Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 12, Russia ua kev zoo siab rau hnub Cosmonautics, thiab tag nrho lub ntiaj teb ua kev zoo siab rau International Aviation thiab Cosmonautics Day. Hnub so no yog lub sijhawm los ua ke nrog thawj hnub ntawm lub davhlau ya dav hlau chaw nyob.
Raws li koj paub, thawj tus neeg ya mus rau qhov chaw yog Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin. Yuav luag rau caum xyoo tau dhau mus txij thaum ntawd, tab sis Russia tseem yog ib tus thawj coj hauv ntiaj teb hauv kev tshawb nrhiav chaw. Thiab yog vim li cas Cosmonautics Day hauv peb lub tebchaws yuav suav tias tsis yog kev ua haujlwm nqaim, tab sis yog hnub so hauv tebchaws.
Thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 12, 1961, Tus Thawj Tub Ceev Xwm Yuri Gagarin tau ya ncig lub ntiaj teb hauv qhov chaw ncig ntawm Vostok-1 lub dav hlau thawj zaug hauv ntiaj teb keeb kwm. Nov yog yuav ua li cas lub sijhawm ntawm kev tshawb fawb thaj chaw nquag los ntawm kev siv dav hlau ya dav hlau pib. Yuri Gagarin tau txais lub koob meej thoob ntiaj teb, thiab hauv nws lub tebchaws nws qhov txiaj ntsig tau cim nrog Lub Hnub Qub Kub ntawm Tus Hero ntawm Soviet Union thiab thaum ntxov tau muab lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb.
Lub tebchaws Soviet tau npaj ua tib zoo xa tus txiv neej mus rau qhov chaw. Kev xaiv cov neeg sib tw rau cosmonauts tau ua nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas tus kheej ntawm Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, tus thawj tsim qauv ntawm Chaw Tsim Qauv Tshwj Xeeb No. 1 ntawm Lub Xeev Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm USSR rau Kev Tiv Thaiv Tshuab. Korolyov tau ntseeg tias tus kws tshaj lij tub rog tsav dav hlau dav hlau yuav tsum ya mus rau qhov chaw. Kuj tseem muaj cov qauv rau hnub nyoog, cov ntaub ntawv sab nraud, kev noj qab haus huv. Nws mus yam tsis tau hais tias kev noj qab haus huv yuav tsum zoo tagnrho, hnub nyoog - txog peb caug xyoo, qhov siab - tsis ntau tshaj 170 cm, hnyav - txog 68-70 kg. Hauv cosmonaut corps, uas tau qhia tshwj xeeb rau kev taug kev ncig, ob lub peev xwm sib tw tau tshwm sim tam sim ntawd.
Senior Lieutenant Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin yog 27 xyoo. Los ntawm tsev neeg txom nyem, nws kawm tiav los ntawm 1st Military Aviation School of Pilots npe tom qab KE Voroshilov hauv Chkalov (tam sim no Orenburg), ua haujlwm hauv kev tsav dav hlau, hauv 769th Fighter Aviation Regiment ntawm 122nd Fighter Aviation Division of the Northern Fleet Air Quab yuam. Txog thaum kawg xyoo 1959, Tus Thawj Tub Ceev Xwm Gagarin tau ya 265 teev thiab muaj peev xwm ua tub rog tsav dav hlau thib peb.
Yuri Gagarin tus thaub German Stepanovich Titov, uas tseem hnav cov tub ceev xwm laus lub xub pwg pluaj, tseem yau dua Gagarin - nws muaj 25 xyoos. Tom qab raug teeb tsa rau hauv pab tub rog, nws kawm tiav los ntawm 9th Military Aviation Pilot School hauv Kustanai thiab Stalingrad Military Aviation School of Pilots npe tom qab V. I. Red Banner Stalingrad proletariat hauv Novosibirsk, tom qab ntawd nws tau ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv 26th Guards Aviation Regiment ntawm Air Force ntawm Leningrad Military District.
