Nws ntseeg tias thev naus laus zis ib txwm txhim kho zuj zus, los ntawm qhov yooj yim mus rau nyuaj, los ntawm pob zeb riam mus rau hlau - thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd mus rau lub tshuab milling programmed. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj hmoo ntawm qhov chaw foob pob hluav taws tau dhau los ua qhov yooj yim dua. Kev tsim cov yooj yim, txhim khu kev qha ib theem zuj zus rau lub sijhawm ntev tseem tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau cov tsim qauv. Cov kev daws teeb meem xav tau uas tsis yog cov kws tshawb fawb cov ntaub ntawv lossis cov kws tsim khoom siv tshuab tuaj yeem muab. Txog tam sim no, cov tsheb tso tawm tseem nyob ntau qhov ntau thiab siv tau pov tseg: cov txheej txheem tsis yooj yim thiab kim heev tau siv li ob peb feeb, tom qab ntawd nws raug pov tseg
"Xav txog tias ua ntej txhua lub davhlau koj yuav sib sau lub dav hlau tshiab: koj yuav txuas lub fuselage mus rau tis, tso hluav taws xob txuas, teeb tsa lub cav, thiab tom qab tsaws koj yuav xa nws mus rau qhov chaw pov tseg … Koj yuav tsis ya deb li qhov ntawd, "cov kws tsim khoom ntawm Lub Xeev Missile Center tau hais rau peb. Makeeva. "Tab sis qhov ntawd yog qhov peb ua txhua lub sijhawm peb xa cov khoom thauj mus rau qhov chaw. Tau kawg, txhua tus neeg xav kom muaj kev ntseeg tau ib theem "tshuab" uas tsis xav tau kev sib dhos, tab sis tuaj txog ntawm cosmodrome, rov ua dua tshiab thiab tso tawm. Thiab tom qab ntawd nws rov qab los thiab pib dua - thiab ntxiv "…
Nyob rau ib nrab
Los ntawm thiab loj, rocketry tau sim ua tiav nrog ib theem los ntawm cov phiaj xwm ntxov tshaj plaws. Hauv thawj qhov kev kos duab ntawm Tsiolkovsky, tsuas yog cov qauv no tshwm sim. Nws tso tseg lub tswv yim no tsuas yog tom qab, paub tias cov thev naus laus zis ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum tsis tau tso cai rau qhov kev daws teeb meem yooj yim thiab zoo nkauj no. Kev txaus siab rau cov neeg nqa khoom ib leeg tau rov tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1960, thiab cov haujlwm zoo li no tau ua tiav ntawm ob sab ntawm dej hiav txwv. Los ntawm xyoo 1970, Tebchaws Meskas tau ua haujlwm rau ib leeg-theem foob pob hluav taws SASSTO, Phoenix thiab ntau qhov kev daws teeb meem raws li S-IVB, theem thib peb ntawm Saturn V pib lub tsheb, uas tau xa cov neeg ya saum ntuj mus rau lub hli.
"Xws li kev xaiv yuav tsis txawv ntawm kev nqa lub peev xwm, lub cav tsis zoo txaus rau qhov no - tab sis tseem nws yuav yog ib theem, muaj peev xwm ya mus rau hauv qhov chaw," cov kws tshaj lij hais ntxiv. "Tau kawg, kev lag luam nws yuav tsis ncaj ncees kiag li." Kev sib xyaw thiab thev naus laus zis rau kev ua haujlwm nrog lawv tau tshwm sim tsuas yog nyob rau kaum xyoo tsis ntev los no, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom cov neeg nqa khoom ib theem thiab, dua li, rov siv tau. Tus nqi ntawm "foob pob hluav taws kev tshawb fawb" yuav siab dua li ntawm kev tsim qauv ib txwm muaj, tab sis nws yuav "kis" hla ntau qhov kev tshaj tawm, yog li tus nqi pib yuav qis dua qib ib txwm muaj.
Nws yog xov xwm rov siv tau uas yog lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom niaj hnub no. Qhov Chaw Shuttle thiab Energia-Buran cov tshuab tau siv tau ib nrab. Kev siv ntau zaus ntawm thawj theem tau raug sim rau SpaceX Falcon 9 foob pob hluav taws. SpaceX twb tau ua ntau qhov kev tsaws tiav lawm, thiab thaum kawg Lub Peb Hlis lawv yuav sim tso ib qho ntawm cov theem uas ya mus rau hauv qhov chaw dua. "Hauv peb qhov kev xav, txoj hauv kev no tsuas tuaj yeem lees paub lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim cov xov xwm siv tau tiag tiag," sau Makeev Design Bureau. "Koj tseem yuav tsum txheeb tawm cov foob pob hluav taws tom qab txhua lub davhlau, teeb tsa kev sib txuas thiab cov khoom siv pov tseg tshiab … thiab peb rov qab mus rau qhov uas peb pib."
