Cov tub rog ntawm Svyatoslav, koom nrog Pechenegs, tsoo Khazar Kaganate thiab tawm tsam Bulgaria, nrog Byzantium. Pechenegs tau hu ua "pos pos ntawm Rusiyev thiab lawv lub zog".
Thawj qhov phiaj xwm Danube
Xyoo 967 Lavxias Grand Duke Svyatoslav Igorevich tau teeb tsa phiaj xwm mus rau ntug dej ntawm Danube. Tsis muaj lus ceeb toom hauv cov ntawv sau tseg txog kev npaj phiaj xwm no, tab sis tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg tias Svyatoslav tau npaj nws tus kheej tiag, zoo li ua ntej ua rog nrog Khazar Kaganate. Cov tub rog tshiab tshaj lij tau raug cob qhia, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg ceev faj, uas muaj ntau dua, sib sau ua ke los ntawm pab pawg neeg Lavxias "voi" (cov neeg yos hav zoov pab dawb uas mus ua rog ntawm kev xav, mus yos hav zoov), tau tsim cov naj npawb tseem ceeb ntawm cov nkoj uas nws yog muaj peev xwm taug kev hla tus dej thiab hla hiav txwv, riam phom tau tsim. Cov tub rog Lavxias, zoo li hauv kev tawm tsam Khazaria, feem ntau yog taug kev. Kev nrawm ntawm kev txav mus los tau ua tiav vim kev siv lub nkoj thiab muaj lub network tsim kho ntawm cov dej hauv Eastern Europe. Ib qho ntxiv, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Svyatoslav Igorevich muaj lub zog sib ntaus sib tua tub rog, yog tias Pechenegs tau koom nrog hauv kev tawm tsam Khazars, tam sim no Hungarians (Ugrians) kuj tau dhau los ua phooj ywg.
Pechenegs. Nws tsim nyog paub tias Pechenegs, tsis sib thooj rau cov dab neeg uas cuam tshuam keeb kwm tseeb ntawm cov neeg Lavxias, tsis yog "Turks" (zoo li cov neeg coob ntawm Khazaria thiab tom qab Polovtsy thiab Horde "Mongols"). Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 9th, Pechenezh pab pawg tau ncig ntawm Volga thiab Aral Hiav Txwv, tau ua yeeb ncuab nrog Khazars, Polovtsy thiab Oguzes. Tom qab ntawd lawv hla Volga, ntiab tawm Ugrians uas nyob nruab nrab ntawm Don thiab Dnieper, ntes thaj av Dub Hiav Txwv Qaum Teb mus txog rau Danube. Pechenegs feem ntau yog koom nrog kev tsim tsiaj nyuj thiab tau ua yeeb ncuab nrog Khazaria, Byzantium, Hungary, Russia (tshwj xeeb yog tom qab ua kev cai raus dej) thiab lwm lub tebchaws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Pechenegs tau ua tas li ua phooj ywg nrog Rus. Yog li, cov tub rog ntawm Svyatoslav, koom nrog Pechenegs, tsoo Khazar Kaganate thiab tawm tsam Bulgaria, nrog Byzantium. Nws tsis yog ib yam uas Arab sau Ibn Haukal hais txog Pechenegs: "Tus pos ntawm Rusyevs thiab lawv lub zog." Lawv yog lub zog tawm tsam ntawm Russia.
