav mus rau Moscow. Tsis tau ntsib ib qho kev tawm tsam hnyav, nws hla txoj saw hlau ntawm kev tiv thaiv (qhov hu ua "cov kab thais"), mus rau sab nrauv ntawm Moscow thiab teeb lub nroog rau hluav taws. Nws yog ib qho ntawm cov hluav taws kub uas tag nrho lub nroog loj tau hlawv tawm. Tsis muaj cov txheeb cais ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm hluav taws txaus ntshai, tab sis nws qhov ntsuas tuaj yeem txiav txim siab yam tsawg los ntawm qhov tseeb tias tsuas yog Moscow Kremlin thiab ntau lub tsev teev ntuj pob zeb tau dim ntawm qhov hluav taws. Tib neeg raug mob nyob rau ntau txhiab leej. Qhov no yuav tsum tau ntxiv cov lej loj ntawm cov neeg Lavxias hla ob qho tib si hauv kev tawm tsam Moscow thiab ntawm txoj kev mus rau nws.
Thaum tau npaj qhov hlawv ntawm lub peev ntawm Lavxias teb sab lub nceeg vaj, Devlet-Girey tau txiav txim siab lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib tw ua tiav thiab xa ib pab tub rog. Ua nrog lawv ntau txhiab tus neeg Lavxias uas raug ntes (qee qhov chaw hais txog 150 txhiab tus neeg uas raug ntes, uas raug coj los ntawm "cov khoom muaj sia") thiab lub laub ntawm cov khoom nyiag, cov tub rog Crimean Tatar tau rov qab mus rau Crimea. Txhawm rau hais txog qhov kev txaj muag raug ua phem, Devlet-Girey tau xa riam mus rau Moscow Tsar "kom Ivan yuav tua nws tus kheej."
Tom qab kev puas tsuaj loj heev ntawm 1571, Moscow Russia, zoo li, yuav tsis tuaj yeem sawv rov los. 36 lub nroog raug tua, cov zos uas raug hlawv thiab ua liaj ua teb tsis suav txhua. Hauv lub tebchaws puas tsuaj, kev tshaib kev nqhis pib. Ib qho ntxiv, lub tebchaws tau ua rog rau ciam teb sab hnub poob thiab raug yuam kom tswj hwm cov tub rog tseem ceeb nyob ntawd. Russia tom qab kev ntxeem tau ntawm Crimeans hauv 1571 zoo li yog ib qho yooj yim prey. Cov phiaj xwm yav dhau los ntawm Ottoman Sultanate thiab Crimean Khanate tau hloov pauv: kev rov kho dua ntawm Kazan thiab Astrakhan Khanates tsis txaus rau lawv lawm. Lub hom phiaj kawg yog kev kov yeej ntawm tag nrho Russia.
Devlet-Girey, nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Tebchaws Ottoman, tab tom sib sau ua tub rog loj dua, uas, ntxiv rau cov tub rog Crimean Tatar, suav nrog xaiv cov tub rog ntawm Turkish Janissaries thiab Nogai nees tawm. Thaum pib Lub Rau Hli 1572, ib puas txhiab tus tub rog Crimean Tatar tau tsiv los ntawm Perekop fortress mus rau Moscow. Ib feem ntawm txoj kev npaj rau phiaj xwm tub rog yog kev tawm tsam ntawm Bashkirs, Cheremis thiab Ostyaks, tau tshoov siab los ntawm Crimean Khanate.
Cov av hauv tebchaws Russia, ib yam li yuav luag txhua tus neeg uas tuaj rau tebchaws Russia tau ntau pua xyoo los tawm tsam, twb tau muab faib los ntawm khan qhov kev tua neeg. Raws li lawv tau hais hauv cov ntawv sau tseg ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, Crimean Khan tau mus "… nrog ntau lub zog ntawm thaj av Lavxias thiab pleev xim rau thaj av Lavxias tag nrho uas yuav muab dab tsi, raws li hauv Batu." … Devlet-Girey hais txog nws tus kheej tias nws yuav "mus rau Moscow rau lub tebchaws" thiab, tag nrho, nws twb pom nws tus kheej ntawm lub zwm txwv Moscow. Tsar Ivan IV tau ua rau txoj hmoo ntawm tus neeg raug kaw. Txhua yam zoo li yog qhov kev txiav txim siab yav dhau los thiab nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav ua rau tsuas yog qhov kawg tuag. Tsis muaj ntau ntxiv tos.