Ntxiv rau Gagarin thiab Titov, Grigory Nelyubov, Andriyan Nikolaev, Pavel Popovich thiab Valery Bykovsky kuj tau suav nrog rau rau rau rau saum Soviet cosmonauts. Txhua tus ntawm lawv yog tus kws tsav dav hlau ntawm Tub Rog Cua thiab Aviation ntawm Soviet Navy, muaj qhov tshwj xeeb los ntawm kev noj qab haus huv zoo, kev qhia tau zoo thiab, tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb dua, mob siab rau thiab xav ua siab ncaj ya mus rau qhov chaw. Thaum kawg, cov thawj coj tau txiav txim siab xaiv Yuri Gagarin ua thawj tus neeg raug xa mus rau qhov chaw los ntawm Soviet Union. Yog lawm, tus tub ceev xwm lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj, nws lub npe nrov "Gagarin" luag nyav, thiab nws "keeb kwm" yooj yim ua lub luag haujlwm - Gagarin tau tsim nyog rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm thawj tus neeg caij nkoj.
Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 25, 1961, Tus Thawj Coj ntawm USSR Air Force tau xaj kom tso npe rau txhua tus tswv cuab ntawm pab pawg li Air Force cosmonauts. Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 23, 1961, Yuri Gagarin tau raug xaiv los ua tus thawj coj ntawm cov tub rog caij nkoj. Qhov kev teem sijhawm no ib leeg ua tim khawv rau qhov kev ntseeg siab uas tau hais tseg hauv cov tub rog laus laus. Qhov tseeb, cov tub ceev xwm laus kuj tseem nyob rau Gagarin - yog Gagarin yug xyoo 1934, tom qab ntawd Andriyan Nikolaev yug xyoo 1929, thiab Pavel Popovich yug xyoo 1930.
Kev nrawm nrawm ntawm kev npaj thawj qhov chaw ya dav hlau yog vim qhov tseeb tias Sergei Korolyov tau txhawj xeeb heev txog seb cov neeg Asmeskas yuav ya ua ntej peb. Korolev muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nws pov tseg tias Tebchaws Meskas tab tom npaj tsim tus txiv neej mus rau qhov chaw thaum lub Plaub Hlis 20, 1961. Yog li ntawd, nws tau txiav txim siab teem sijhawm pib ua haujlwm ntawm Soviet lub dav hlau thib ob ntawm lub Plaub Hlis - nruab nrab ntawm 11 thiab 17 Plaub Hlis 1961. Ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm Lub Xeev Lub Xeev, Gagarin qhov kev xaiv tsa tau pom zoo, Titov tau raug xaiv los ua nws tus thaub qab.
Lub Plaub Hlis 3, 1961, cuaj hnub ua ntej Yuri Gagarin lub davhlau ya dav hlau, muaj kev sib tham tshwj xeeb ntawm Pawg Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm CPSU Lub Rooj Sab Laj tau tuav, uas yog tus thawj coj los ntawm Tus Tuav Haujlwm ntawm CPSU Lub Rooj Sab Laj Nruab Nrab Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev. Dmitry Fedorovich Ustinov, Tus Lwm Thawj Coj ntawm Pawg Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws ntawm USSR, tau nthuav tawm. Raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom, Pawg Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm CPSU tau txiav txim siab tso lub Soviet cosmonaut mus rau qhov chaw.
Tsib hnub tom qab, thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 8, 1961, ntawm lub rooj sib tham kaw ntawm Lub Xeev Lub Xeev rau kev tshaj tawm Vostok lub dav hlau, coj los ntawm Konstantin Nikolayevich Rudnev, tus thawj coj ntawm Xeev Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj ntawm USSR rau kev tiv thaiv thev naus laus zis, thawj lub hom phiaj rau kev ya dav hlau hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej tau pom zoo.
