Cov kaus mom kim tshaj plaws. Tshooj kaum. Topfhelm cov kaus mom hlau

Cov kaus mom kim tshaj plaws. Tshooj kaum. Topfhelm cov kaus mom hlau
Cov kaus mom kim tshaj plaws. Tshooj kaum. Topfhelm cov kaus mom hlau

Video: Cov kaus mom kim tshaj plaws. Tshooj kaum. Topfhelm cov kaus mom hlau

Video: Cov kaus mom kim tshaj plaws. Tshooj kaum. Topfhelm cov kaus mom hlau
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Cov kaus mom kim tshaj plaws. Tshooj kaum. Topfhelm cov kaus mom hlau
Cov kaus mom kim tshaj plaws. Tshooj kaum. Topfhelm cov kaus mom hlau

Davi kov yeej cov Filixatee. Kev piav qhia los ntawm Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum ntawm Maciejewski, uas qhia meej meej txog lub kaus mom zoo li lub kaus mom hlau ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb nrog txhawb kev sib tshooj hauv daim ntawv ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig, ib nrab xyoo pua 13th. (Pierpont Morgan Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv)

Nws yuav hais txog qhov hu ua lub kaus mom hlau sab saum toj (lub npe lub npe hu ua tophelm) - "lub kaus mom kaus mom", lus Askiv. Great Helm - "lub kaus mom hlau loj" - uas yog, lub kaus mom hlau uas muaj lub ntsej muag dawb huv rau kev sib ntaus sib tua nees, uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th. Raws li txoj cai, lub kaus mom hlau no tau sib sau ua ke los ntawm ntau qhov, feem ntau yog tsib, hlau daim hlau, riveted ua ke.

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Aquamanila - Lub nkoj dej zoo li tus neeg caij tsheb hauv lub kaus mom hlau saum taub hau, 1250 Trondheim. (Danish National Museum of Military History, Copenhagen)

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Tophelm, ib nrab xyoo pua 14th. (German National Museum, Nuremberg)

Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub kaus mom hlau no yog qhov nthuav heev thiab tsim nyog yuav tau hais qhia ntxaws. Cia peb pib nrog qhov tseeb tias thaum lub sijhawm Charlemagne thiab tom qab ntawd tag nrho Tebchaws Europe, suav nrog Vikings cov lus dab neeg, tau npog lawv lub taub hau nrog lub kaus mom hlau ib feem, xws li sphero-conical lossis dome-shaped, uas ib zaug ntxiv nco peb ntawm paj ntaub paj ntaub los ntawm Bayeux”. Tab sis lub kaus mom hlau no, txawm tias yog lub phaj hlau qhov ntswg, muab lub ntsej muag tiv thaiv tsis zoo. Thiab tom qab ntawd kev tsov kev rog pib, European cov tub rog tau tawm tsam cov neeg tua phom ntawm cov neeg Muslim thiab qhov txhab hauv lub ntsej muag tau dhau mus. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, twb tau nyob hauv 1100 hauv Tebchaws Yelemees, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv Fabkis, lub kaus mom hlau nrog lub qhov ncauj qhov ntswg rau qhov muag thiab qhov rau ua pa tau tshwm sim. Ntawd yog, cov ntsiab lus tshiab tau ntxiv rau lub kaus mom qub, tsis muaj ntxiv lawm.

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Lunet muab Ivain lub nplhaib khawv koob. Kev pleev xim rau ntawm phab ntsa hauv tsev fuabtais Rodeneg. "Ivain, lossis Knight nrog Tsov" chivalrous tshiab los ntawm Chrétien de Troyes, 1170. Tus tub rog hnav ib qho "kaus mom hlau nrog lub ntsej muag".

Txawm li cas los xij, nyob ib ncig ntawm 1200, ntxiv rau lub kaus mom hlau conical, lwm qhov, twb tau ua tiav yam tshiab thiab tsis paub yav dhau los ntawm lub kaus mom hlau tau tshwm sim - "lub kaus mom kaus mom" lossis "lub kaus mom hlau". Cov txiaj ntsig los ntawm nws qhov tsos tau txiav txim siab. Ua ntej, nws tau siv thev naus laus zis ntau dua li cov kaus mom hlau, vim nws tau sib sau ua ke los ntawm ob ntu nkaus xwb. Qhov thib ob, nws tsis tau zaum nruj nreem ntawm nws lub taub hau thiab txawm hais tias tshuab tsis plam nws tam sim no, tib lub sijhawm lawv tsis mus txog lub hom phiaj, txij li thaum lawv poob ntawm L-puab ntug ntawm lub crown ntawm "lauj kaub", uas nyuaj dua los txiav dua li cov phaj tuab tuab 1.5 hli. Tam sim no txhua yam uas tseem yog txhawm rau txhim kho kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub kaus mom hlau no nrog kev pab ntawm lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag, uas tau ua tiav hauv tib lub xyoo 1200. Thiab nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev kho kom zoo nkauj lub kaus mom hlau tau tshwm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tus chij txuas rau lawv, xib teg tsa rau saum thiab eagle paws.