Pechenegs, zoo li Rus, yog Caucasians. Pechenegs tau txawv los ntawm txoj kev ntawm lub neej uas txawv ntawm sab qaum teb Slavic Lavxias, uas feem ntau yog koom nrog kev ua liaj ua teb thiab khoom siv tes ua. Lawv tau khaws cia cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Scythians, ib txwm rau tag nrho super-ethnos. "Cossack txoj kev ntawm lub neej" - niaj hnub no koj yog tus ua liaj ua teb muaj kev thaj yeeb thiab yug tsiaj nyuj, thiab tag kis - rov qab mus rau hauv lub eeb thiab mus ua rog. Tab sis lawv tsis yog Türks (lawv tuaj yeem muaj qhov sib xyaw me me ntawm Türkic ntshav) thiab tsis yog cov sawv cev ntawm haiv neeg Mongoloid. Kev tawm tsam cov duab tsis raug ntawm "keeb kwm" keeb kwm tsim rau Russia los ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws (Germans) thiab txhawb los ntawm Lavxias Westernizers, hauv III - XIII ib puas xyoo. Thaj Chaw Dub Hiav Txwv tau nyob nrog cov neeg ntawm Rus-Aryans, cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Rus-Scythians thiab Sarmatians. Lawv tsis koom ua ke, feem ntau lawv tau ua yeeb ncuab ib leeg, zoo li kev sib koom tes ntawm pab pawg thiab thaj av ntawm sab qaum teb Slavs-Rus ua ntej lawv koom ua ke los ntawm Rurikovichs. Tab sis txhua yam yog ib feem ntawm ib qho superethnos - nrog ib hom lus (uas tsis suav nrog cov lus sib txawv, cov lus hais lus), cov khoom siv thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias Pechenegs tsis tau tso tseg ib txoj hauv kev hauv tebchaws Russia li cov neeg tshwj xeeb, uas yog, kev coj noj coj ua ntawm sab qaum teb ntawm Lavxias thiab Pechenegs yog ib txwm muaj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev khawb av ntawm Sab Qab Teb Lavxias cov neeg faus neeg ntawm "Pechenezh" lub sijhawm (X-XIII ib puas xyoo) qhia ua tiav txuas ntxiv nrog Alano-Sarmatian kev coj noj coj ua: txhua qhov qub faus qhov ntxa, thiab hauv qab lawv-cov menyuam nees nrog tus tswv, suav cov nyiaj siv tawv, cov pob txha sib tshooj ntawm cov hneev hnyav, sab sab ncaj, siv txoj hlua khi-amulets, thiab lwm yam. Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev faus Pechenezh tau ua nyob rau hauv qhov qub faus qhov ntxa ntawm Hnub Nyoog Hlau lossis txawm tias Hnub Nyoog Bronze, uas yog, Pechenegs tau txiav txim siab lawv tus kheej cov qub txeeg qub teg thiab cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov neeg qub steppe - Sarmatians thiab Scythians. Pechenegs yog ib feem ntawm super-ethnos, ib feem ntawm yav dhau los Great Scythia, keeb kwm yav dhau los kev vam meej yav dhau los. Yog li ntawd, lawv yooj yim pom cov lus sib xyaw nrog cov thawj coj Lavxias, tawm tsam ua ke. Tib txoj kev sib raug zoo yuav txhim kho nruab nrab ntawm Russia thiab Polovtsy, tib seem ntawm Scythia.
Yog li, cov lus dab neeg hais tias Pechenezh hordes liam tas li ua qhov kev tawm tsam hnyav nrog Kievan Rus tsis sib haum rau qhov tseeb. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, kev sib raug zoo ntawm Russia thiab Pechenegs thaum lub sijhawm tag nrho lub xyoo pua 10 tau muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb thiab koom nrog thiab ua phem zuj zus tsuas yog tom qab tau txais kev ntseeg ntawm Kiev. Nws tsis yog yam tsis muaj vim tias Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus tau tso "tsav tsheb" ntawm Russia thiab Pechenegs ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm txoj cai Byzantine hauv thaj av Hiav Txwv Dub. Tsuas yog kev sib cav ntawm Lavxias-Pecheneg tau sau tseg hauv thawj xyoo ntawm kev ua vaj ntxwv Igor (920), thiab tom qab ntawd Pechenegs tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias hauv kev tawm tsam Constantinople-Constantinople xyoo 944. Xyoo 965, Pechenezh pab tub rog pab Svyatoslav Igorevich los tsoo Khazaria. Tom qab ntawd Pechenegs txhawb Svyatoslav hauv kev ua rog nrog Bulgaria thiab Byzantium. Muaj tseeb, nws yog Pechenezh tus tub huabtais Kurya uas tau tos thiab tua Svyatoslav thaum nws rov qab los rau Russia. Tab sis muaj qhov pom tseeb qhov teeb meem sab hauv hauv Kiev. Pom tseeb, Grand Duke tau dhau los ua neeg raug tsim txom ntawm Kiev kev koom tes (coj los ntawm Byzantine thiab cov ntseeg ob tog), thiab Pechenegs ua tus ntsuas, tsis yog tus pib.