Txoj haujlwm tau kos npe los ntawm Sergei Korolev thiab tus thawj coj ntawm lub tuam tsev rau kev npaj thiab txhawb nqa qhov chaw dav dav ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm Dav Dav ntawm Cov Tub Rog Tub Rog, Aviation Lieutenant General Nikolai Kamanin, hais txog:
Ua ib lub dav hlau tig ib ncig lub ntiaj teb ntawm qhov siab ntawm 180-230 kilometers, ntev li 1 teev 30 feeb nrog kev tsaws hauv ib cheeb tsam. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ya dav hlau yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov ua tau ntawm tus neeg nyob hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub dav hlau tshwj xeeb uas tau nruab, los tshuaj xyuas cov cuab yeej ntawm lub dav hlau ya hauv dav hlau, txhawm rau txheeb xyuas kev sib txuas ntawm lub dav hlau mus rau Lub Ntiaj Teb, kom paub tseeb tias txhais tau tias tsaws lub dav hlau ya dav hlau thiab cov neeg ya dav hlau muaj kev ntseeg tau.
Ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm pawg thawj coj, qhov kev txiav txim siab zaum kawg tau xa tus thawj coj laus Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin mus rau hauv qhov chaw.
Lub davhlau ntawm Yuri Gagarin tau qhib lub sijhawm tshawb nrhiav chaw los ntawm tib neeg kev koom nrog hauv kev ya dav hlau. Tab sis thawj lub davhlau mus rau hauv qhov chaw tseem muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev nom kev tswv - los ntawm kev xa thawj tus neeg tsav dav hlau, Soviet Union tau qhia rau thoob ntiaj teb tias, ua ntej, nws tuaj yeem sib tw nrog Tebchaws Meskas ntawm cov lus sib npaug thiab ntau txoj hauv kev hla lawv, thiab qhov thib ob, qhov ntawd USSR yog lub ntiaj teb kev tshaj lij ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis thiab siv nws txoj kev txawj ntse thiab txuj ci hauv kev nyiam ntawm tib neeg.
Lub Vostok-1 lub dav hlau nrog cov neeg ya saum ntuj Yuri Gagarin nyob hauv nkoj tau tawm ntawm Baikonur cosmodrome thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 12, 1961 thaum 09:07 teev tsaus ntuj hauv Moscow. Kev tswj hwm ncaj qha ntawm pab pawg tshaj tawm tau ua los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij-tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws Anatoly Semenovich Kirillov. Nws yog nws leej twg tau hais kom ua rau qib pib ntawm foob pob hluav taws thiab saib nws los ntawm lub periscope los ntawm qhov hais kom ua bunker.
Thaum pib ntawm kev nce ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws, Yuri Gagarin qw tias: "Cia peb mus!" Cov lus no ntawm thawj Soviet cosmonaut tau dhau los ua hom lus rau lub sijhawm tshiab hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej - lub sijhawm tshawb nrhiav chaw. Lub hauv paus ntawm kab lus no, tau kawg, tom qab txaus siab rau keeb kwm. Nws muab tawm hais tias "Cia peb mus!" nyiam kev sim tsav Mark Lazarevich Gallay, uas yog tus qhia nyob hauv thawj tus neeg caij nkoj. Nws ntseeg tias cov qauv zoo li no tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev puas siab puas ntsws ntawm cov neeg tsav dav hlau. Gallay nws tus kheej tom qab rov hais dua tias cov kab lus no tau tshwm sim ntau ntawm cov neeg sim, los ntawm qhov chaw uas nws tau tsiv mus rau cov neeg tsav nkoj.
Thaum Korolev tau txiav txim siab tso tus txiv neej mus rau hauv qhov chaw sai li sai tau los ntawm kev ntshai tias cov neeg Asmeskas yuav hla peb, nws yog qhov raug kiag li - cov neeg Asmeskas tau hais ncaj qha rau lawv. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 12, Yuri Gagarin tau ya mus rau hauv qhov chaw, thiab thaum lub Tsib Hlis 5, tsawg dua ib hlis tom qab, cov neeg Asmeskas tau tshaj tawm tus neeg tsav dav hlau Alan Shepard mus rau hauv qhov chaw. Thaum Lub Xya Hli 21, 1961, lwm tus neeg Asmeskas tau ya mus rau qhov chaw - Virgil Grissom. Lub tebchaws Soviet tau teb rau nws lub davhlau los ntawm kev xa tus thib ob Soviet cosmonaut mus rau qhov chaw - thaum Lub Yim Hli 6, 1961, German Titov tau mus rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm Vostok -2 lub dav hlau.
