435 xyoo dhau los, thaum Lub Ib Hlis 5 (15), 1582, Yam-Zapolsky kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb tau xaus. Qhov kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb no tau xaus ntawm Lavxias lub tebchaws thiab Lub Tebchaws nyob hauv Kiverova Gora, ze Yam Zapolsky, hauv ib lub nroog uas tsis deb ntawm Pskov. Cov ntaub ntawv no, ntawm lwm yam kev ua tub ceev xwm, suav cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Livonian (1558-1583) thiab tshaj tawm qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm ob lub zog rau lub sijhawm 10 xyoo. Kev thaj yeeb tau nyob ntev mus txog thaum muaj kev tawm tsam 1609-1618.
Keeb kwm yav dhau Livonian tsov rog
Thaum lub sijhawm tsis sib haum xeeb thiab kev sib cais tsis sib haum xeeb, Lavxias lub xeev tau poob ntau thaj chaw, suav nrog cov tub rog uas muaj tswv yim zoo thiab tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam. Ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm tsoomfwv Lavxias thaum lub sijhawm kav ntawm Ivan IV yog kev nkag mus rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Baltic. Ntawm no ib txwm muaj kev sib tw ntawm Russia-Russia yog Sweden, Poland, Lithuania thiab Livonia (Livonian Order).
Qhov Livonian Order tau poob qis heev nyob rau lub sijhawm no, tau poob nws lub qub zog ua tub rog. Ivan IV txiav txim siab siv qhov xwm txheej zoo kom rov qab tau ib feem ntawm Baltic xeev thiab nce nws lub zog ntawm Livonia. Dorpat tus npis sov yuav tsum tau them qhov hu ua St. George qhov khoom plig rau Pskov txhua xyoo. Tsar Lavxias nyob rau xyoo 1554 xav kom rov qab los ntawm cov nuj nqis, qhov tsis kam lees ntawm Livonian Confederation (Livonian Order thiab 4 tus thawj tswj hwm-tus npisov) los ntawm kev sib koom tes ua tub rog nrog Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania thiab Sweden, thiab txuas ntxiv kev sib cav. Thawj qhov kev them nuj nqis rau Dorpat yuav tsum tau ua hauv 1557, tab sis Livonia tsis ua tiav nws txoj haujlwm. Thaum pib ntawm 1558 Moscow pib ua tsov rog.
Qhov pib ntawm kev sib tw tau yeej. Cov Livonians raug kev txom nyem swb, Cov tub rog Lavxias tau rhuav tshem thaj chaw ntawm Livonia, tau siv ntau lub chaw tiv thaiv, tsev fuabtais, Dorpat (Yuryev). Txawm li cas los xij, kev swb ntawm Livonia ua rau lub tswb nrov ntawm cov zej zog muaj zog, uas ntshai tsam ntxiv dag zog rau lub xeev Lavxias ntawm kev siv nyiaj ntawm Livonian Confederation thiab lawv tus kheej tau thov nws thaj av. Kev nyuaj siab loj tau muab tso rau Moscow los ntawm Lithuania, Poland, Sweden thiab Denmark. Cov neeg sawv cev hauv tebchaws Lithuanian tau thov kom Ivan IV tso tseg kev ua phem nyob hauv Livonia, hem, txwv tsis pub, mus nrog Livonian Confederation. Tom qab ntawd tus sawv cev Swedish thiab Danish tau thov kom xaus kev ua tsov rog. Ib qho ntxiv, hauv Moscow nws tus kheej, ib feem ntawm kev txiav txim plaub ntug tau tawm tsam kev ua tsov rog no, thov kom mob siab rau kev ua haujlwm rau sab qab teb (Crimean Khanate).
Kev ua tub rog swb ntawm Livonia ua rau nws tawg thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm lwm lub zog hauv kev ua rog. Cov neeg tseem ceeb Livonian feem ntau nyiam tso lawv txoj haujlwm rau lwm lub zog sab hnub poob. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 31, 1559, Xib Hwb Gotthard Kettlers tau xaus qhov kev pom zoo nrog Lithuanian Grand Duke Sigismund II hauv Vilna, raws li cov av ntawm Kev Txiav Txim thiab cov khoom ntiag tug ntawm Riga Archbishop tau hloov pauv raws li "cov neeg siv khoom thiab kev txhawb nqa", uas yog, hauv qab tus tiv thaiv ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 15, qhov kev pom zoo zoo ib yam tau xaus nrog Archbishop ntawm Riga Wilhelm. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Kev Txiav Txim tau xa mus rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Livonia mus rau Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania rau kev tiv thaiv. Cov ntawv cog lus Vilnius tau ua lub hauv paus rau kev nkag los ntawm Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania mus rau hauv kev ua tsov rog nrog Lavxias lub xeev. Nyob rau hauv 1559 tib yam, Revel ceded rau Sweden, thiab Ezel Npis Sov ceded cov kob ntawm Ezel rau Duke Magnus, tus tij laug ntawm huab tais Danish.
Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 18, 1561, lub koomhaum Vilna tau xaus. Ntawm ib feem ntawm thaj av ntawm Livonian Order, ib lub xeev uas tsis muaj neeg tau tsim - Duchy ntawm Courland thiab Semigalsk, coj los ntawm Gotthard Kettler ua duke, thiab tus so tau mus rau Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania. Tus Vaj Ntxwv German Ferdinand Kuv tau txwv tsis pub muab cov neeg Lavxias hla chaw nres nkoj Narva. Tus huab tais Swedish Xix Eric XIV thaiv Narva thiab xa cov tswv lag luam Swedish los cuam tshuam cov neeg lag luam nkoj caij nkoj mus rau qhov chaw nres nkoj Lavxias. Cov tub rog Lithuanian pib ua rog rau tebchaws Russia.
Yog li, Sweden thiab Lithuania, uas tau txais thaj av Livonian, tau thov kom Moscow tshem cov tub rog tawm ntawm lawv thaj chaw. Lavxias Tsar Ivan qhov txaus ntshai tsis kam lees, thiab Russia pom nws tus kheej hauv kev tsis sib haum nrog Livonia tsis muaj zog, tab sis nrog cov muaj zog sib tw - Lithuania thiab Sweden. Ib theem tshiab ntawm kev ua tsov rog tau pib - kev ua tsov rog ntev ntev ntawm qhov tsis muaj zog, qhov chaw ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam sib txawv nrog kev tawm tsam, thiab txuas ntxiv nrog kev ua tiav sib txawv. Rau Moscow, qhov xwm txheej tau ua phem heev los ntawm kev ua tsov rog nyob rau sab qab teb pem hauv ntej - nrog cov tub rog ntawm Crimean Khanate, uas txhawb pab tub rog Turkish. Ntawm 25 xyoo ntawm kev ua tsov rog, tsuas yog 3 xyoos tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb Crimean raids. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov tub rog tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias tau raug yuam kom cuam tshuam los ntawm kev coj ua kev ua phem rau ciam teb sab qab teb ntawm Russia.
Nyob rau xyoo 1563, cov tub rog Lavxias tau siv lub qub zog fortress ntawm Russia thiab qhov chaw ruaj khov tseem ceeb ntawm lub xeev Lithuanian - Polotsk. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ntes Polotsk, Russia txoj kev vam meej hauv Livonian War tau pib poob qis. Moscow yuav tsum tau sib ntaus ntawm ob peb lub ntsej muag ib zaug. Kuj tseem muaj kev sib tawg hauv Lavxias cov neeg tseem ceeb, ib feem ntawm cov tub hluas tsis xav ua rog nrog Lithuania. Tus tub thiab tus thawj coj tub rog tseem ceeb uas tau hais kom cov tub rog Lavxias nyob sab hnub poob, Tub Vaj Ntxwv AM Kurbsky, hla mus rau sab ntawm Lithuania. Xyoo 1565, Tsar Ivan the Terrible tau qhia txog oprichnina txhawm rau tshem tawm kev ntxeev siab sab hauv thiab txhawb nqa lub tebchaws.
Xyoo 1569, raws li kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Lublin, Lithuania thiab Poland tau koom ua ib lub xeev sib koom ua ke - Rzeczpospolita, uas txhais tau tias hloov pauv txhua qhov kev thov Lithuanian rau Moscow rau Poland. Ua ntej, Poland sim sib tham. Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1570, tus neeg sawv cev Lithuanian tuaj txog hauv Moscow. Thaum sib tham, lawv tau sib cav txog Polotsk ciam teb, tab sis lawv tsis tau pom zoo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Cov Tub Ceev Xwm tau hais tias Sigismund tsis muaj tus txais, thiab Ivan lossis nws cov tub tuaj yeem thov lub zwm txwv Polish. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1570, tau kos npe rau kev ua rog nyob rau hauv Moscow rau peb lub xyoos. Raws li nws cov lus, ob tog yuav tsum yog tus tswv uas lawv tau tswj hwm tam sim no.
Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Vaj Ntxwv Sigismund, tus tswv Polish thiab Lithuanian tau tsim cov cua daj cua dub los xaiv tus huab tais tshiab. Ntawm cov neeg sib tw rau lub zwm txwv Polish yog Tsarevich Fyodor, tus tub ntawm Ivan the Terrible. Fedor cov neeg txhawb nqa tau sau tseg tias kev nyob ze ntawm Lavxias thiab lus Polish thiab kev lis kev cai. Nws tsim nyog nco ntsoov tias sab hnub poob glades - Tus ncej tau siv los ua ib feem ntawm ib tus neeg super -ethnos ntawm cov neeg Lavxias, tab sis poob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm tus tswv ntawm txoj haujlwm sab hnub poob ("cov lus txib" ntawm Sab Hnub Poob yog tom qab ntawd Catholic Roman) thiab lawv tau tawm tsam cov neeg Lavxias. Hauv lub sijhawm keeb kwm tam sim no, raws li cov phiaj xwm zoo sib xws, cov tswv ntawm Sab Hnub Poob tau tsim kev sib cais raws txoj kab: Loj thiab Me Me Russia (Rus). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov lus ntawm Lavxias thiab tus ncej sib txawv me ntsis, yog txuas ntxiv ntawm cov lus ntawm super-ethnos ntawm Rus. Qhov sib txawv tau nce ntxiv tom qab, tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev dag ntxias, nyob hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm Roman Catholic thiab Germanic ntiaj teb. Ib txoj hauv kev zoo ib yam, hauv ib puas xyoo dhau los, "lus Ukrainian", "Cov neeg Ukrainian" tau tsim los txhawm rau rhuav tshem ib feem ntawm super-ethnos ntawm Rus-Western Rus-Little Russians los ntawm cov neeg Lavxias.
Ib qho ntxiv, cov tub rog-xav tau kev xav kom muaj kev sib koom tes ntawm cov neeg Lavxias thiab Cov Tub Rog tau tshwm sim. Peb cov yeeb ncuab keeb kwm ib txwm yog Neeg Suav, Neeg German, Crimean Tatars thiab Ottoman Turks. Tus huab tais Lavxias xav tau los ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm Me thiab Dawb Russia, uas tuaj yeem ntxiv dag zog rau kev koom ua ke ntawm Tebchaws. Cov poom Catholic vam tias Fedor yuav lees txais Catholicism, nyob hauv tebchaws Poland thiab siv zog nthuav dav thiab ntxiv dag zog rau nws cov khoom nyob rau sab hnub poob sab hnub poob, ntawm tus nqi ntawm lub tebchaws Ottoman, lossis sab hnub poob hauv tebchaws German. Cov Protestant lauj kaub feem ntau nyiam cov vaj ntxwv Orthodox rau tus huab tais Catholic. Nyiaj kuj yog qhov kev sib cav tseem ceeb hauv kev pom zoo ntawm Tsarevich Lavxias. Kev ntshaw ntawm cov tswv Polish yog twb muaj kab mob thiab mus txog qhov loj heev. Cov lus xaiv zoo tshaj plaws tau tshaj tawm txog kev muaj nyiaj ntau ntawm Lavxias lub tebchaws hauv tebchaws Poland thiab thoob plaws Europe.
Txawm li cas los xij, Ivan the Terrible tau muab nws tus kheej los ua vaj ntxwv. Qhov no tsis haum rau cov tswv Polish. Ntau yam teeb meem tshwm sim tam sim ntawd, piv txwv li yuav faib Livonia li cas. Lawv xav tau tus vaj ntxwv tsis muaj zog uas yuav tsis tuaj yeem ua rau lawv muaj kev ywj pheej, yuav muab txoj cai thiab txiaj ntsig tshiab. Cov lus xaiv txog Fedor qhov mob hnyav twb tau xau rau Poland thiab Lithuania. Cov lauj kaub ib txwm tsis xav pom lub cev muaj zog zoo li Ivan the Terrible ua vaj ntxwv. Tsis tas li, tsoomfwv Lavxias thiab tus tswv tsis pom zoo txog tus nqi. Cov tswv Polish xav tau nyiaj ntau los ntawm Moscow, yam tsis tau muab kev lees paub. Tsar muab ntau npaum li cas tsawg zaus. Yog li ntawd, lawv tsis pom zoo rau tus nqi.
Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Fab Kis tog tau thawb los ntawm kev xaiv tsa Henry ntawm Anjou, kwv tij ntawm Fab Kis tus huab tais Charles thiab tus tub ntawm Catherine de Medici. Xyoo 1574, tus tub huabtais Fab Kis tuaj txog hauv tebchaws Poland thiab dhau los ua vajntxwv. Hauv Fab Kis, nws tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm hauv xeev, tsis paub tsis yog Polish, tab sis kuj yog Latin. Yog li ntawd, tus vaj ntxwv tshiab tau siv sijhawm haus cawv thiab ua si daim npav nrog Fab Kis los ntawm nws cov neeg raug kaw. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau kos npe rau qhov hu. "Henry Cov Ntawv", uas ua rau lub koom haum muaj koob muaj npe tsis muaj zog nyob hauv tebchaws Poland thiab ntxiv dag zog rau txoj haujlwm ntawm cov neeg zoo. Vajntxwv tau tso tseg lub hwjchim qub txeeg qub teg, tau lees tias muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev ntseeg rau cov neeg tawm tsam (raws li cov neeg tsis yog Catholics tau hu), tau cog lus tias yuav tsis daws teeb meem yam tsis tau kev pom zoo los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ruaj khov ntawm 16 tus tswvcuab, tsis tshaj tawm kev ua tsov ua rog thiab tsis xaus kev thaj yeeb yam tsis muaj Senate, kom tau txais kev noj haus txhua txhua ob xyoos, thiab lwm yam. Thaum ua txhaum ntawm cov luag num no, lub siab dawb paug raug tso tawm los ntawm kev cog lus rau tus vaj ntxwv, uas yog, kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm cov nom tswv Polish tiv thaiv huab tais tau raug cai (qhov thiaj li hu ua "rokosh" - kev sib koom tes).
Mam li nco dheev, tus neeg xa xov tuaj txog Paris, tshaj tawm txoj kev tuag ntawm Charles IX thiab thov nws niam kom rov qab mus rau Fabkis tam sim. Heinrich nyiam Fabkis rau Poland. Tsis xav tos tos kev pom zoo los ntawm Diet, Henry zais ntshis khiav mus rau Fabkis. Nyob ntawd nws tau los ua huab tais Fabkis. Poland tau siv rau kev tsis meej pem thiab tsis meej pem, tab sis qhov no tseem tsis tau tshwm sim - huab tais tau khiav tawm! Hauv tebchaws Poland-Lithuanian Kev Koom Tes, Moscow tog tau rov ua haujlwm dua thiab npaj siab xaiv tsa Tsarevich Fyodor. Tab sis ib zaug ntxiv cov txiv neej tsis pom zoo ntawm tus nqi nrog Ivan qhov txaus ntshai.
Lub caij no, Russia txuas ntxiv kev sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau sab qab teb thiab sab qaum teb hnub poob. Xyoo 1569, pab tub rog Crimean tau sim ntes Astrakhan. Txawm li cas los xij, phiaj xwm tau teeb tsa tsis zoo thiab ua tsis tiav. Cov yeeb ncuab pab tub rog yuav luag raug puas ntsoog tag. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub nkoj Ottoman tau yuav luag raug puas tsuaj los ntawm cua daj cua dub ze ntawm Azov fortress. Xyoo 1571, Crimean horde ntawm Devlet-Giray mus txog Moscow thiab hlawv nws cov nroog, thaj av sab qab teb Lavxias tau raug kev puas tsuaj. Hauv Baltic, cov neeg Swedes tau pib ua haujlwm pirate nquag txhawm rau cuam tshuam kev lag luam Lavxias hiav txwv. Moscow tau teb los ntawm kev tsim nws tus kheej pirate (ntiag tug) cov nkoj hauv qab kev hais kom ua ntawm Dane Carsten Rode. Nws cov kev ua tau zoo heev thiab txwv txoj kev lag luam Swedish thiab Polish hauv Hiav Txwv Baltic. Xyoo 1572, hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hnyav ntawm Molody, Lavxias pab tub rog yuav luag tag nrho cov tub rog Crimean Turkish loj heev. Xyoo 1573 Cov tub rog Lavxias tsoo lub Weissenstein fortress. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, cov Swedes swb cov tub rog Lavxias hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Lode. Xyoo 1575 cov neeg Lavxias coj lub Pernov fortress.
Yog li, kev sib ntaus sib tua tau mus nrog ntau qib kev ua tiav. Tau ntev, Moscow tswj tuav cov neeg tawm tsam nrog riam phom thiab kev ua haujlwm, kom ua tiav, thiab suav nrog qee qhov kev ua tiav tom qab kev ua tsov rog. Tab sis qhov xwm txheej tau hloov pauv nyob rau xyoo 1570s lig, thaum Smeigrad tus tswv xeev, tus thawj coj loj Stefan Batory, tau raug xaiv los ua tus zwm txwv Polish.
Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1577, Lavxias pab tub rog nyob rau hauv kev hais kom ua ntawm Ivan Sheremetev tau tawm tsam Sab Qaum Teb Livonia thiab tau siege rau Revel. Tab sis lawv ua tsis tau lub nroog. Nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov ntawm tib lub xyoo, tsar nws tus kheej nkag mus rau phiaj xwm los ntawm Novgorod mus rau Polish Livonia. Tus kav ntawm Livonia, hetman Karl (Lub Ib Hlis) Chodkiewicz tsis xav koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab thim rov qab mus rau Lithuania. Feem ntau ntawm cov nroog ntawm Sab Qab Teb Lebanon tau tso cai rau cov tswv xeev Lavxias tsis muaj kev tawm tsam. Tsuas yog Riga tau dim. Tom qab ua tiav qhov kev tawm tsam, Ivan qhov txaus ntshai nrog ib feem ntawm pab tub rog rov qab mus rau Russia lub tebchaws, tso ib feem ntawm pab tub rog hauv Livonia. Tam sim ntawd tom qab kev tshem tawm ib feem ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias, cov rog uas seem tau tawm tsam Livonians thiab Lithuanians. Thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1577, cov neeg Lithuanians tau siv lub tsev fuabtais Wenden uas muaj zog tiv nrog kev tawm tsam tsis txaus ntseeg.
Xyoo 1578, cov tub rog Lavxias tau tawm tsam kev tawm tsam thiab tau coj lub nroog Oberpalen thiab kaw lub nroog Wenden. Sapieha qhov kev sib cais ntawm Lithuanian koom nrog cov neeg Swedes tau nce los ntawm sab qaum teb, thiab thaum Lub Kaum Hli tau tawm tsam cov tub rog Lavxias ntawm Venden. Lub Tatar cavalry tau khiav tawm thiab cov neeg Lavxias tau nyob hauv ib lub chaw ruaj khov. Thaum tsaus ntuj, plaub tus tswv xeev - Ivan Golitsyn, okolnich Fyodor Sheremetev, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Paletsky thiab tus kws sau ntawv Shchelkanov, tau khiav nrog cov tub rog. Cov yeeb ncuab ntes tau ib lub yeej rog nrog cov riam phom siege hnyav.
Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias cov haujlwm no tau ua los ntawm cov neeg nplua nuj Lithuanian tag nrho ntawm kev pib ua haujlwm, nws yog "kev ua rog tshwj xeeb" nrog Moscow. Moscow muaj kev sib cav nrog Stefan. Ib qho ntxiv, tus huab tais Polish tshiab tau ua tsov rog nrog cov neeg sib cais - cov neeg nyob hauv lub nroog Danzig, uas tsis kam lees paub Stephen ua vaj ntxwv vim nws ua txhaum lawv txoj cai. Stephen tau thaiv ib lub nroog loj ntawm ntug hiav txwv kom txog rau thaum kawg ntawm 1577, tom qab uas nws tau ua kom muaj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb rau cov xwm txheej uas txaus siab rau Danzig.
Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1576, Stephen tau qhia tias Moscow tuav txoj kev tso tseg. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau thuam Ivan, hauv tsab ntawv Tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws Lavxias tsis tau hu ua tsar, tab sis yog tus poj huab tais loj, thiab nws tseem muaj ntau lwm yam kev cai uas tsis tuaj yeem lees txais rau kev coj ua zoo. Xyoo 1577, Stefan Batory qhia kev npau taws ntawm kev ua tub rog Lavxias mus rau Livonia. Vajntxwv thuam Ivan qhov txaus ntshai rau kev txeeb lub nroog los ntawm nws. Tsar teb tias: "Peb, nrog rau Vajtswv lub siab nyiam, tau tshem peb lub tebchaws, thaj av Livonia, thiab koj yuav tshem koj qhov kev thab plaub. Nws tsis haum rau koj los cuam tshuam hauv thaj av Livonian … ".
Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1578, tus yawg Polish tus sawv cev ntawm Mazovian tus tswv xeev Stanislav Kryisky thiab Minsk tus tswv xeev Nikolai Sapega tuaj txog hauv Moscow thiab pib tham txog "kev thaj yeeb nyob mus ib txhis." Tab sis ob tog tau hais tawm cov xwm txheej zoo li no uas nws tsis tuaj yeem xaus kev thaj yeeb. Ntxiv rau Livonia, Courland thiab Polotsk, tsar thov kom Kiev, Kanev, Vitebsk rov qab los. Tsis tas li ntawd, Ivan Vasilyevich tau txais keeb kwm ntawm cov tub rog Lithuanian los ntawm Polotsk Rogvolodovichs, yog li ntawd Poland thiab Lithuania tau tshaj tawm rau lawv "fiefdoms" - "peb fiefdoms, vim hais tias tsev neeg tseem ceeb no tsis muaj ib tus neeg sab laug, thiab tus muam muaj koob muaj npe mus rau lub xeev tsis yog leej txiv. " Txawm li cas los xij, lwm qhov kev txiav txim siab tau kos npe hauv Moscow tau peb xyoos.