Pechenegs tua Svyatoslav Igorevich. Greek Chronicle ntawm John Skylitsa
Kev ua tsov rog loj nrog Pechenegs tau pib tsuas yog thaum tus huab tais Vladimir kav, tab sis lawv yog ib feem ntawm kev ua tsov rog dav dav, thaum "Dobrynya ua kev cai raus dej Novgorod nrog hluav taws, thiab Putyata nrog rab ntaj." Kev cai raus dej ntawm Russia los ntawm Greek cov tub txib yog qhov pib ntawm kev kub ntxhov loj, rau ntau pua xyoo ntau thaj av Lavxias tau khaws kev ntseeg tsis ntseeg lossis kev ntseeg ob - sab nrauv cov ntseeg, tab sis qhov tseeb, tsis ntseeg. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tsim hluav taws Lavxias Orthodoxy tau siv ntau pua xyoo. Pechenegs tau koom nrog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Vladimirovichs - Yaroslav thiab Svyatopolk nyob rau sab tom kawg. Xyoo 1016 lawv tau koom nrog kev sib ntaus ntawm Lubech, hauv 1019 hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Alta. Xyoo 1036, Kiev tub huabtais Yaroslav yuav kov yeej Pechenegs. Tab sis tsis yog vim lawv yog neeg txawv. Thiab vim tias lawv tau ua kev tawm tsam thiab tsis xav paub txog lub zog ntawm Rurikids, thiab tseem tau khaws cia txoj kev ntseeg tsis ntseeg thaum ub. Tsev neeg Pechenegs uas tseem muaj sia nyob yuav mus rau Carpathians thiab Danube. Lwm tus yuav dhau los ua ib feem ntawm kev koom ua ke ntawm berendeys (lub kaus mom dub) thiab dhau los ua tus tiv thaiv ciam teb ntawm Kiev. Pechenegs yuav raug hloov los ntawm Polovtsians, tib tus neeg sawv cev ntawm super-ethnos ntawm Rus li Pechenegs.
Svyatoslav kuj tau ua tiav kev npaj ua tub rog rau kev ua tsov rog. Xyoo 967, kev cog lus zais cia tau xaus ntawm Byzantine Empire thiab Russia (Tus kws kho mob Lavxias tsis tau hais ib lo lus txog nws cov ntsiab lus). Los ntawm sab ntawm Byzantium, nws tau kos npe los ntawm Kalokir. Lub nroog Loos thib ob, pauv pauv kev nyab xeeb ntawm nws cov khoom hauv Crimea thiab thaj av Sab Qab Teb Dub, tau muab lub qhov ncauj ntawm Danube mus rau lub xeev Lavxias. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Svyatoslav tau txais thaj tsam ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Dniester thiab Danube, thaj chaw ntawm Dobrudja tam sim no. Nws yog lub nroog Pereyaslavets ntawm Danube uas yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm Svyatoslav Igorevich.
Svyatoslav tsis tau tshwm sim tam sim ntawd hauv Bulgaria. Thaum xub thawj, cov neeg Lavxias, raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Lavxias keeb kwm V. N. Muaj cov phooj ywg Hungarian tau tos lawv. "Los ntawm Ugric," sau Tatishchev, "Kuv muaj kev hlub thiab kev pom zoo." Pom tau tias, thaum sib tham nrog Kalokir, Svyatoslav tau xa cov kws sawv cev mus rau Pannonia rau cov neeg Hungarians, qhia rau lawv cov phiaj xwm phiaj xwm ntawm Danube. Raws li Tatishchev, Cov neeg Bulgarians kuj muaj phooj ywg - Khazars, Yases thiab Kasogs, uas Tub Vaj Ntxwv Svyatoslav swb thaum lub sijhawm nws tawm tsam sab hnub tuaj. Tatishchev tshaj tawm tias Bulgarians muaj kev koom tes nrog Khazars txawm tias thaum lub sijhawm Khazar phiaj xwm ntawm Svyatoslav. Ib feem ntawm Khazars dim hauv Bulgaria. Qhov Khazar yog ib qho laj thawj uas ua rau Svyatoslav coj cov tub rog mus rau Danube.