Sib ntaus
Dab tsi tuaj yeem hlawv Moscow, uas tsis kho nws qhov txhab, puas ntsoog los ntawm xyoo tas los kev ntxeem tau ntawm Crimeans, tawm tsam qhov kev quab yuam no? Nws tsis tuaj yeem thim cov tub rog los ntawm sab hnub poob, qhov uas muaj kev sib cav tsis tu ncua nrog cov neeg Swedes thiab Tebchaws. Zemsky cov tub ceev xwm saib xyuas txoj hauv kev mus rau lub peev tau hais meej tsis txaus kom muaj cov yeeb ncuab muaj zog.
Txhawm rau hais kom Lavxias rog, uas yuav tsum tau ntsib Tatar-Turkish horde, Ivan qhov txaus ntshai hu rau Tub Vaj Ntxwv Mikhailo Vorotynsky. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog tau txais kev saib xyuas tus kheej keeb kwm ntawm tus neeg zoo no ib ntus.
Txoj hmoo ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Mikhail Ivanovich Vorotynsky, xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm tus qub Lavxias ceg ntawm Chernigov cov thawj, tsis yooj yim. Tom qab raug ntes ntawm Kazan, nws tau txais tsis yog tsuas yog tus tub boyar, tab sis kuj yog qib siab tshaj ntawm Tsar tus tub qhe, uas txhais tau tias nce siab dua txhua lub npe boyar. Nws yog tus tswv cuab ntawm Ze Tsar Duma, thiab txij li xyoo 1553 Mikhail Ivanovich tau los ua tus tswv xeev ntawm Sviyazhsk, Kolomna, Tula, Odoev, Kashira, Serpukhov tib lub sijhawm. Tab sis kev muaj koob muaj npe nyiam, kaum xyoo tom qab kev ntes ntawm Kazan, tig mus rau hauv kev txaj muag. Tus tub huabtais tau xav txog kev ntxeev siab thiab kev sib koom nrog Alexei Adashev, tom qab ntawd Ivan the Terrible tau ntiab nws nrog nws tsev neeg mus rau Belozersk.
… Nyob rau lub ntsej muag ntawm kev phom sij txaus ntshai, Ivan the Terrible hu rau cov lus txib ntawm tus tub huabtais tsis txaj muag, sib sau ua ke zemstvo thiab oprichnina nyob rau hauv ib pab tub rog thiab tso lawv nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Vorotynsky.
Lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias, suav txog 20 txhiab zemstvo thiab cov tub rog oprichnina, sawv ua tus tiv thaiv ciam teb hauv Serpukhov thiab Kolomna. Cov tub rog Lavxias tau ntxiv dag zog los ntawm 7 txhiab tus neeg nrhiav neeg German, cov uas Heinrich Staden cov tub rog tua phom tau tawm tsam, thiab tseem muaj tsawg tus "pososny rati" (tib neeg cov tub rog). 5 txhiab Cossacks tau tuaj cawm hauv qab cov lus txib ntawm Mikhail Cherkashin. Ib me ntsis tom qab, txog ib txhiab Ukrainian Cossacks kuj tuaj txog. Tag nrho cov tub rog, uas tau tawm tsam nrog Devlet -Giray, suav txog 40 txhiab tus neeg - qhov no yog txhua yam uas Moscow lub tebchaws tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam tus yeeb ncuab.