Xyoo 1962, Soviet Union tau xa ob tus neeg caij nkoj mus rau hauv qhov chaw - Andriyan Nikolaev tau ya thaum Lub Yim Hli 11, thiab Pavel Popovich thaum Lub Yim Hli 12. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 14, 1963, Valery Bykovsky tau mus rau hauv qhov chaw, thiab thaum Lub Rau Hli 16, 1963, thawj zaug hauv keeb kwm ntiaj teb, tus poj niam cosmonaut, Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova, tau ya mus rau qhov chaw. Qhov no yog lwm qhov kev sim loj - tom qab ua tiav ntawm Gagarin, Titov, Nikolaev, Popovich thiab Bykovsky, Sergei Korolev txiav txim siab xa tus poj niam mus rau hauv qhov chaw kom rov hais txog poj niam txiv neej sib luag hauv Soviet Union thiab rov teeb tsa ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv. Qhov kev xaiv poob rau Valentina Tereshkova.
Tsis zoo li thawj tsib tus kws tshaj lij dav hlau, uas yog cov tub ceev xwm ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsav dav hlau thiab tub rog huab cua, Valentina Tereshkova tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog cov tub rog. Nws yog tus neeg ua haujlwm yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm lub tshuab ntxhua khaub ncaws, tsis ntev ua ntej rau npe rau hauv lub cosmonaut corps, nws kawm tiav los ntawm kev sib txuas lus tsev kawm txuj ci ntawm kev lag luam teeb.
Txawm li cas los xij, txij li xyoo 1959, Tereshkova tau koom nrog dhia hauv Yaroslavl ya club thiab ua 90 dhia dhia dhia dhia. Thaum lawv pib xaiv qhov kev xaiv tsa ntawm poj niam lub dav hlau ya, qhov kev xaiv poob rau hnub nyoog 26 xyoo Valentina Tereshkova. Ua ke nrog lwm tus poj niam sib tw, nws tau cuv npe hauv cov tub rog caij nkoj thiab tau txais qib tshwj xeeb hauv cov tub rog. Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 15, 1962, nws tau txais qib ntawm cov tub rog nyob qib qis, thaum Lub Rau Hli 16, 1963 - tus tub ceev xwm thiab nyob rau tib hnub - tus thawj tub rog, thiab thaum Lub Ib Hlis 9, 1965, Tereshkova 27 -xyoo tau muab tso rau ntawm xub pwg loj.
Xyoo 1964, Soviet Union tau teev cov ntaub ntawv dua. Ua ntej, thaum Lub Kaum Hli 12, 1964, lub dav hlau ntau lub rooj zaum tau nkag mus rau hauv qhov chaw thawj zaug. Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov, Konstantin Petrovich Feoktistov thiab Boris Borisovich Egorov ya mus rau nws. Qhov thib ob, thawj zaug, cov kws tshaj lij pej xeem tau koom nrog hauv kev ya dav hlau ntawm ntau lub rooj zaum. Ntawm peb tus kws tshaj lij huab cua, tsuas yog Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov yog tub rog ua haujlwm. 37-xyoo-laus tus kws ua haujlwm-tub ceev xwm ntawm aviation Komarov nyob rau hnub ntawm lub davhlau tau txais qib ua tub rog tom ntej ntawm tus kws tshaj lij-tub ceev xwm. Nws tau kawm tiav hauv Tsev Kawm Qib Siab Tub Rog Bataysk npe tom qab. K. A. Serov thiab 1st Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Aviation Armament ntawm Air Force Academy. TSIS. Zhukovsky, tau ua haujlwm hauv Kev Tshawb Fawb Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Air Force ua tus pabcuam rau tus kws tshaj lij ua haujlwm thiab ntsuas ntawm chav haujlwm thib 3 ntawm chav haujlwm thib 5, nws tau koom nrog kuaj cov qauv tshiab ntawm kev siv tshuab dav hlau.