Txog thaum kawg ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav lossis lub caij ntuj sov 968, cov tub rog Lavxias tau mus txog ciam teb ntawm Bulgaria. Raws li Byzantine chronicler Leo the Deacon, Svyatoslav coj pab tub rog ntawm 60,000. Thaj, qhov no yog qhov ua tau zoo heev. Svyatoslav tsis tau tsa pawg tub rog pab pawg, nqa tsuas yog pab pawg, "cov neeg yos hav zoov" (cov neeg tuaj yeem pab dawb) thiab tshem tawm Pechenegs thiab Hungarians. Cov kws sau keeb kwm feem ntau kwv yees pab tub rog Svyatoslav ntawm 10 - 20 txhiab tus tub rog (ua ke nrog cov phooj ywg Pechenezh thiab cov tub rog Hungarian). Cov neeg Lavxias rook flotilla tau nkag mus rau ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm Danube thiab pib nce mus sai sai. Cov tsos ntawm Rus tuaj raws li kev xav tsis thoob rau Bulgarians. Raws li Lev Deacon, Bulgarians tau teeb tsa phalanx ntawm 30 txhiab tus tub rog tawm tsam Svyatoslav. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis txaj muag rau Rus, tau tsaws ntawm ntug dej, "Tavro-Scythians" (raws li Greek cov peev txheej hu ua Rus), dhia tawm ntawm lub nkoj sai, npog lawv tus kheej nrog daim thaiv thiab maj nrawm mus rau qhov kev tawm tsam. Cov neeg Bulgarians tsis tuaj yeem tiv thawj qhov kev tawm tsam thiab khiav tawm ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, kaw hauv lub fortress ntawm Dorostol (Silistra).
Yog li, Svyatoslav nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib ntaus sib tua muaj kev nyab xeeb hla Eastern Bulgaria. Cov Bulgarians tsis muaj kev sib ntaus ncaj qha ntxiv lawm. Txawm tias huab tais Justinian, txhawm rau tiv thaiv lub xeev Mizia los ntawm kev ntxeem tau ntawm "barbarians" (raws li lawv hu ua Bulgaria thaum lub sijhawm ntawd) thiab tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab los ntawm kev tawg ntxiv, tau tsim txog 80 lub fortresses ntawm ntug dej ntawm Danube thiab ntawm qee qhov deb ntawm nws ntawm txoj kev sib tshuam. Txhua qhov kev tiv thaiv no tau coj los ntawm Rus thaum lub caij ntuj sov-caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 968. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ntau lub chaw tiv thaiv thiab lub nroog swb tsis muaj kev sib ntaus, cov neeg Bulgarians tos txais cov neeg Lavxias raws li cov kwvtij, qhia txog kev tsis txaus siab rau lub peev txheej txoj cai. Qhov kev cia siab ntawm cov neeg Loos uas Svyatoslav yuav ua rau muaj kev phom sij hauv kev ua rog nrog Bulgaria tsis tau lees paub lawv tus kheej. Hauv thawj qhov kev sib ntaus, cov tub rog Bulgarian tau swb, thiab cov tub rog Lavxias tau rhuav tshem tag nrho cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, qhib txoj hauv kev rau Preslav thiab mus rau Byzantine ciam teb. Ntxiv mus, hauv Constantinople lawv pom qhov kev hem thawj tiag tiag rau lub tebchaws nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias kev yeej kev yeej ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias hla tebchaws Bulgarian tsis suav nrog kev ua tub sab, kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov nroog thiab cov zos, kev ua phem rau cov neeg hauv zos (thiab qhov no yog li cas cov neeg Loos tau ua tsov rog). Cov neeg Lavxias pom Bulgarians ua kwv tij los ntawm cov ntshav, thiab kev ntseeg Vajtswv tsuas yog lees paub nws tus kheej hauv Bulgaria, cov neeg ib txwm tsis hnov qab lawv li kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev ntseeg qub, ib txwm nrog cov neeg Lavxias. Kev khuv leej ntawm cov neeg Bulgarians zoo ib yam thiab ib feem ntawm cov tswv xeev feudal tam sim tig mus rau tus thawj coj Lavxias. Cov neeg ua haujlwm pab dawb Bulgarian tau pib ntxiv cov tub rog Lavxias. Qee tus tswv ntawm feudal tau npaj los cog lus ncaj ncees rau Svyatoslav. Raws li tau sau tseg yav dhau los, ib feem ntawm cov neeg siab phem Bulgarian tau ntxub Tsar Peter thiab nws cov neeg txhawb nqa Byzantine. Thiab kev sib koom tes ntawm Lavxias thiab Bulgarians tuaj yeem coj Byzantine faj tim teb chaws mus rau kev ua tub rog thiab kev kub ntxhov kev nom kev tswv. Cov Bulgarians, raws li tus thawj coj txiav txim siab Simeon, yuav luag coj Constantinople lawv tus kheej.