Cov kws sau keeb kwm hauv ntau txoj hauv kev txiav txim siab hnub pib ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Molodi. Qee qhov chaw hais tias Lub Xya Hli 26, 1572, thaum thawj qhov kev sib tsoo tshwm sim, feem ntau cov peev txheej xav txog Lub Xya Hli 29 yog hnub pib ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua - hnub uas cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua pib. Peb yuav tsis sib cav nrog leej twg lossis lwm tus. Thaum kawg, cia cov kws sau keeb kwm saib xyuas lub sijhawm thiab txhais cov xwm txheej. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb dua kom nkag siab dab tsi tuaj yeem tiv thaiv tus yeeb ncuab uas tsis muaj kev hlub thiab muaj txuj ci nrog pab tub rog muaj zog thiab sim ntau dua ob zaug ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias, los ntawm kev tsoo lub teb chaws raug mob thiab raug kev puas tsuaj, uas, los ntawm txhua qhov taw qhia, tsis muaj lub zog tawm tsam? Lub zog twg tuaj yeem tso tseg yam uas tsis pom? Dab tsi yog lub hauv paus ntawm tsis yog yeej xwb, tab sis ua tiav kev swb ntawm tus yeeb ncuab zoo.
… Thaum mus txog ntawm Don, thaum Lub Xya Hli 23, 1572, Tatar-Turkish pab tub rog nres ntawm Oka, thaum Lub Xya Hli 27, Crimeans pib hla tus dej. Thawj tus hla 20-txhiab tus vanguard ntawm pab tub rog Crimean, uas yog coj los ntawm Teberdey-Murza. Nws tau ntsib los ntawm tus saib xyuas me me ntawm "boyar cov menyuam", uas muaj tsuas yog 200 tus tub rog. Qhov kev tshem tawm no yog coj los ntawm Prince Ivan Petrovich Shuisky. Shuisky qhov kev tawm tsam tau tawm tsam, tab sis cov tub rog tsis sib xws, yuav luag txhua tus tub rog ntawm pawg sib tua tuag hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua no. Tom qab ntawd, pawg tub rog ntawm Teberdey-Murza tau mus txog Pakhra River ze rau hnub no Podolsk thiab sawv nyob ntawd tos txoj hauv kev ntawm cov tub rog tseem ceeb. Hmo ntuj ntawm Lub Xya Hli 28, Oka tseem hla lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm Tatar-Turkish pab tub rog.
Devlet-Girey, tau thim rov qab "txoj cai sab xis" ntawm cov thawj coj Nikita Odoevsky thiab Fyodor Sheremetev hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntshav, tau tsiv mus rau Moscow hla dhau Tarusa thiab Serpukhov. Ua raws nws yog qib siab tshaj plaws ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Khovansky thiab oprichnina cov tub rog ntawm Prince Khvorostinin. Lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias pab tub rog nyob ntawm Serpukhov. Vorotynsky kuj tau tso "taug kev-gorod" (lub rooj ntoo txawb txawb) nyob ntawd.
Yog li, coj txawv txawv, thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, kev teeb tsa tau tshwm sim: cov tub rog thiab cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg Crimeans tau txav mus rau lub nroog Lavxias lub nroog, thiab cov neeg Lavxias tau ua raws lawv cov kauj ruam. Cov neeg Lavxias tsis muaj lub zog ntawm txoj kev ntawm Tatar-Turkish pab tub rog mus rau Moscow. Hauv nws phau ntawv "Tsis paub Borodino. Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Molodino hauv 1572 "A. R. Andreev hais cov lus ntawm phau ntawv keeb kwm, uas tau hais tias cov tub rog Lavxias tau ua raws cov kauj ruam ntawm Tatar pab tub rog, vim tias "Yog li huab tais ntshai dua uas peb ua raws nws mus rau tom qab; thiab nws tau tiv thaiv los ntawm Moscow … ".
Qhov txawv ntawm kev nqis tes ua ntawm Mikhailo Vorotynsky cov tub rog tau yog ib feem ntawm nws txoj kev npaj, uas, nrog rau kev ua siab loj thiab xav ua kom tsis ntshai ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias, thaum kawg coj pab tub rog Lavxias kom yeej.