Tus Kws Kho Mob Boris Borisovich Yegorov muaj hnub nyoog 26 xyoos, thaum lub sijhawm ya dav hlau nws muaj tub rog nyob qib ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm kev kho mob, kawm tiav los ntawm kws kho mob kws qhia ntawv ntawm 1st Moscow Order of Lenin Medical Institute. I. M. Sechenov. Konstantin Petrovich Feoktistov, 38-xyoo-laus tus kws tsim qauv, ua haujlwm nrog Sergei Korolev, yog neeg pej xeem, txawm hais tias nws lub neej tag nrho cuam tshuam nrog kev txhim kho hauv kev ntaus pob zeb.
Thaum Lub Peb Hlis 18, 1965, 39-xyoo-laus Tus Thawj Tub Ceev Xwm ntawm Aviation Pavel Ivanovich Belyaev (nyob rau hnub ntawm kev ya dav hlau tau txais qib Colonel), ib txwm yog tub rog ntawm Air Force fighter aviation, thiab tus muaj hnub nyoog 30 xyoo Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov (nyob rau hnub ntawm lub davhlau nws tau txais qib ntawm Lieutenant Colonel), uas kuj tau pib pabcuam, tau mus rau hauv qhov chaw. Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov thawj zaug hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb cosmonautics tau mus rau sab nraud. Yog li, Soviet Union tsis tau tso tseg cov ntaub ntawv hauv thaj chaw ntawm cov neeg ya dav hlau.
Tau ntau xyoo lawm, kev lag luam chaw tau nkag siab thoob plaws hauv peb lub tebchaws. Ntau qhov kev tshawb pom thiab cov ntaub ntawv tau tsim thiab xa los ntawm Soviet thiab tom qab ntawd cov kws tshaj lij Lavxias. Kev ua haujlwm cosmonaut tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Soviet, ntau pua txhiab tus tub Soviet tau npau suav txog qhov chaw, rau ntau tus nws yog Gagarin tus piv txwv uas txiav txim siab txoj hauv kev ntawm lub neej, ua rau lawv nkag mus rau hauv dav hlau thiab kev tsim vaj tsev engineering.
Hnub no astronautics tau txais lub ntsiab lus tshiab. Lub sijhawm ntawm kev sib cav ntawm lub zog loj tau rov qab los, tsuas yog hnub no kev sib tw ntawm lawv nthuav tawm tsis yog hauv av thiab hauv hiav txwv, tab sis kuj nyob hauv qhov chaw. Nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas Tebchaws Meskas tabtom txhim kho lub zog hauv chaw, thiab Asmeskas cov neeg nyob hauv xeev tsis tau nkees tham txog qhov kev xav "chaw txaus ntshai" los ntawm Russia thiab Suav. Txoj kev kawm ntawm thaj chaw sab nrauv, kev txhim kho cov neeg ya dav hlau yog qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tsis yog rau kev tswj hwm kev sib npaug ntawm cov kev tawm tsam xwb, tab sis kuj tseem yog ib kauj ruam rau qhov yuav muaj peev xwm siv yav tom ntej ntawm cov peev txheej thiab lub peev xwm uas qhov chaw muaj.
Voennoye Obozreniye ua kev zoo siab rau txhua tus koom nrog hauv kev ya dav hlau, kev lag luam chaw thiab riam phom, nrog rau txhua tus neeg nyeem, txhua tus pej xeem ntawm peb lub zog qhov chaw, nyob rau hnub so tseem ceeb - Cosmonautics Day.