Svyatoslav Igorevich pib ua raws cov kab lus ntawm kev cog lus xaus nrog Byzantium. Nws tsis tau nkag mus tob rau hauv xeev Bulgarian. Sai li cov av nyob ntawm Danube thiab Pereyaslavets tau nyob, tus tub huabtais Lavxias nres qhov kev ua phem. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Svyatoslav ua Pereyaslavets nws lub peev. Raws li nws, yuav tsum muaj "nruab nrab" (nruab nrab) ntawm nws lub xeev: "… Kuv xav nyob hauv Pereyaslavets ntawm Danube - vim tias muaj nruab nrab ntawm kuv thaj av, tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntws muaj … ". Qhov chaw nyob tseeb ntawm Pereyaslavets tsis paub. Qee tus kws sau keeb kwm ntseeg tias qhov no yog lub npe ntawm lub fortress Dorostol nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, uas Svyatoslav cov tub rog yuav tuav tiv thaiv thaum tsov rog nrog lub tebchaws Byzantine. Lwm tus kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias qhov no yog Preslav Maliy nyob ntawm Danube qis hauv Romania-tam sim no. Tus kws sau keeb kwm nto moo F. I. Uspensky, uas tau tshaj tawm txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Byzantine Empire, ntseeg tias Pereyaslavets yog lub hauv paus qub ntawm Bulgarian khans, uas nyob ze rau niaj hnub Romanian nroog Isakcha ze ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm Danube.
Svyatoslav, raws li keeb kwm, "yog tus tub huabtais hauv Pereyaslavtsi, muaj khoom plig rau cov neeg Greek." Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev pom zoo xaus los ntawm Kalokir hauv Kiev, pom tseeb, suav nrog kev pom zoo ntawm kev rov pib them nyiaj txhua xyoo khoom plig rau Russia. Tam sim no cov neeg Greek tau rov pib them se. Hauv qhov tseem ceeb, cov ntawv sib koom ua tub rog ntawm Lavxias-Byzantine kev cog lus ntawm 944 tau ua tiav hauv kev pom zoo ntawm Svyatoslav thiab Kalokir. Constantinople thiab Kiev nyob rau lub sijhawm sib txawv ntawm lawv keeb kwm tsis yog tsuas yog yeeb ncuab, tab sis kuj yog cov phooj ywg tiv thaiv cov Arab, Khazars thiab lwm yam kev tawm tsam. Kalokir tuaj txog hauv Bulgaria nrog pab tub rog Lavxias thiab tseem nyob nrog Svyatoslav kom txog thaum Lavxias-Byzantine ua tsov rog. Tsoomfwv Bulgarian tseem nyob hauv Preslav. Thaum thawj qhov kev sib tw Danube, Svyatoslav tsis tau npaj siab rau kev tswj hwm ntawm Bulgaria. Nws muaj peev xwm tias tom qab kev pom zoo hauv Pereyaslavets, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Svyatoslav xaus qhov kev pom zoo nrog Bulgaria.
Svyatoslav ua rau Bulgaria nrog Pechenezh cov phoojywg (los ntawm Chronicle ntawm Konstantin Manass)
Kev cuam tshuam kev cuam tshuam nrog Byzantium
Kev thaj yeeb tau nyob ntev. Lub nroog Loos thib ob, muaj tseeb rau nws txoj cai, tau pib ua thawj kauj ruam ua yeeb ncuab. Basileus Nikifor Foka tau hais kom kaw Bosphorus nrog cov saw, raws li cov neeg Greek feem ntau tau ua nyob rau hauv kev cia siab ntawm qhov pom ntawm Lavxias lub nkoj, pib npaj pab tub rog thiab tub rog rau kev taug kev. Cov neeg Greek, pom tseeb, tau txiav txim siab yuam kev ntawm lub xyoo dhau los, thaum Rus ntes lawv los ntawm kev xav tsis thoob thiab mus txog ntawm phab ntsa ntawm Constantinople los ntawm hiav txwv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Cov neeg sawv cev Byzantine tau pib ua cov kauj ruam los ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog Bulgaria txhawm rau txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev muaj peev xwm tsim kev koom tes Lavxias-Bulgarian. Ntxiv mus, Bulgaria tseem yog tus thawj coj ntawm pab pawg Byzantine coj los ntawm Tsar Peter, uas ua npau suav ntawm kev ua pauj thiab tsis txaus siab nrog Svyatoslav nyob rau ntawm Danube. Ib lub tebchaws Byzantine tau xa mus rau Preslav, coj los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij uas paub txog Nikifor Erotic thiab Npis Sov ntawm Euchaite. Constantinople tau hloov pauv nws txoj cai rau Bulgaria hauv txoj kev nruj tshaj plaws: tsis muaj kev txiav txim siab ntau ntxiv thiab lub sijhawm kawg, xav kom xa tsar cov tub mus rau Byzantium li cov neeg nyob hauv tsev tau hnov qab. Ntxiv mus, Rome thib ob tau muab kev sib koom ua ke - kev sib yuav ntawm Petus cov ntxhais thiab cov thawj Byzantine. Hauv Bulgarian peev, lawv poob tam sim rau kab nuv ntses thiab Bulgarian Embassy tuaj txog hauv Byzantine peev. Bulgarians tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo.
Yog li ntawd, cov neeg Greek uas tau txais kev quab yuam tau txais los ntawm Bulgarian cov neeg muaj peev xwm, uas tau raug ntxias hauv qab qhov kev saib xyuas nkauj nyab rau Byzantine tus thawj coj. Tom qab ntawd, ib feem ntawm cov neeg siab phem Bulgarian, txaus siab lossis tsis txaus siab, yuav tsum ua raws cov lus qhia ntawm Rome thib ob. Qhov no piav qhia ntau yam hauv tus cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb Bulgarian, uas, tom qab Svyatoslav tawm mus, tau tawm tsam cov tub rog Lavxias uas tseem nyob hauv Bulgaria. Pro-Byzantine tog, ua yeeb ncuab rau Rus, tseem tuaj yeem suav nrog cov thawj coj ntawm Pereyaslavets ntawm Danube.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Byzantines tau ua lwm qhov kev tawm tsam Svyatoslav. Cov neeg Greek tau siv txuj ci kub los rau kev xiab nyiaj. Thaum nyob hauv Pereyaslavets, Svyatoslav thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 968 tau txais xov xwm txaus ntshai los ntawm Kiev: Pechenegs tau kaw Kiev. Nov yog thawj qhov tshwm sim ntawm Pechenegs ntawm Kiev. Cov neeg Greek tsis pub leejtwg paub tau yaum ob peb tus thawj coj ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv steppe kom tawm tsam ntawm Kiev, thaum Svyatoslav txaus ntshai tsis nyob ntawd. Pechenezh pab pawg neeg koom siab tsis koom ua ke thiab yog tias qee pab pawg pab Prince Svyatoslav, lwm tus tsis tshuav nws dab tsi. Pechenegs tau dej nyab sab nrauv ntawm Kiev. Svyatoslav Igorevich, sau cov tub rog sai sai rau hauv lub nrig, tshuav qee tus tub rog taug kev hauv Pereyaslavets, thiab nrog cov tub rog rook thiab pab pawg nees tau npaj rau Kiev. Raws li Lavxias keeb kwm, Pechenegs tau pib thim lawv cov tub rog txawm tias ua ntej Svyatoslav tuaj txog, tau pom tias cov tub rog ntawm lub suab Pretich tau hla Dnieper. Pechenegs ua yuam kev Pretich rau pawg Svyatoslav. Pretich pib sib tham nrog Pechenezh cov thawj coj thiab xaus qhov kev ua tsis ncaj ncees los ntawm kev sib pauv riam phom. Txawm li cas los xij, kev hem thawj los ntawm Kiev tseem tsis tau raug tshem tawm, tom qab ntawd Svyatoslav tuaj txog, leej twg "tsav Pechenegs mus rau hauv lub poly, thiab dhau ntawm lub ntiaj teb."