Yog li, cov tub rog nthuav dav ntawm Devlet-Girey twb yog nws cov tub rog nyob ntawm Pakhra River (nyob rau sab qaum teb ib puag ncig ntawm niaj hnub Podolsk ze Moscow), thiab cov neeg tiv thaiv tom qab tsis tshua mus txog Dej Rozhaika ze ntawm lub zos Molody (niaj hnub Chekhovsky koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cheeb tsam Moscow)). Qhov kev ncab no tau siv los ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias.
Lub Xya Hli 29 Mikhailo Vorotynsky cuam tshuam rau cov tub rog hluas ntawm oprichnina tus tswv xeev Tub Vaj Ntxwv Dmitry Khvorostinin rau hauv kev tawm tsam ntawm kev tiv thaiv tom qab ntawm Tatar pab tub rog. Tus tiv thaiv tom qab ntawm khan cov tub rog suav nrog cov tub rog muaj zog thiab muaj tub rog zoo, rab phom loj thiab khan cov tub rog tseem ceeb. Tus tiv thaiv tom qab tau txib los ntawm ob tug tub ntawm Devlet-Giray. Cov yeeb ncuab tsis tau npaj txhij rau kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov neeg Lavxias. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav, khan cov koog tau ua haujlwm puas tsuaj. Cov muaj txoj sia, pov lawv cov riam phom, khiav tawm. Khvorostin cov neeg saib xyuas tau maj nrawm mus caum tus yeeb ncuab uas khiav tawm thiab tsav nws mus rau qhov chaw ntawm kev sib tsoo nrog cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog Crimean.
Kev tawm tsam ntawm cov neeg tiv thaiv Lavxias tau muaj zog heev thiab tsis tau xav txog tias Devlet-Girey raug yuam kom nres qhov kev sib tw. Nws yog qhov txaus ntshai txav mus ntxiv rau Moscow, tawm hauv qab, hauv nws qhov tsis xav tau rov qab, tseem ceeb Lavxias rog, thiab, txawm hais tias muaj ob peb teev mus rau Moscow, Crimean Khan txiav txim siab xa cov tub rog txhawm rau muab kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Lavxias. Dab tsi Vorotynsky tau cia siab tias tau tshwm sim.
Lub caij no, tus saib xyuas ntawm Dmitry Khvorostinin tau ntsib hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm Khan cov tub rog. Cov neeg Lavxias tau tawm tsam tsis txaus ntseeg thiab Devlet-Girey raug yuam, tig mus rau lub Peb Hlis, kom coj ntau thiab ntau ntawm nws cov chav ua rog. Thiab yog li, zoo li cov neeg Lavxias tau yoj thiab pib thim rov qab. Vorotynsky txoj phiaj xwm yog, los ntawm kev pib sib ntaus, Khvorostinin qhov kev dag ntxias tom ntej yuam kom khan cov tub rog mus caum nws. Thiab yog li nws tshwm sim. Xav ua kom tiav ntawm kev ua tiav, pab tub rog ntawm Devlet-Girey maj nroos mus nrhiav cov neeg Lavxias tawm.
… Thaum tus saib xyuas ntawm Khvorostininsky tsoo lub nraub qaum ntawm Tatar-Turkish pab tub rog thiab Khan tus tub, thiab, tom qab ntawd, tau tawm tsam tiv thaiv cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm Crimeans, Vorotynsky tau xa "taug kev-gorod" ntawm qhov chaw yooj yim nyob ze lub zos ntawm Molody. Cov kev tiv thaiv Lavxias tau ntseeg tau zoo los ntawm Dej Rozhaya (tam sim no tus dej no hu ua Rozhayka).