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Cov duab ntawm cov tub rog nyob rau hauv kaw lub kaus mom hlau los ntawm Speculum Virginum (Jungfrauenspiegel "Daim iav ntawm Virgins"), lub xyoo pua 12th hais lus hais txog poj niam lub neej kev teev ntuj. Cov ntawv sau hnub qub los ntawm ib nrab xyoo pua 12th thiab tej zaum tau suav sau ntawm Augustinian Abbey ntawm Andernach, nrhiav tau los ntawm Richard, Tus Thawj Coj ntawm Springsbach, rau nws tus muam hauv xyoo 1128.

Qhov laj thawj thib ob rau qhov pom ntawm lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag yog lub tswv yim tshiab ntawm kev sib ntaus nrog hmuv - kushi, uas nws tsis tau tuav ntawm tes ntxiv, tab sis raug kaw hauv qab ntawm caj npab. Tam sim no nws tsuas yog rivet sab nraum qab ntawm lub kaus mom hlau rau lub kaus mom hlau kom thiaj li tau txais lub kaus mom hlau kaw tag nrho ntawm ob sab, uas tau ua tiav los ntawm 1214, thaum cov tub rog ntawm Askiv thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees hauv cov kaus mom tshiab no tau tshwm sim thawj zaug ntawm Tsov Rog ntawm Bouvin. Nrog rau qhov ntxiv ntawm sab nraub qaum, peb pom cov twb tau ua tiav pom ntawm lub hauv paus saum toj kawg nkaus. Tab sis cov duab ntawm cov kaus mom no tau paub ua ntej, uas yog los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th, tshwj xeeb, hauv cov duab me me los ntawm Aeneid ncig 1200, ntawm cov duab los ntawm lub thaj hauv lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Aachen, thiab lwm yam.

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Yuav luag txhua lub kaus mom hlau uas tau piav qhia ntawm no tuaj yeem pom hauv 1982 Soviet zaj duab xis "Lub Ballad ntawm Valiant Knight Ivanhoe".

Cov kauj ruam tom ntej hauv kev txhim kho lub kaus mom hlau no yog qhov pom ntawm txoj kab nqaim ntev ntawm nws lub ntsej muag, yog li tam sim no nws tau txais cov duab ntawm lub kaum ntse ntse. Tus tav no ua rau lub taub hau ntawm rab hmuv txav mus rau ob sab, yog li nws tsis muaj sijhawm hloov tag nrho lub zog ntawm rab hmuv ntaus rau lub taub hau uas muaj lub kaus mom hlau. Tus tav tau ntxiv ntxiv nrog cov khaub hlab hla rau hauv cov duab ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig, txoj kab ntsug uas tau mus ntawm lub hauv pliaj mus rau lub puab tsaig, thiab cov kab rov tav tau nyob hauv tib qhov chaw raws li qhov pom me me, thiab tsis pub lub taub hau swb rau lawv. Nws yog kev coj ua los tsim qhov kawg ntawm cov duab hluav taws xob ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm trefoil lossis paj paj. Cov kaus mom zoo li no paub zoo los ntawm tej yam me me los ntawm "Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum ntawm Matsievsky" (nruab nrab xyoo pua 13th) thiab ntau lwm yam duab ntawm lub sijhawm no.

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Nws yog los ntawm cov phaj forged uas "lub kaus mom hlau" muaj.

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"Lub kaus mom hlau los ntawm Dargen". Tej zaum nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm txhua tus "lub kaus mom loj" uas tau muaj txoj sia nyob mus txog niaj hnub no thiab tau hloov pauv ntau tshaj plaws hauv kev coj noj coj ua niaj hnub no. Nws tau pom nyob hauv cov tsev fuabtais Schlossberg, ze rau German lub zos Dargen hauv Pomerania, tom qab ntawd nws tau txais nws lub npe. Nyob rau ntu thib ob ntawm XIII xyoo pua. Ntawm qhov nruab nrab me me, cov kaus mom zoo sib xws tau pom los ntawm 1250 txog 1350. Qhov hnyav nruab nrab yog kwv yees li 2.25 kg. (Tsev khaws puav pheej keeb kwm German, Berlin).