Kev sib tw Danube thib ob
Svyatoslav Igorevich nkag mus hauv Kiev hauv kev kov yeej. Kievans tos txais nws nrog zoo siab. Thawj ib nrab ntawm 969 Svyatoslav tau siv hauv Kiev nrog nws niam mob. Pom tau tias, Olga tau coj nws tus tub lo lus kom tsis txhob tso nws mus txog thaum nws tuag: "Koj pom, kuv mob; Koj xav kom kuv nyob qhov twg? " - vim nws twb mob lawm. Thiab nws hais tias, "Thaum koj faus kuv, mus qhov twg los koj xav tau." Yog li ntawd, txawm hais tias Svyatoslav mob siab rau mus rau Bulgaria, qhov twg cov ntaub ntawv ceeb toom los ntawm, nws tseem nyob. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 969 Olga tuag. Tus ntxhais fuabtais uas tuag lawm tau raug faus raws li kev ntseeg Christian, tsis tau sau lub tsev thiab tsis ua lub ntees pam tuag. Tus tub ua tiav nws lub siab nyiam.
Ua ntej tawm mus, Grand Duke Svyatoslav tau ua tiav kev tswj hwm, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov uas yuav loj hlob sai dua tom qab nws tuag. Nws yuav muab lub hwj chim zoo tshaj plaws hauv Russia rau nws cov tub. Ob tus tub raug cai, los ntawm tus poj niam zoo, Yaropolk thiab Oleg, yuav tau txais Kiev thiab thaj av Drevlyansky tsis so. Tus tub thib peb, Vladimir, yuav tau txais kev tswj hwm Novgorod, Sab Qaum Teb Russia. Vladimir yog txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm Svyatoslav txoj kev hlub rau nws niam tus tu tsev Malusha. Dobrynya yog Malusha tus tij laug thiab Vladimir tus txiv ntxawm (ib qho ntawm lawv tus qauv ntawm tus hero Dobrynya Nikitich). Raws li ib qho version, nws yog Malk Lubechanin tus ntxhais, tus tub lag luam los ntawm Baltic Lubeck (tejzaum nws yog neeg Yudais keeb kwm). Lwm tus ntseeg tias Malusha yog tus ntxhais ntawm Drevlyane tus tub huabtais Mal, uas yog tus coj kev tawm tsam uas tus tub huabtais Igor raug tua. Cov cim ntawm Drevlyane tus tub huabtais Mal tau ploj tom qab 945, tej zaum, nws tsis tau dim ntawm kev pauj kua zaub ntsuab ntawm Ntxhais fuabtais Olga.
Tom qab npaj kev lag luam hauv Russia, Svyatoslav ntawm lub taub hau ntawm pab pawg tau tsiv mus rau Bulgaria. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 969 nws tau rov mus nyob ntawm ntug dej Danube. Nov yog pab pawg ntawm Bulgarian cov phooj ywg pib koom nrog nws, lub teeb cavalry ntawm cov phooj ywg Pechenegs thiab Hungarians tuaj txog. Thaum lub sijhawm Svyatoslav tsis tuaj ntawm Bulgaria, qhov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb tau tshwm sim ntawm no. Tsar Peter mus rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj, muab lub zwm txwv rau nws tus tub hlob Boris II. Cov neeg Bulgarians ua yeeb ncuab rau Svyatoslav, ua kom zoo dua ntawm kev txhawb nqa kev nom kev tswv ntawm Rome thib ob thiab kev tawm ntawm Lavxias tus tub huabtais nrog cov tub rog tseem ceeb rau Russia, tsoo qhov kev tawm tsam thiab pib tawm tsam tiv thaiv Lavxias cov tub rog nyob hauv Danube. Tus thawj coj ntawm Lavxias rog, Volk, tau raug kaw hauv Pereyaslavets, tab sis nws tseem tuav tseg. Raws li Leo tus Thawj Coj, Preslav nug Constantinople rau kev pab tub rog, tab sis tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Muaj dua ib zaug ntsib Russia thiab Bulgaria, cov neeg Greek tsis xav cuam tshuam. Nikifor Foka tig nws lub ntsej muag mus tua cov Arabs hauv Syria. Ib pab tub rog Byzantine uas muaj zog tau mus rau Sab Hnub Tuaj thiab tso kev thaiv rau Antioch. Cov Bulgarians yuav tsum tawm tsam Rus ib tus zuj zus.