Thiab yog li ntawd Lub Xya Hli 30 Khvorostinin qhov kev tshem tawm, siv kev npaj txav txav, coj lub zog ntawm Devlet-Giray nrhiav nws mus rau cua daj cua dub hluav taws ntawm rab phom thiab pishchal nyob hauv "taug kev-hauv nroog" thiab ntawm ko taw ntawm toj ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias. Qhov tiag nqaij grinder pib. Cov tub rog zoo tshaj ntawm Crimeans tau rov ua dua mus rau hauv cov txee ntawm Lavxias, tab sis tsis tuaj yeem tsoo los ntawm kev tiv thaiv. Kev sib ntaus rub tawm mus. Devlet-Girey tsis tau npaj txhij rau qhov xwm txheej zoo li no.
31 julwm Crimean Khan maj nrawm nrog tag nrho nws lub zog los tawm tsam "taug kev-nroog". Ntau thiab ntau qhov kev tshem tawm mus rau kev ua phem, tab sis nws tsis muaj peev xwm txhawm rau txhawm rau qhov sib txawv hauv cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv ntawm Lavxias cov tub rog. "Thiab nyob rau hnub ntawd kuv tau tawm tsam ntau, los ntawm cov ntawv ntsa hauv qab ntawm phab ntsa, thiab cov dej sib xyaw nrog cov ntshav. Thiab thaum yav tsaus ntuj cov tub rog tau tawg mus rau lub tsheb ciav hlau, thiab Tartars mus rau lawv cov chaw pw hav zoov " … Devlet-Girey raug kev txom nyem loj heev, nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm kev tawm tsam Teberdey-Murza tuag, nyob rau hauv uas nws hais kom ua vanguard ntawm Crimean pab tub rog.
Lub yim hli ntuj 1 Kev ua phem rau cov tub rog Lavxias thiab "gulyai-gorod" tau coj los ntawm Divey-Murza-tus txiv neej thib ob hauv pab tub rog tom qab Crimean Khan, tab sis nws qhov kev tawm tsam tsis tau txais txiaj ntsig ib yam. Tsis tas li ntawd, Divey-Murza poob rau hauv kev ua tiav ntawm cov neeg Lavxias thiab thaum lub sijhawm raug ntes los ntawm Suzdal txiv neej Temir-Ivan Shibaev, tus tub ntawm Alalykin. Nov yog yuav ua li cas ntu no tau piav qhia hauv keeb kwm, cov ntawv uas tau hais hauv nws phau ntawv "Tsis paub Borodino. Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Molodino hauv 1572 "A. R. Andreev: "… argamak (ib ntawm cov neeg yug tsiaj sab hnub tuaj ntawm caij nees - EM) tau ntog hauv qab nws, thiab nws tsis tau zaum tseem. Thiab tom qab ntawd lawv coj evo los ntawm kev hnav ris tsho zoo nkauj argamaks hauv ris tsho hnav. Tatar kev sib tshooj dhau los ua rau muaj zog dua li ua ntej, thiab cov neeg Lavxias tau zoo siab thiab, tawm mus, tawm tsam thiab ntaus ntau Tatars hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawd " … Ntxiv nrog rau tus thawj coj tseem ceeb, ib tus tub ntawm Devlet-Girey raug ntes hnub ntawd.
Txhua lub sijhawm thaum "taug kev-gorod" tau tawm, Vorotynsky cov tub rog sawv tsis muaj tsheb thauj mus los, tsis muaj zaub mov lossis dej. Kom muaj txoj sia nyob, cov tub rog Lavxias, ua rau muaj kev tshaib kev nqhis, raug yuam kom tua lawv tus nees. Yog tias Devlet-Girey tau paub qhov no, nws tuaj yeem hloov pauv cov tswv yim thiab tso kev thaiv rau "taug kev-nroog". Qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv qhov no tuaj yeem sib txawv. Tab sis Crimean Khan qhia meej tsis npaj siab tos. Qhov sib thooj ntawm lub peev ntawm Lavxias Tebchaws Lub Tebchaws, nqhis dej rau kev yeej thiab npau taws rau qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ua txhaum txoj cai ntawm Vorotynsky, uas tau dhau los ua pob zeb, ua rau lub siab ntawm lub khan.