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Thaum tshav kub, ib tus tuaj yeem hnav lub kaus mom zoo li lub kaus mom hlau! Piv txwv los ntawm phau ntawv los ntawm Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc.

Kuj ceeb tias, twb tau nyob hauv 1220 hauv tebchaws Askiv Tophelm lub kaus mom hlau nrog lub visor tso rov qab pom tau pom, thiab xyoo 1240 tib lub kaus mom hlau hauv Fabkis thiab Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tau nruab nrog lub qhov rooj qhov rooj, ntawm lub voj nyob rau sab laug thiab "xauv" ntawm sab xis. Nws yog kev tu siab uas tsis muaj leej twg pom cov kaus mom zoo li no hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab. Nws yuav lom zem heev! Zoo, txij li 1250, cov khaub ncaws classic tau los rau hauv kev zam hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub tog raj kheej me ntsis nthuav dav mus rau saum, thiab nrog rau pem hauv ntej qis qis rau lub caj dab. Sab saum toj feem ntau yog tiaj tus. Lub qhov ua pa tau sib nrug ntawm ob sab. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv xeb, cov kaus mom hlau tau pleev xim.

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Lub kaus mom hlau nrog lub qhov rooj qhov rooj. Piv txwv los ntawm phau ntawv los ntawm Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc.

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Visor kaus mom hlau. Piv txwv los ntawm phau ntawv los ntawm Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc.

Los ntawm 1290, cov duab ntawm "grand slam" tau hloov pauv. Tam sim no nws sab saud tau txais cov duab zoo ib yam, thiab lub phaj sab saud tau dhau los ua lub ntsej muag. Kev tsim qauv ntawm lub kaus mom hlau tau muab kev tiv thaiv rau lub taub hau nyob rau pem hauv ntej, los ntawm ob sab thiab tom qab, qhov pom qhov dav yog 9-12 hli dav, uas yog vim li cas qhov pom los ntawm nws tau txwv nyob ze. Qhov qhib qhov cua hauv qab qhov saib qhov muag tuaj yeem muaj cov duab sib txawv. Qee lub sij hawm lawv tau raug thawb rau hauv txoj hauv kev uas cov qauv lossis cov duab tau txais (raws li tau ua tiav, piv txwv li, ntawm lub kaus mom hlau ntawm Edward ntawm Wales - "Tus Tub Vaj Ntxwv Dub", qhov uas cov qhov no tau ua hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub crown), tab sis ntau zaus tsuas yog nyob hauv tus qauv checkerboard. Ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub kaus mom hlau no, Kübelhelm, cov qhov cua no twb tau tshwj xeeb rau ntawm sab xis hauv XIV xyoo pua, thiaj li tsis ua rau cov hlau tsis muaj zog nyob rau sab laug, uas muaj feem cuam tshuam los ntawm rab hmuv hmuv.

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Topfhelm thiab nws lub cuab yeej. Piv txwv los ntawm phau ntawv los ntawm Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc.

Tom qab ntawd, thaum pib ntawm XIV xyoo pua, cov duab ntawm "lub kaus mom hlau loj" tau hloov pauv dua. Nws tau dhau los ua qhov loj dua, thaum lawv pib muab tso rau ntawm lwm qhov, lub kaus mom hlau me me - lub servilera, thiab, tom qab ntawd, lub kaus mom hlau hauv qab. Qhov tseeb yog tias nws nyuaj heev nyob rau hauv lub kaus mom hlau kaw tau ntev thiab cov tub rog pom txoj hauv kev tawm: "tsuas yog thaum muaj xwm txheej" lawv tau pib muab tso rau hauv lub hemispherical servilera thiab lub hauv paus conical, thiab tsuas yog ua ntej qhov kev tawm tsam lawv hoisted tophelm ntawm lawv lub taub hau. Cov lauj kaub tais diav zoo li no ntawm ib nrab thib ob ntawm xyoo pua 14th hu ua kübelhelms.

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Cov kaus mom feem ntau siv los ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th. Txhuv. Graham Turner.