Voivode Wolf tsis tuaj yeem tuav Pereyaslavets. Hauv nroog, kev koom tes ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv nroog tau tsim, uas tsim kev sib cuag nrog cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig. Tus hma nthuav tawm cov lus xaiv tias nws yuav tawm tsam mus txog zaum kawg thiab tuav lub nroog kom txog thaum Svyatoslav tuaj txog, thaum hmo ntuj zais ntshis mus rau Danube ntawm nkoj. Nyob ntawd nws koom nrog pab tub rog Svyatoslav. Cov tub rog sib koom ua ke tau tsiv mus rau Pereyaslavets. Txog lub sijhawm no, lub nroog tau muaj zog ntxiv. Cov tub rog Bulgarian nkag mus rau Pereyaslavets, thiab tau txhawb nqa los ntawm cov tub rog hauv nroog. Lub sijhawm no Bulgarians tau npaj rau kev sib ntaus sib tua. Kev sib ntaus sib tua nyuaj. Raws li Tatishchev, cov tub rog Bulgarian tau pib tawm tsam, thiab yuav luag tsoo cov neeg Lavxias. Tub Vaj Ntxwv Svyatoslav hais lus rau nws cov tub rog nrog hais lus: "Peb twb tau noj zaub mov tas lawm; cia rub txiv neej, kwv tij thiab druzhino! " "Thiab kev tua neeg yog qhov zoo," thiab Bulgarians tau kov yeej cov neeg Lavxias. Pereyaslavets raug ntes dua hauv ob xyoos. Ustyug Chronicle, yos rov qab rau cov keeb kwm qub tshaj plaws, tshaj tawm tias tau coj lub nroog, Svyatoslav tua txhua tus neeg ntxeev siab. Cov xov xwm no qhia tias thaum nyob ntawm Rus thiab tom qab Svyatoslav tawm mus rau Russia, cov neeg hauv nroog tau sib cais: qee tus txhawb nqa Rus, lwm tus tau tawm tsam lawv thiab ua kev koom tes uas pab txhawb kev tawm ntawm cov tub rog nyob hauv qab cov lus txib ntawm Hma.
Kev suav ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb pro-Byzantine ntawm Bulgaria rau kev ua pauj thiab kev pab los ntawm Byzantium tsis muaj tseeb. Cov tub rog Byzantine nyob rau lub sijhawm no tau thaiv Antioch, uas tau coj thaum Lub Kaum Hli 969. Qhov no coj mus rau qhov kev hloov pauv loj hauv qhov xwm txheej hauv Bulgaria. Lub sijhawm no Svyatoslav tsis nyob ntawm Danube thiab yuav luag tsis tau ntsib kev tawm tsam mus rau Preslav - lub peev ntawm Bulgaria. Tsis muaj leej twg los tiv thaiv nws. Tsar Boris, uas tau tso tseg los ntawm pro-Byzantine boyars uas tau khiav tawm ntawm lub peev, lees paub nws tus kheej li vassal ntawm Lavxias Grand Duke. Yog li, Boris khaws nws lub zwm txwv, peev thiab peev nyiaj txiag. Svyatoslav tsis tshem nws los ntawm lub zwm txwv. Russia thiab Bulgaria nkag mus rau hauv kev sib koom ua tub rog. Tam sim no qhov xwm txheej hauv Balkans tau hloov pauv tsis pom zoo ntawm Byzantine Empire. Russia tau koom tes nrog Bulgarians thiab Hungarians. Tsov rog loj ntawm Russia thiab Byzantine Empire tau ua.
Cov duab puab ntawm Svyatoslav los ntawm Eugene Lansere