Nws tuaj Lub yim hli ntuj 2 … Embittered Devlet-Girey rov hais qhia avalanche ntawm nws kev tawm tsam ntawm "taug kev-nroog". Lub khan tau npaj txhij txog kom cov tub rog caij nkoj thiab, ntawm ko taw, ua ke nrog cov neeg saib xyuas Turkish, mus rau kev tawm tsam ntawm "taug kev-nroog". Tab sis cov neeg Lavxias tseem sawv ua ib lub phab ntsa uas tiv tsis taus. Sab sab los ntawm kev tshaib plab thiab tsim txom los ntawm nqhis dej, cov tub rog Lavxias tau tawm tsam kom tuag. Tsis muaj kev poob siab lossis ntshai ntawm lawv, vim lawv paub tias lawv sawv cev rau dab tsi, tias tus nqi ntawm lawv qhov kev mob siab rau yog qhov muaj ntawm lawv lub zog.
Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vorotynsky thaum Lub Yim Hli 2 tau ua qhov kev pheej hmoo maneuver, uas thaum kawg tau txiav txim siab ua ntej ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Thaum lub sijhawm sib ntaus sib tua, cov tub rog loj, nyob rau tom qab, zais sab laug ntawm "gulyai-gorod" thiab hla dhau hollow mus rau tom qab mus rau cov chav tseem ceeb ntawm Crimeans. Nyob ntawd nws sawv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab tos rau lub teeb liab uas tau npaj ua ntej.
Raws li tau pom los ntawm txoj kev npaj, rab phom loj tau tsoo nrog lub zog hnyav los ntawm "gulyai-gorod" thiab cov tub rog ntawm oprichnina tus tswv xeev-tus tswv xeev Dmitry Khvorostinin thiab cov tub rog German uas tawm tsam nrog cov neeg Lavxias tawm ntawm txoj kab tiv thaiv thiab pib sib ntaus sib tua. Lub sijhawm no, tub rog loj ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vorotynsky tau tsoo tom qab ntawm Tatar-Turkish pab tub rog. Kev tua neeg hnyav tau tshwm sim. Cov yeeb ncuab tau txiav txim siab tias muaj zog ntxiv tuaj rau cov neeg Lavxias, thiab yws yws. Cov tub rog Tatar-Turkish tau khiav tawm, tawm hauv toj siab ntawm txoj kev poob rau hauv tshav rog. Hnub ntawd, ntxiv rau Tatar cov tub rog thiab Nogais, yuav luag tag nrho 7 txhiab tus tub ceev xwm Turkish raug tua. Nws tseem tau hais tias hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tus tub thib ob ntawm Devlet-Girey tau poob, nrog rau nws tus tub xeeb ntxwv thiab tus vauv. Cov tub rog ntawm Vorotynsky tau ntes cov phom loj, cov chij, cov tsev pheeb suab ntaub, txhua yam uas nyob hauv cov tsheb thauj khoom ntawm Tatar pab tub rog thiab txawm tias yog riam phom ntawm tus kheej ntawm Crimean Khan. Devlet-Girey tau khiav tawm, cov seem uas seem ntawm nws cov tub rog tau tsav los ntawm cov neeg Lavxias mus rau Oka thiab dhau mus.
Cov keeb kwm ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd hais tias "Thaum Lub Yim Hli 2, thaum yav tsaus ntuj, Crimean tsar tawm ntawm Crimean tsar rau thim peb txhiab tus neeg ua si nyob rau hauv hav dej ntawm Crimean tag nrho, thiab tsar nws tus kheej tau khiav hmo ntawd thiab nce tus dej Oka tib hmo. Thiab thaum sawv ntxov cov tswv xeev tau kawm paub tias Crimean tsar tau khiav thiab txhua tus neeg tuaj txog ntawm Totar, thiab cov Totar no tau raug ntuav mus rau hauv Dej Oka. Yog, ntawm tus dej Oka, Crimean tsar tshuav ob txhiab tus neeg los tiv thaiv lawv. Thiab cov totar no tau raug ntaus los ntawm ib tug txiv neej nrog ntau txhiab leej, thiab qee qhov tag nrho tau hla mus, thiab lwm tus tau hla dhau Oka ".