Kev tshaj xov xwm rov tuaj yeem siv tau tsuas yog nyob hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov phiaj xwm - tshwj tsis yog New Shepard ntawm Asmeskas tuam txhab Blue Origin. Txog tam sim no, lub foob pob hluav taws nrog lub txiv ntseej tau tsim tsuas yog rau kev ya davhlau ya nyob twg ntawm cov neeg ncig chaw, tab sis feem ntau ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem pom hauv qhov no tuaj yeem yooj yim ntsuas rau lub dav hlau loj dua. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tuam txhab tsis zais lawv cov phiaj xwm los tsim qhov kev xaiv ntawd, uas lub tshuab muaj zog BE-3 thiab BE-4 twb tau tsim lawm. "Nrog txhua lub davhlau suborbital, peb tab tom nce mus rau qhov chaw nyob," paub tseeb Blue Origin. Tab sis lawv cov neeg cog khoom cog lus Tshiab Glenn tseem yuav tsis tuaj yeem siv tau tag nrho: tsuas yog thawj qhov thaiv, tsim los ntawm qhov twb tau sim tshiab Shepard tsim, yuav tsum tau rov siv dua.
Khoom ua haujlwm
CFRP cov ntaub ntawv xav tau rau kev rov siv tau dua thiab ib leeg-theem foob pob hluav taws tau siv hauv tshuab thev naus laus zis txij li xyoo 1990. Hauv tib lub xyoo ntawd, cov kws tshaj lij ntawm McDonnell Douglas tau pib ua haujlwm sai sai Delta Clipper (DC-X), thiab niaj hnub no lawv tuaj yeem khav theeb ntawm kev npaj ua thiab ya cov pa roj carbon fiber. Hmoov tsis zoo, los ntawm Lockheed Martin, kev ua haujlwm ntawm DC-X tau txiav tawm, cov thev naus laus zis tau hloov mus rau NASA, qhov uas lawv tau sim siv lawv rau qhov tsis ua tiav VentureStar project, tom qab uas ntau tus kws tshaj lij koom nrog hauv cov ncauj lus no tau mus ua haujlwm ntawm Blue Origin, thiab lub tuam txhab nws tus kheej tau coj los ntawm Boeing.
Hauv tib lub xyoo 1990, Lavxias SRC Makeev tau txaus siab rau txoj haujlwm no. Txij thaum ntawd los, KORONA txoj haujlwm ("Chaw foob pob hluav taws, ib lub tsheb thauj khoom ib leeg ntawm [chaw] tsheb") tau dhau los ua qhov hloov pauv pom tau, thiab cov qauv nruab nrab qhia pom tias kev tsim qauv thiab teeb tsa tau yooj yim dua thiab zoo dua li cas. Maj mam, cov neeg tsim khoom tau tso tseg cov ntsiab lus nyuaj - xws li tis lossis cov tso tsheb roj sab nraud - thiab nkag siab tias cov khoom siv hauv lub cev tseem ceeb yuav tsum yog carbon fiber. Ua ke nrog cov tsos, ob qhov hnyav thiab lub peev xwm nqa tau hloov pauv. "Siv txawm tias cov khoom siv niaj hnub zoo tshaj plaws, nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim lub foob pob ib zaug uas hnyav dua 60-70 tons, thaum nws cov nyiaj them yuav tsawg heev," hais tias ib tus tsim khoom. - Tab sis raws li qhov pib loj hlob, cov qauv (txog qee qhov txwv) muaj qhov sib faib me me, thiab nws tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau dua los siv nws. Rau lub foob pob hluav taws orbital, qhov zoo tshaj yog kwv yees li 160-170 tons, pib los ntawm qhov ntsuas nws qhov kev siv tuaj yeem raug txiav txim siab ncaj ncees."
Hauv qhov hloov tshiab kawg ntawm KORONA txoj haujlwm, lub dav hlau tso tawm txawm tias siab dua thiab mus txog 300 tons. Tsis zoo li cov cav hauv cov theem sib cais, xws li lub tshuab ua kom lub tshuab foob pob hluav taws yuav tsum muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm tau zoo sib txawv thiab nyob ntawm qhov chaw sib txawv, suav nrog kev nce thiab ya dav hlau sab nraud. "Lub tshuab ua kua-ua pa nrog Laval nozzles tsuas yog siv tau ntawm qee qhov chaw siab tshaj," piav qhia Makeevka tus tsim qauv, "yog li ntawd, peb tau los xav tau siv lub tshuab foob pob hluav taws cua." Cov dav hlau roj hauv cov tshuab no hloov kho nws tus kheej rau lub siab "hla dej", thiab lawv tswj kev ua haujlwm tau zoo nyob ntawm qhov chaw thiab siab hauv stratosphere.
Txog tam sim no, tsis muaj lub cav ua haujlwm ntawm hom no hauv ntiaj teb, txawm hais tias lawv tau ua thiab tau raug daws nrog ob qho tib si hauv peb lub tebchaws thiab hauv Asmeskas. Xyoo 1960, Rocketdyne cov kws tsim khoom tau sim cov cav no ntawm lub chaw muag khoom, tab sis lawv tsis tuaj rau kev teeb tsa ntawm cov cuaj luaj. CROWN yuav tsum tau nruab nrog cov qauv hloov pauv, nyob rau hauv qhov uas cov nplais-huab cua nozzle yog qhov tseem ceeb uas tseem tsis tau muaj tus qauv thiab tseem tsis tau sim. Kuj tseem muaj txhua yam thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov khoom sib xyaw hauv Russia - lawv tau tsim thiab tau ua tiav siv, piv txwv li, ntawm All -Russian Institute of Aviation Materials (VIAM) thiab ntawm OJSC "Kompozit".
Ntsug haum
Thaum ya mus rau hauv qhov chaw, cov pa roj carbon fiber ntau ntxiv cov qauv yas ntawm CORONA yuav npog nrog cov vuas tiv thaiv cua sov tsim los ntawm VIAM rau Burans thiab txij thaum ntawd los tau pom zoo dua."Lub cua sov tseem ceeb ntawm peb lub foob pob hluav taws tau mob siab rau nws" lub qhov ntswg ", qhov twg siv cov khoom tiv thaiv cua sov kom sov siab, - cov tsim qauv piav qhia. - Hauv qhov no, qhov nthuav dav ob sab ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws muaj qhov loj dua thiab nyob ntawm lub kaum ntse ntse rau huab cua ntws. Lub thermal load ntawm lawv yog tsawg dua, uas tso cai rau siv cov khoom sib zog. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, peb tau txuag ntau dua 1.5 tons. Qhov hnyav ntawm qhov kub siab tsis tshaj 6% ntawm tag nrho qhov hnyav ntawm kev tiv thaiv cua sov. Rau kev sib piv, nws suav rau ntau dua 20% ntawm Shuttles."
Lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj tsim ntawm cov xov xwm yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm suav tsis txheeb thiab kev ua yuam kev. Raws li cov neeg tsim khoom, yog tias koj tsuas yog siv tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev muaj peev xwm rov siv tau ib zaug xwb, koj yuav tsum txiav txim siab txog 16,000 kev sib txuas ntawm lawv. Pua pua ntawm lawv tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom thaum ua haujlwm ntawm txoj haujlwm. Lawv tau hais tias "Peb tau txiav txim siab tso tseg tis, zoo li nyob hauv Buran lossis Space Shuttle," - Los ntawm thiab loj, nyob rau saum huab cua, lawv tsuas cuam tshuam nrog lub dav hlau. Cov nkoj zoo li no nkag mus rau qhov chaw ntawm qhov nrawm dua tsis zoo dua li "hlau", thiab tsuas yog nyob ntawm qhov nrawm dua lawv puas hloov mus rau lub davhlau kab rov tav thiab tuaj yeem tso siab rau ntawm lub dav hlau ntawm tis.
Lub axisymmetric cone puab tsis tsuas yog tso cai rau kev tiv thaiv cua sov yooj yim dua, tab sis kuj muaj lub zog zoo thaum tsav tsheb ntawm qhov nrawm heev. Twb tau nyob rau txheej txheej sab saum toj ntawm huab cua, lub foob pob hluav taws tau txais kev nqa, uas tso cai rau nws tsis tsuas yog nres ntawm no, tab sis kuj tseem siv tau. Qhov no, nyeg, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom lub maneuvers tsim nyog ntawm qhov chaw siab, mus rau qhov chaw tsaws, thiab yav tom ntej lub davhlau, nws tseem tsuas yog ua kom tiav nres, kho cov chav kawm thiab tig rov qab, siv cov tshuab ua kom tsis muaj zog.
Nco qab ob qho Falcon 9 thiab Tus Tshiab Shepard: tsis muaj ib yam uas ua tsis tau lossis txawm tias txawv txawv hauv kev tsaws ntsug niaj hnub no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws ua rau nws tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm qhov muaj zog tsawg dua thaum tsim kho thiab ua haujlwm ntawm txoj kev khiav - txoj kev khiav uas tib Shuttles thiab Buran tau tsaws yuav tsum muaj ntev li ob peb kilometers txhawm rau txhawm rau nres lub tsheb ntawm ceev ntawm ntau pua kilometers ib teev. "CROWN, hauv txoj ntsiab cai, tuaj yeem tshem tawm ntawm lub platform ntug dej hiav txwv thiab tsaws rau ntawm nws," ntxiv ib tus kws sau ntawv ntawm qhov haujlwm, "qhov kawg tsaws qhov tseeb yuav yog txog 10 m, lub foob pob hluav taws raug txo qis mus rau qhov thim rov qab pneumatic poob siab absorbers.. " Txhua yam uas tseem tshuav yog ua qhov kev kuaj mob, rov ua dua, tso tus nqi thauj khoom tshiab - thiab koj tuaj yeem rov ya dua.
KORONA tseem tab tom ua haujlwm thaum tsis muaj peev nyiaj, yog li cov tsim tawm ntawm Makeev Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Haujlwm tau tswj kom tau txais mus rau theem kawg ntawm cov qauv tsim. "Peb tau dhau theem no yuav luag tag nrho thiab tag nrho ntawm nws tus kheej, tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa sab nraud. Peb twb tau ua txhua yam uas tuaj yeem ua tiav, - tus tsim qauv hais. - Peb paub dab tsi, qhov twg thiab thaum twg yuav tsum tsim. Tam sim no peb yuav tsum txav mus rau qhov tsim qauv, tsim khoom thiab txhim kho ntawm cov chav tseem ceeb, thiab qhov no xav tau nyiaj, yog li tam sim no txhua yam nyob ntawm lawv."
Ncua sij hawm pib
Lub foob pob hluav taws CFRP cia siab tias yuav pib ua haujlwm loj; thaum tau txais qhov kev txhawb nqa tsim nyog, cov tsim qauv tau npaj los pib kev sim dav hlau hauv rau rau xyoo, thiab hauv xya mus rau yim xyoo - kom pib sim ua haujlwm ntawm thawj lub foob pob. Lawv kwv yees tias qhov no xav tau tsawg dua $ 2 nphom - tsis ntau los ntawm cov qauv foob pob hluav taws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev rov qab los ntawm kev nqis peev tuaj yeem xav tau tom qab xya xyoo ntawm kev siv foob pob hluav taws, yog tias tus lej ntawm kev lag luam xa tawm tseem nyob ntawm qib tam sim no, lossis txawm tias nyob hauv 1.5 xyoo - yog tias nws loj hlob ntawm qhov kwv yees kwv yees.
Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov muaj lub cav txav txav, kev sib ntsib thiab chaw tso khoom ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws kuj tseem ua rau nws suav tau ntawm cov phiaj xwm nthuav tawm ntau yam. Tau siv roj tsis yog rau tsaws, tab sis kom ua tiav qhov thauj khoom, nws muaj peev xwm nqa nws mus rau qhov hnyav ntau dua 11 tons. Tom qab ntawd CROWN yuav txuas nrog qhov thib ob, "tanker", uas yuav sau nws cov tso tsheb hlau luam nrog cov roj ntxiv uas tsim nyog rau rov qab los. Tab sis tseem, ntau qhov tseem ceeb dua yog rov siv tau, uas thawj zaug yuav daws peb qhov xav tau los sau cov xov xwm ua ntej txhua qhov kev tshaj tawm - thiab poob nws tom qab txhua qhov kev tshaj tawm. Tsuas yog txoj hauv kev no tuaj yeem ua kom muaj kev ruaj khov ntawm ob txoj kev khiav ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab lub orbit, thiab tib lub sijhawm pib ntawm qhov tiag, nquag, ua haujlwm loj ntawm kev siv ze-Ntiaj chaw.
Lub sijhawm no, CROWN tseem nyob qis qis, ua haujlwm ntawm New Shepard txuas ntxiv. Ib txoj haujlwm zoo li Nyij Pooj RVT kuj tseem tab tom tsim. Cov neeg tsim khoom Lavxias yuav yooj yim tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa txaus rau kev kov yeej. Yog tias koj muaj ob peb lab daus las kom tseg, qhov no yog kev nqis peev zoo dua li txawm tias lub nkoj loj tshaj plaws thiab zoo nkauj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.