Tab sis cov neeg tseem ceeb Polish tsis tau ua kom tiav raws li cov lus cog tseg. Stephen thiab nws cov neeg ua haujlwm tau muaj phiaj xwm rau kev kov yeej thaj tsam hauv tebchaws Russia. Stefan tsis vam khom cov tub rog Polish thiab Lithuanian, uas muaj kev qhuab qhia tsis muaj zog, thiab ntiav ntau tus tub rog ua haujlwm hauv tebchaws Yelemes, thiab tseem yuav cov phom loj tshaj plaws nyob rau sab hnub poob Europe thiab ntiav cov tub rog loj. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1579, Batory tau xa tus sawv cev rau Moscow nrog tshaj tawm txog kev ua tsov rog. Twb tau nyob rau lub Yim Hli, cov tub rog Polish puag ncig Polotsk. Cov tub ceev xwm tawv ncauj tiv thaiv nws tus kheej rau peb lub lis piam, tab sis muaj peev xwm kawg thaum lub Yim Hli kawg.
Bathory tau npaj siab npaj rau phiaj xwm tshiab. Nws tau qiv nyiaj txhua qhov chaw los ntawm cov neeg nplua nuj thiab cov neeg siv khoom. Nws tus tij laug, tus tub huabtais ntawm Sedmigrad, tau xa nws mus rau ntau pawg neeg Hungarians. Cov neeg Polish tsis kam ua tub rog, yog li Batory xub qhia ua tub rog hauv tebchaws Poland. Hauv vaj tse vaj tsev, tawm ntawm 20 tus neeg ua teb, ib tus tau raug tshem tawm, uas, vim tias qhov kev pab cuam ntev npaum li cas, tau tso nws tus kheej thiab nws cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv los ntawm txhua txoj haujlwm ntawm cov neeg ua teb. Cov lus txib Lavxias tsis paub tias tus yeeb ncuab tab tom tawm tsam qhov twg, yog li cov tub rog tau xa mus rau Novgorod, Pskov, Smolensk, thiab Baltic xeev. Nyob rau sab qab teb, nws tseem tsis tau so, thiab muaj qhov yuav tsum tau teeb tsa cov teeb meem muaj zog, thiab nyob rau sab qaum teb nws yog qhov tsim nyog los tawm tsam cov neeg Swedes.
Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1580, cov tub rog ntawm Batory coj Velikie Luki. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj kev sib tham ncaj qha rau kev thaj yeeb nrog Poland. Ivan qhov txaus ntshai muab txoj hauv kev rau Polotsk, Courland thiab 24 lub nroog hauv Livonia. Tab sis Stephen tau thov txhua yam ntawm Livonia, Velikiye Luki, Smolensk, Pskov thiab Novgorod. Cov tub rog Polish thiab Lithuanian tau rhuav tshem thaj tsam Smolensk, thaj av Seversk, thaj tsam Ryazan, thiab sab qab teb-sab hnub poob ntawm cheeb tsam Novgorod. Cov neeg Lithuanian ua yeeb yam Ostrog thiab Vishnevets, nrog kev pab ntawm lub teeb cavalry sib cais, plundered Chernihiv cheeb tsam. Cov tub rog ntawm cov neeg siab ncaj Jan Solomeretsky tau ua phem rau thaj tsam ntawm Yaroslavl. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tub rog Polish tsis tuaj yeem tsim kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Smolensk. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1580, cov tub rog Polish-Lithuanian, coj los ntawm Orsha tus thawj coj Filon Kmita, uas xav tiag tiag los ua tus tswv xeev ntawm Smolensk, tau swb los ntawm kev tawm tsam Lavxias nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Ivan Buturlin hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ze ntawm lub zos Nastasino thiab Spassky meadows. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1581, kev sib tw ua tiav hauv tebchaws Lithuania tau ua los ntawm pab tub rog raws li Dmitry Khvorostinin hais kom kov yeej cov neeg Lithuanians hauv kev sib ntaus ntawm Shklov thiab yuam Stephen Batory ncua kev tawm tsam Pskov.
Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1581, cov neeg Lithuanians nyob hauv Kholm fortress thiab hlawv Staraya Russa. Thaj tsam Dorpat tau raug kev puas tsuaj loj heev rau ciam teb Lavxias. Lub caij no, Bathory tab tom npaj rau phiaj xwm thib peb. Nws tau qiv nyiaj los ntawm Duke of Prussia, Saxon thiab Brandenburg cov neeg xaiv tsa. Ntawm Polish Diet, tau teeb tsa thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1581, tus vaj ntxwv tshaj tawm tias yog tias Poles tsis xav tau lossis tsis cia siab tias yuav kov yeej tag nrho Muscovy, yog li tsawg kawg lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob tso lawv caj npab kom txog thaum lawv tau nyab xeeb tag nrho ntawm Livonia. Kev sib tham nrog Moscow tseem txuas ntxiv. Tus sawv cev tsarist tshiab tau pom zoo xa mus rau Stephen tag nrho ntawm Livonia, tshwj tsis yog plaub lub nroog. Tab sis Batory tseem xav tau tsis yog tsuas yog tag nrho ntawm Livonia, tab sis tseem ntxiv rau qhov xav tau kev pom zoo ntawm Sebezh thiab them nyiaj 400 txhiab nyiaj Hungarian kub rau kev siv tub rog. Qhov no pissed tawm Grozny, thiab nws teb nrog tsab ntawv ntse: Nws yog qhov tseeb uas koj xav tawm tsam tsis tu ncua, thiab koj tsis tab tom nrhiav rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb. Peb yuav tau poob rau koj thiab tag nrho ntawm Livonia, tab sis koj tsis tuaj yeem nplij koj nrog qhov ntawd. Thiab tom qab ntawd koj tseem yuav los ntshav. Thiab tam sim no koj tau nug tus qub tub sawv cev rau ib yam, thiab tam sim no koj tab tom thov rau lwm tus, Sebezh. Muab rau koj, koj yuav thov ntxiv, thiab koj yuav tsis teeb ib qho kev ntsuas rau koj tus kheej. Peb tab tom nrhiav yuav ua li cas ua kom cov ntseeg Christian ntshav, thiab koj tab tom nrhiav yuav tawm tsam li cas. Yog li vim li cas peb thiaj yuav tsum nrog koj? Thiab tsis muaj lub ntiaj teb nws yuav zoo ib yam”.
Kev sib tham tau xaus, thiab Batory tau teeb tsa txoj haujlwm tshiab. Nws tau xa Ivan tsab ntawv tsis txaus ntseeg, uas nws hu nws ua vaj ntxwv ntawm Moscow, hma uas ntxeem tau cov yaj, thiab thaum kawg tawm tsam nws rau kev sib tw. Thaum Lub Yim Hli 18, 1581, Stephen cov tub rog tau siege rau Pskov, npaj yuav mus rau Novgorod thiab Moscow tom qab kev ntes lub nroog. Kev tiv thaiv tus phab ej ntawm Lavxias lub tsev tiv thaiv tau kav ntev txog Lub Ob Hlis 4, 1582. Cov tub rog Polish-Lithuanian, txhawb nqa los ntawm cov tub rog, tsis tuaj yeem tuav lub tebchaws Russia ruaj khov, raug kev txom nyem hnyav thiab raug kev puas tsuaj. Qhov tsis ua tiav ntawm Pskov yuam Stefan Batory los sib tham txog kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb.
Rau Moscow, qhov xwm txheej tsis zoo. Lub zog tseem ceeb tau cuam tshuam nrog kev tawm tsam nrog pab tub rog Polish-Lithuanian, thiab lub sijhawm no nyob rau sab qaum teb cov tub rog Swedish tau nce mus. Thaum pib ntawm 1579 cov neeg Swedes tau ua phem rau Oreshek fortress koog tsev kawm ntawv. Xyoo 1580, Vaj Ntxwv Johan III ntawm Sweden, tus sau ntawm "txoj haujlwm zoo sab hnub tuaj" tsim los txiav tawm Lavxias lub tebchaws los ntawm Baltic thiab White Seas, pom zoo P. De la Gardie txoj kev npaj mus txog Novgorod thiab tib lub sijhawm tua Oreshek lossis Narva. Cov tub rog Swedish nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm De la Gardie tau ntes tag nrho Estonia thiab ib feem ntawm Ingermanland (Izhora av). Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1580, cov neeg Swedes coj Korela, thiab xyoo 1581 lawv nyob Narva, tom qab ntawd Ivangorod thiab Koporye. Kev qaug dab peg ntawm cov nroog tau nrog los ntawm kev tua neeg coob ntawm cov neeg Lavxias. Cov neeg Swedes "ntxuav" thaj chaw rau lawv tus kheej. Yog li, Tsar Ivan the Terrible raug yuam los sib tham nrog Poland, vam tias yuav xaus nrog nws ces yog kev sib koom tes tawm tsam Sweden.
Siege ntawm Pskov los ntawm King Stephen Bathory hauv 1581. K. Bryullov
Yam-Zapolsky world
Kev sib tham nrog kev thaj yeeb tau pib rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 13, 1581. Cov sawv cev ntawm tus huab tais Polish Stefan Batory nrog kev sib kho ntawm tus txiv neej yawg txiv yawg Antonio Possevino yog tus tswv xeev ntawm Braslav Janusz Zbarazh, tus tswv xeev ntawm Vilnius thiab hetman ntawm Lithuania Radziwill, tus tuav ntaub ntawv Mikhail Garaburd. Cov neeg Lavxias tau sawv cev los ntawm tus tswv xeev Kashinsky Dmitry Yeletsky, tus tswv xeev Kozelsky Roman Olferyev, tus tuav ntaub ntawv N. N. Vereshchagin. Yam Zapolsky tau hlawv, yog li kev sib tham tau tshwm sim hauv lub zos Kiverova Gora.
Kev sib tham tau cua daj cua dub. Raws li cov lus cog tseg ntawm kev ua tsov rog, Russia tso tseg rau kev koom ua ke ntawm tag nrho nws cov khoom hauv Baltic States thiab los ntawm kev muaj tswv cuab ntawm nws cov phoojywg thiab vassals: los ntawm Courland, yielding nws mus rau Poland; los ntawm 40 lub nroog hauv Livonia hla mus rau Poland; los ntawm lub nroog Polotsk nrog lub povet (koog tsev kawm ntawv); los ntawm lub nroog Velizh nrog thaj chaw ib puag ncig. Rzeczpospolita rov qab mus rau Tsar Pskov thaj av ib puag ncig uas tau ntes thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog zaum kawg: "thaj tsam" ntawm Pskov (qhov no yog lub npe ntawm lub nroog Pskov thaj av - Opochka, Porkhov, thiab lwm yam); Velikiye Luki, Nevel, Kholm, Sebezh yog thawj thaj av Novgorod thiab Tver.
Yog li, hauv Kev Tsov Rog Livonian, Russia tsis tau ua tiav nws lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kov yeej cov xeev Baltic, xaus kev ua tsov rog nyob rau hauv ciam teb ib yam li nws tau pib. Yam-Zapolsky kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb tsis tau daws qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Lavxias lub tebchaws thiab tebchaws Kawg, ncua kev txiav txim siab mus rau qhov kev cia siab nyob deb dua.
Xyoo 19th tus kws sau keeb kwm N. M. Karamzin, tshuaj xyuas lub ntiaj teb no, hu nws "qhov tsis zoo tshaj plaws thiab tsis ncaj ncees rau Russia kev thaj yeeb ntawm txhua yam uas tau xaus nrog Lithuania txog rau lub sijhawm ntawd." Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau yuam kev meej. Lub sijhawm ntawd, qee tus kws sau keeb kwm Lavxias thiab cov tshaj tawm xov xwm, tso siab rau Western cov peev txheej, tsim cov dab neeg dub hais txog "cov neeg siab phem thiab tua neeg" Ivan the Terrible. Qhov tseeb, hauv kev daws teeb meem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws (Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberia), nthuav dav thaj chaw, nce cov pej xeem, txhim kho cov nroog thiab cov nroog, ntxiv dag zog rau txoj haujlwm ntawm Lavxias lub tebchaws nyob hauv ntiaj teb, Ivan Vasilyevich yog ib tus neeg nyiam tshaj plaws ua tiav cov thawj coj Lavxias, uas yog vim li cas nws thiaj li raug ntxub nyob rau Sab Hnub Poob, thiab hauv Russia txhua yam kev xaiv ntawm Westernizers thiab kev ywj pheej. Ivan the Terrible tau ua pov thawj los ua tus tswj hwm zoo, qhia qhov xav tau los tswj Lavxias Baltic thiab xa rov qab rau thaj av Lavxias sab hnub poob (Polotsk, Kiev, thiab lwm yam). Russia tsis tau xaus kev ua tsov rog raws li tau npaj tseg, tab sis tsis ua nws txoj haujlwm uas twb muaj lawm. Sab Hnub Poob, tau teeb tsa kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Lavxias tag nrho, suav nrog Crimean Khanate thiab Qaib Cov Txwv, tsis tuaj yeem tsoo lub xeev Lavxias.