Thaum lub sijhawm taug kev ntawm cov neeg taug kev Crimean mus rau hla hla Oka, feem ntau ntawm cov neeg khiav tawm raug tua, ntxiv rau, 2-txhiab tus neeg saib xyuas Crimean tom qab, uas nws lub luag haujlwm yog txhawm rau npog qhov hla ntawm cov seem ntawm Tatar pab tub rog, raug rhuav tshem. Tsis pub ntau tshaj 15 txhiab tus tub rog rov qab mus rau Crimea. A "Turks, - raws li Andrei Kurbsky sau tom qab Tsov Rog Molodino, - txhua yam ploj thiab tsis rov qab los, tsis yog ib leeg rau Constantinople ".
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua
Nws yog qhov nyuaj tshaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev yeej ntawm Cov Hluas. Tom qab kev puas tsuaj loj heev ntawm Devlet-Giray hauv 1571 thiab hlawv Moscow, tom qab kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev ntxeem tau ntawd, Tebchaws Lavxias Lub Tebchaws tsis tuaj yeem tuav nws txhais taw. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua tsov rog nyob sab hnub poob, Moscow tswj hwm los tiv thaiv nws txoj kev ywj pheej thiab tau ntev tshem tawm qhov kev hem thawj los ntawm Crimean Khanate. Lub Tebchaws Ottoman raug yuam kom tso tseg cov phiaj xwm rov qab mus rau thaj tsam nruab nrab thiab qis Volga rau nws qhov kev nyiam, thiab cov cheeb tsam no tau muab rau Moscow. Cov cheeb tsam ntawm Astrakhan thiab Kazan Khanates tau tam sim no thaum kawg thiab ib txhis dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Russia. Moscow tau ntxiv dag zog nws lub zog nyob rau Sab Qab Teb thiab Sab Hnub Tuaj ntawm nws cov ciam teb. Kev tiv thaiv ciam teb ntawm Don thiab Desna tau thim rov qab 300 kilometers rau Sab Qab Teb. Cov xwm txheej tau tsim los rau kev txhim kho kev thaj yeeb ntawm lub tebchaws. Qhov pib ntawm kev txhim kho thaj av ua liaj ua teb hauv cheeb tsam chernozem, uas yav dhau los tau koom nrog cov nomads ntawm Wild Field, tau tso.
Yog Devlet-Giray tau ua tiav hauv nws txoj kev tawm tsam Moscow, Russia feem ntau yuav dhau los ua ib feem ntawm Crimean Khanate, uas yog nyob hauv kev tswj hwm kev nom kev tswv ntawm Ottoman Empire. Kev txhim kho peb keeb kwm tuaj yeem mus rau qhov sib txawv kiag li thiab leej twg paub lub tebchaws twg peb yuav nyob tam sim no.
Tab sis cov phiaj xwm no tau tawg los ntawm kev ua siab tawv thiab kev ua siab loj ntawm cov tub rog uas sawv los tiv thaiv Lavxias lub xeev hauv qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua zoo.
Cov npe ntawm tus phab ej ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Molody - tus thawj coj Shuisky, Khovansky thiab Odoevsky, Khvorostinin thiab Sheremetev - hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub tebchaws yuav tsum sawv ntawm ib sab ntawm Minin thiab Pozharsky, Dmitry Donskoy thiab Alexander Nevsky. Ib qho khoom plig yuav tsum tau them rau qhov kev nco txog cov neeg nrhiav neeg German ntawm Heinrich Staden, uas tau hais kom cov phom loj ntawm "taug kev-gorod". Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, kev txawj ua tub rog ua thawj coj thiab ua siab loj ntawm Tub Vaj Ntxwv Mikhail Ivanovich Vorotynsky, yam tsis muaj qhov kev yeej zoo no tsis tuaj yeem tsim nyog ua mus ntxiv.