Txij thaum pib ntawm XIV xyoo pua, lub kaus mom hlau kaus mom tau pib ua lub khob hliav qab, feem ntau yog cov khoom forged, thiab txuas rau hauv qab qis, sib sau ua ke los ntawm ob daim phaj. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, daim ntawv qhia ua ntej thiab phaj rov qab tam sim no nqis los rau pem hauv ntej thiab sab nraub qaum hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm lub hauv siab thiab nraub qaum. Ntawm nws, nyob rau hauv qab heev, muaj qhov zoo li tus ntoo khaub lig rau qhov khawm ntawm qhov kawg ntawm txoj saw, qhov kawg thib ob uas tau kho ntawm lub hauv siab. Txog cov saw hlau ntawm ib zaug ntawm VO yog cov khoom siv Armor … nws yuav tsum tau hais meej tias, tsis ntseeg, lub hom phiaj ntawm cov saw no tsis yog tsuas yog ua kom zoo nkauj.

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Tus kws kho dua tshiab hnav lub kaus mom hlau saum toj kawg nkaus. (Danish National Museum of Military History, Copenhagen)

Piv txwv li, muaj qhov kev xav tias, piv txwv li, lawv tsis tso cai rau lub kaus mom hlau los tsoo tus tswv lub taub hau ntawm tes tuav, txawm hais tias hauv kuv lub tswv yim, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, lawv tau pab ua qhov no. Txawm hais tias, yog, qhov tseeb, cov duab ntawm kev ntes zoo ib yam los ntawm ib tus tub rog rau lub kaus mom hlau ntawm lwm tus, txhawm rau txhawm rau los yog tshem nws ntawm lub taub hau mus rau sab kom tsis pub nws tus tswv ntawm qhov pom, tau hais ntau zaus hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua nruab nrab, suav nrog lub npe nrov "Manes Code".

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Ivanhoe los ntawm zaj duab xis xyoo 1982 hnav lub kaus mom hlau zoo los ntawm Viollet le Duc phau ntawv. Kuv xav tias lub ntsiab lus nyob hauv daim visor no, uas tsuas yog npog … lub qhov ncauj?!

Raws li ib txwm muaj … zoo, cia peb hais: "cov neeg coj txawv txawv" uas tau xaj tus tswv lub kaus mom hlau nrog lub tsom iav, thiab me me. Los ntawm txoj kev, xws li lub kaus mom hlau nrog lub visor npog tsuas yog nws lub qhov ncauj hnav los ntawm Ivanhoe hauv zaj yeeb yaj kiab Soviet xyoo 1982, "Ballad of the Valiant Knight Ivanhoe" - zaj duab xis uas txhua hom kev kaus mom hlau muaj npe hauv kab lus no tau qhia tshwj xeeb, yog li nws ua rau muaj kev nkag siab tam sim tom qab nws nyeem nws hmo ntawd los tshuaj xyuas nws …

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Cov tub rog hauv ntau lub kaus mom hlau los ntawm Phau Ntawv Holkham, (txog 1320 - 1330). (British Tsev qiv ntawv, London)

Thaum kawg lawv tau tso lub kaus mom hlau no tig ntawm XIV-XV ib puas xyoo, thaum qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua tsov rog tau txiav txim siab tsis yog los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv tshav rog thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov txiv neej caij nees ntawm caj npab, tab sis thaum lub sijhawm ua tub rog ntev, qhov twg tus neeg caij tsheb xav tau kev txav mus los siab thiab muaj peev xwm tawm tsam ob leeg ntawm tus nees thiab ko taw. Tus yeeb ncuab tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog rog hnyav yog tam sim no ntau dua thiab ntau dua cov tub rog, cov hneev taw thiab cov neeg hla hneev tau pib ua, thiab cov tub rog lawv tus kheej ntau dua thiab ntau zaus tau nqis los tua cov tub rog. Raws li cov xwm txheej no, cov tais hauv qab nrog lub qhov rooj txav mus los tau yooj yim dua, txij li lawv tau ua rau nws yooj yim los tshawb fawb txog kev sib ntaus sib tua, qhib thiab kaw lub qhov rooj, yam tsis tau tso riam phom thiab yam tsis tau txais kev pab los ntawm tus nas.

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Seal ntawm Sir Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, 1344 Lub kaus mom hlau - lub taub hau ntawm tus swan.

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Thiab ntawm no yog lwm qhov "kaus mom hlau swan", ua pov thawj rau qhov muaj koob npe ntawm cov duab tshwj xeeb no. Tej yam me me los ntawm cov ntawv sau "Tus Tshiab ntawm Alexander" (1338-1344) (Bodleian Library, Oxford University)

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Hauv lub kaus mom hlau zoo li no, Baron Reginald Fron de Boeuf tau tsav tsheb ncig hauv yeeb yaj kiab hais txog Ivanhoe …

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Thiab qhov no yog kev qhia ncaj ncaj rau ib qho ntawm cov dab neeg hauv koob "Cursed Kings".

Yog li "lub kaus mom hlau loj" siv nws lub peev xwm thiab ua tiav nws cov kev hloov pauv raws li kev tiv thaiv ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, tab sis tseem siv hauv kev sib tw, thiab qhov twg hauv xyoo pua 16th nws tau hloov los ntawm qhov hu ua "kaus mom kaus mom" lossis "toad lub taub hau "lub kaus mom hlau, uas dhau los ua qhov kawg thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws txoj kev txhim kho.

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"Grand Slam" ntawm XIV xyoo pua, siv hauv kev sib tw. Piv txwv los ntawm phau ntawv los ntawm Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc.

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"Sugarloaf Helmet" yog lub npe nrov ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tshiab, tab sis tsis yog ib tus neeg ua haujlwm. Yeej tseem zoo tib yam topfhelm, tab sis nrog cov lus taw qhia. Piv txwv los ntawm phau ntawv los ntawm Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc.

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Thiab nws cov qauv sab hauv …

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Thiab qhov no yog cov duab ntawm cov kaus mom zoo sib xws, thiab muaj coob tus, hauv cov ntawv me me los ntawm Chronicle of Colmariens, 1298 (British Library, London).

Cov keeb kwm ntawm "Grand Slam" feem ntau txuas tsis tau txuas nrog kev tshaj tawm nruab nrab nruab nrab. Thaum xub thawj, uas yog nyob rau thawj ib nrab ntawm XIV xyoo pua, cov kaus mom hlau no, nrog rau ntau yam kev kho kom zoo nkauj lub kaus mom hlau, tau qhia rau hauv lub tsho zoo nkauj ntawm caj npab hauv Tebchaws Yelemees, thiab tom qab ntawd zam rau kev suav nrog cov kaus mom hlau no hauv nws lub tsho caj npab Teb chaws Europe.

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Lub kaus mom hlau nrog yas. Piv txwv los ntawm phau ntawv los ntawm Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc.

Thaum topfhelm nws tus kheej twb tsis siv lawm, lawv tau pib siv cov xim sib txawv ntawm cov kaus mom hlau no ua lwm txoj hauv kev ntawm kev txheeb xyuas. Yog li, kev pleev xim ntawm ib feem ntawm tus neeg tau qhia txog qib siab thiab muaj peev xwm ntawm tus tswv ntawm lub tsho tiv no, tab sis yog lub kaus mom hlau tau pleev xim tag nrho, qhov no txhais tau tias nws yog ntawm tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe. Coob leej neeg muaj koob muaj npe, lub nroog thiab cov tub rog muaj lub kaus mom hlau muaj lub kaus mom hlau nyob rau sab saud ntawm daim ntaub thaiv, ntxiv rau, raws li txoj cai, lawv tau hnav nrog lub kaus mom ntawm cov duab sib xws, muaj lub kaus mom hlau rau ntawm nws thiab tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog plaub thiab tsho npab.

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Ib nplooj ntawv los ntawm Zurich Armorial, 1340. (Tsev qiv ntawv Zurich, Switzerland)

Ntawm cov kaus mom hlau nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm hom no yog "Lub kaus mom hlau Bolzano" pom nyob hauv tus pej thuam ntawm lub nroog Bolzano hauv tebchaws Ltalis. Kuj hu ua "lub kaus mom hlau los ntawm lub nroog Bosen" (lub npe ntawm lub nroog Bolzano hauv German). Hnub tim pib ntawm XIV caug xyoo. Qhov hnyav - 2.5 kg. (Tsev fuabtais ntawm St. Angela, Rome). Tom qab ntawd - "lub kaus mom hlau los ntawm lub tsev fuabtais ntawm Aranas", Sweden. Hnub tim pib ntawm XIV caug xyoo. Qhov hnyav ntawm lub kaus mom hlau yog kwv yees li 2.34 - 2.5 kg. (State Tsev khaws puav pheej keeb kwm, Stockholm), thiab, tau kawg, lub kaus mom hlau los ntawm Tower of London sau. Hnub tim rau ib nrab ntawm XIV xyoo pua. Kwv yees qhov hnyav - 2, 63 kg. (Royal Arsenal, Leeds). Txhua tus ntawm lawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab yog li ntawd, ib txwm muaj, kim heev.

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Tsis tas li lub kaus mom hlau nto moo heev ntawm Albert von Pranck los ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th. (Tsev khaws puav pheej Kunsthistorisches, Vienna)

Pom zoo: