Cov cuab yeej ua rog yog ntau lab xyoo dhau los ntawm tib neeg, thiab nws tau tsim los tiv thaiv lub puab tsaig thiab pob qij txha. Nws muaj peev xwm tias cov khej thiab vaub kib tuaj yeem txhawb nqa tib neeg los tsim cov khoom tiv thaiv. Txhua yam riam phom ntawm lub zog siv hluav taws xob, yog nws yog pab pawg ua ntej keeb kwm lossis cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv riam phom, tau tsim los mloog zoo lub zog loj hauv thaj chaw me me, nws txoj haujlwm yog txhawm rau txhawm rau lub hom phiaj thiab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntau tshaj plaws rau nws. Thiaj li, txoj haujlwm ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv yog los tiv thaiv qhov no los ntawm kev cuam tshuam lossis rhuav tshem txoj kev tawm tsam thiab / lossis faib cov zog cuam tshuam thoob plaws thaj tsam loj li sai tau txhawm rau txhawm rau txo qis kev puas tsuaj rau tib neeg, kev thauj mus los thiab cov qauv uas nws tiv thaiv.
Cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv niaj hnub feem ntau suav nrog txheej txheej txheej sab nrauv kom nres, tshem tawm, lossis rhuav tshem qhov projectile, txheej nruab nrab nrog qib siab heev "ua haujlwm kom tawg", thiab txheej sab hauv khov kom tiv thaiv kab nrib pleb thiab khib nyiab.
Hlau
Hlau, uas dhau los ua thawj cov khoom siv dav hauv kev tsim cov tsheb tiv thaiv, tseem xav tau, txawm tias muaj kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv raws li lub teeb ci ntawm aluminium thiab titanium, ceramics, sib xyaw nrog cov matrix polymer, ntxiv nrog cov iav ntawm iav, aramid thiab ultra-high molecular hnyav polyethylene, nrog rau cov khoom sib xyaw nrog cov hlau sib xyaw.
Ntau lub tshuab hlau, suav nrog SSAB, txuas ntxiv txhim kho cov hlau muaj zog rau ntau yam ntawm qhov hnyav-hnyav daim ntawv thov xws li sheathing ntxiv. Armored steel qib ARM OX 600T, muaj nyob hauv qhov tuab ntawm 4-20 mm, muaj nyob nrog qhov ruaj khov ntawm 570 txog 640 HBW chav nyob (cov ntawv luv rau Hardness, Brinell, Wolfram; kuaj qhov twg pob tungsten ntawm tus txheej txheem txoj kab uas hla raug nias) mus rau hauv cov piv txwv ntawm cov khoom siv nrog lub zog paub, tom qab ntawd txoj kab uas hla ntawm qhov chaw so tau ntsuas; tom qab ntawd cov ntsuas no tau hloov pauv rau hauv cov mis, uas tso cai rau koj kom tau txais cov lej ntawm cov tawv tawv).
SSAB tseem hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua tiav qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov tawv thiab tawv rau kev nkag mus thiab tiv thaiv kev tawg. Zoo li txhua tus hlau, ARMOX 600T yog tsim los ntawm cov hlau, cov pa roj carbon thiab ntau qhov sib xyaw ua ke suav nrog silicon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, thiab boron.
Muaj qhov txwv ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom siv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws los txog rau qhov kub thiab txias. Cov hlau no tsis yog npaj rau kev kho cua sov ntxiv; yog tias ua kom sov siab tshaj 170 ° C tom qab xa khoom, SSAB tsis tuaj yeem lav nws cov khoom. Cov tuam txhab uas tuaj yeem tau txais ib puag ncig ntawm qhov kev txwv no zoo li yuav nyiam kev txheeb xyuas ze ntawm cov tuam txhab tsim tsheb.
Lwm lub tuam txhab Swedish, Deform, muab cov mos txwv tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej hlau kub tsim ua ntu rau cov tuam txhab ua cov tsheb tiv thaiv, tshwj xeeb yog cov uas saib txhawm rau txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kev lag luam / pej xeem cov tsheb.
Ib-daim Deform firewalls tau teeb tsa hauv Nissan PATROL 4x4, Volkswagen T6 TRANSPORTER minibus, thiab Isuzu D-MAX lub tsheb thauj khoom, nrog rau cov ntawv hauv pem teb ntawm cov khoom qub. Cov txheej txheem kub tsim los ntawm Deform thiab siv hauv kev tsim cov ntawv tuav lub zog ntawm 600HB [HBW].
Lub tuam txhab thov tias nws tuaj yeem rov kho cov khoom ntawm txhua cov cuab yeej hlau hlau ntawm kev ua lag luam thaum tswj hwm cov txheej txheem txheej txheem, thaum cov khoom tsim tawm tau zoo dua qub rau cov khoom siv sib txuas thiab ib nrab cov txheej txheem sib tshooj. Hauv cov txheej txheem tsim los ntawm Deform, cov ntawv raug tso tawm thiab ua kom sov tom qab forging kub. Ua tsaug rau cov txheej txheem no, nws muaj peev xwm kom tau txais cov duab peb sab uas tsis tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev txias txias yam tsis muaj qhov yuav tsum tau ua hauv cov xwm txheej no "welds uas ua txhaum kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb."
Deform kub-tsim cov ntawv hlau tau siv rau BAE Systems BVS-10 thiab CV90 thiab, txij li thaum xyoo 1990s, ntawm ntau lub tshuab Kraus-Maffei Wegmann (KMW). Kev txiav txim tau los rau hauv kev tsim cov phaj hlau tiv thaiv peb-seem rau LEOPARD 2 lub tank thiab ntau daim duab zoo li lub BOXER thiab PUMA tsheb, ntxiv rau ntau lub tsheb Rheinmetall, suav nrog BOXER ntxiv, ntxiv rau lub qhov rau tsheb WIESEL. Kev hloov pauv kuj ua haujlwm nrog lwm cov khoom tiv thaiv suav nrog txhuas, kevlar / aramid thiab titanium.
Txhuas kev vam meej
Raws li rau cov tsheb tiv thaiv, thawj zaug txhuas cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tau siv dav hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm M113 cov tub rog tiv thaiv tub rog, uas tau tsim tawm txij li xyoo 1960. Nws yog cov hlau phom, xaiv 5083, muaj 4.5% magnesium thiab ntau npaum li cas ntawm manganese, hlau, tooj liab, carbon, zinc, chromium, titanium thiab lwm yam. Txawm hais tias 5083 khaws nws lub zog zoo tom qab vuam, nws tsis yog cov khoom siv kho cua sov. Nws tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo rau 7.62mm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv cov mos txwv, tab sis, raws li cov ntawv xeem raug lees paub, nws nres 14.5mm Soviet-style armor-tho cov mos txwv zoo dua hlau, thaum txuag qhov hnyav thiab ntxiv lub zog xav tau. Txog qib kev tiv thaiv no, cov ntawv txhuas tau tuab dua thiab 9 npaug dua li cov hlau nrog qhov ntom qis ntawm 265 r / cm3, uas ua rau txo qhov hnyav ntawm cov qauv.
Cov neeg tsim tsheb thauj khoom tsis ntev tau pib thov kom sib zog, muaj zog ntau dua, weldable thiab kho cua sov txhuas cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, uas ua rau Alcan txoj kev txhim kho 7039 thiab tom qab 7017, ob qho tib si nrog cov ntsiab lus zinc siab dua.
Raws li nrog cov hlau, stamping thiab sib dhos tom ntej tuaj yeem cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev tiv thaiv cov khoom ntawm txhuas. Thaum vuam, cov cua sov cuam tshuam rau thaj chaw muag muag, tab sis lawv lub zog tau rov qab los ib nrab vim yog tawv thaum lub sijhawm laus. Cov qauv ntawm cov hlau hloov pauv hauv cov cheeb tsam nqaim nyob ze ntawm qhov txuas, tsim kev puas tsuaj loj nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej ntawm vuam thiab / lossis kev sib dhos ua yuam kev. Thiaj li, cov txheej txheem kev tsim khoom yuav tsum txo qis lawv, thaum qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev nyuaj siab txhav txhav tawg yuav tsum tau txo qis, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub tshuab tsim lub neej xav tias yuav ntau dua peb xyoo lawm.
Kev nyuaj siab corrosion tawg yog txheej txheem ntawm cov tsos thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab nrib pleb hauv ib puag ncig corrosive, uas nyhav zuj zus raws li tus lej ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ua kom nce ntxiv. Kev tsim cov kab nrib pleb thiab lawv qhov kev loj hlob tom ntej tshwm sim los ntawm kev nthuav tawm ntawm hydrogen raws cov ciam teb cog qoob loo.
Kev txiav txim siab qhov ua rau tawg yog pib nrog kev rho tawm me me ntawm cov electrolyte los ntawm cov kab nrib pleb thiab nws qhov kev tshuaj xyuas. Kev ntsuas tus nqi qis kev nyuab siab kev txhim kho corrosion tau ua los txiav txim siab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov hlau tshwj xeeb tau puas. Kev siv tshuab ncab ntawm ob qhov piv txwv (ib qho hauv ib puag ncig muaj kuab paug, thiab lwm qhov hauv huab cua qhuav) tshwm sim kom txog thaum lawv ua tsis tiav, thiab tom qab ntawd cov yas deformation ntawm qhov chaw tawg tau muab piv rau - ntau qhov piv txwv tau ncab mus rau qhov ua tsis tiav, zoo dua.
Kev tiv thaiv kev nyuab siab corrosion tawg tuaj yeem txhim kho thaum ua haujlwm. Piv txwv li, raws li Total Materia, uas hu nws tus kheej "lub ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntaub ntawv," Alcan tau txhim kho 7017 qhov kev ua tau zoo hauv kev ua kom nrawm dua kev txhav txhav txhav los ntawm 40 zaug. Cov txiaj ntsig tau txais kuj ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txhim kho txoj hauv kev tiv thaiv kev xeb rau thaj chaw ntawm cov txheej txheem welded, uas nws nyuaj rau zam kev nyuaj siab. Kev tshawb fawb tsom mus rau txhim kho cov hlau nplaum txhawm rau txhawm rau ua kom zoo dua cov yam ntxwv hluav taws xob ntawm cov pob qij txha txuas ntxiv mus. Ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv kho cua sov tshiab tsom mus rau txhim kho lawv lub zog thiab kev tiv thaiv kev xeb, thaum ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlau tsis tuaj yeem kho tau lub hom phiaj txhawm rau tshem tawm cov kev txwv uas tsim los ntawm kev xav tau weldability. Cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj tshaj plaws hauv kev txhim kho yuav yog 50% muaj zog dua li cov cuab yeej txhuas zoo tshaj plaws siv niaj hnub no.
Alloys tsawg ntom xws li lithium aluminium muab kwv yees li 10% kev txuag nyiaj ntau dua cov hlau ua ntej nrog cov mos txwv sib piv, txawm hais tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub foob pob tseem tsis tau raug tshuaj xyuas tag nrho raws li Total Materia.
Vuam txoj kev, suav nrog cov neeg hlau, kuj tseem txhim kho. Ntawm cov haujlwm uas tau daws yog qhov txo qis ntawm cov khoom siv cua sov, kev ruaj khov dua vuam arc vim kev txhim kho lub zog thiab xaim hluav taws xob, nrog rau kev saib xyuas thiab tswj cov txheej txheem los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij.
MTL Cov Khoom Siv Zoo tau ua haujlwm nrog ALCOA Defense, lub chaw tsim khoom nto npe ntawm txhuas daim hlau tiv thaiv daim hlau, txhawm rau txhim kho yam uas lub tuam txhab piav qhia raws li "kev ntseeg tau thiab rov ua dua txheej txheem txias." Lub tuam txhab sau tseg tias cov khoom siv txhuas tsim rau cov ntawv siv phom tsis tau tsim los rau kev txias txias, txhais tau tias nws cov txheej txheem tshiab yuav tsum pab zam kev ua tsis tiav ntau yam, suav nrog kev tawg. Lub hom phiaj qhov kawg yog ua kom cov tshuab tsim qauv kom txo qis qhov xav tau ntawm kev siv vuam thiab txo cov lej, raws li lub tuam txhab. Txo qhov ntim ntawm vuam, lub tuam txhab hais txog, ua kom lub zog muaj zog thiab tiv thaiv cov neeg coob thaum txo cov nqi tsim khoom. Pib nrog qhov ua pov thawj zoo 5083-H131 cov hlau, lub tuam txhab tsim cov txheej txheem rau qhov txias txias ua ntu nrog 90-degree khoov kaum sab xis raws thiab hla cov nplej, tom qab ntawd txav mus rau cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj, piv txwv li, cov hlau nplaum 7017, 7020 thiab 7085, kuj ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo.
Ceramics thiab composites
Ntau xyoo dhau los, Morgan Advanced Materials tshaj tawm txoj kev txhim kho ntawm ntau lub SAMAS cov cuab yeej ua rog, uas suav nrog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv qib siab thiab cov txheej txheem sib xyaw. Cov kab khoom suav nrog hinged armor, tiv thaiv kev tawg tawg, cov tshuaj muaj sia nyob tau ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem sib xyaw rau hloov cov hlau hulls thiab tiv thaiv cov qauv riam phom, ob leeg nyob thiab tsis muaj neeg nyob. Txhua tus ntawm lawv tuaj yeem raug yoog raws qhov xav tau tshwj xeeb lossis ua rau xaj.
Muab STANAG 4569 Qib 2-6 kev tiv thaiv, nrog rau kev cuam tshuam ntau yam kev ua tau zoo thiab txuag nyiaj hnyav (lub tuam txhab thov cov tshuab no hnyav ib nrab ntau npaum li cov khoom siv hlau zoo sib xws), thiab yoog raws qhov kev hem thawj tshwj xeeb, lub platform thiab txoj haujlwm … Kev tiv thaiv kev sib tsoo tuaj yeem ua los ntawm cov tiaj tiaj uas hnyav 12.3 kg los npog thaj tsam ntawm 0.36 m2 (kwv yees li 34 kg / m2) lossis cov khoom siv hnyav 12.8 kg rau 0.55 m2 (li 23.2 kg / m2).
Raws li Morgan Cov Khoom Siv Zoo Tshaj, cov cuab yeej ua rog ntxiv tsim rau tshiab thiab hloov kho tshiab ntawm cov txheej txheem uas twb muaj lawm muaj peev xwm zoo ib yam ntawm ib nrab ntawm qhov hnyav. Cov txheej txheem patented muab kev tiv thaiv ntau tshaj tiv thaiv ntau yam kev hem thawj, suav nrog cov riam phom me thiab nruab nrab, kho cov khoom tawg (IEDs) thiab foob pob ua ntxaij foob pob, nrog rau kev ua haujlwm ntau yam.
Ib "txheej txheem ib puag ncig" cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv kab mob tiv thaiv zoo tau muab rau riam phom qauv (ntxiv rau kev siv huab cua thiab dej hiav txwv), thiab nrog rau kev txuag qhov hnyav thiab txo qhov teeb meem nrog qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, tsis zoo li hlau, nws tsim tsawg dua cov teeb meem sib nqus sib nqus..
Kev tiv thaiv riam phom qauv yog qhov teeb meem tshwj xeeb, txij li lawv yog lub hom phiaj txaus nyiam, txij li lawv qhov kev xiam oob khab ua rau cov neeg coob tsis txaus siab hais txog qhov xwm txheej no thiab lub tsheb muaj peev xwm los daws teeb meem nyob ze. Lawv kuj muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob me me thiab cov tshuab hluav taws xob tsis yooj yim. Txij li thaum lawv feem ntau tau teeb tsa nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub tsheb, lub npog ntsej muag yuav tsum yog lub teeb kom txhawm rau ua kom qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus qis li sai tau.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov riam phom qauv, uas tuaj yeem suav nrog iav iav thiab tiv thaiv sab saud, yog kev sib tsoo tag nrho, ob tus neeg tuaj yeem rov ua nws dua hauv 90 vib nas this. Cov tshuaj ntsiav muaj sia nyob tau tsim los ntawm qhov uas lub tuam txhab piav qhia xws li "cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj thiab cov qauv polymer," lawv muab kev tiv thaiv pov tseg thiab tuaj yeem kho tau.
Kev tiv thaiv tub rog
SPS (Cov Tub Rog Tiv Thaiv Kev Tiv Thaiv) tsim los ntawm 3M Ceradyne suav nrog lub kaus mom hlau thiab ntxig rau hauv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv lub cev rau Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Tiv Thaiv Lub Taub Hau (IHPS) thiab VTP (Kev Tiv Thaiv Lub Plawv Tseem Ceeb) - ESAPI (Txhim Kho Cov Khaub Ncaws Me Me Tiv Thaiv) cov khoom - txhim kho ntxig rau kev tiv thaiv caj npab me me) ntawm SPS qhov system.
IHPS qhov xav tau suav nrog qhov hnyav dua, tiv thaiv kev hnov lus tsis zoo thiab txhim kho kev tiv thaiv tsis pom kev. Cov kab ke tseem suav nrog cov khoom siv ntxiv xws li cov khoom siv los tiv thaiv lub puab tsaig qis dua ntawm cov tub rog, tiv thaiv qhov muag, tsom rau tsom iav pom yav tsaus ntuj, cov lus qhia rau, piv txwv li, teeb nyem thiab lub koob yees duab, thiab kev tiv thaiv mos txwv ntxiv. Daim ntawv cog lus, muaj nqis ntau dua $ 7 lab, muab kev pab txog 5,300 lub kaus mom hlau. Lub sijhawm no, ntau dua 30,000 cov khoom siv ESAPI - cov ntawv ntxig rau lub cev tiv thaiv lub cev - yuav raug xa raws li $ 36 lab daim ntawv cog lus. Kev tsim tawm ntawm ob qho khoom siv no tau pib xyoo 2017.
Kuj tseem nyob hauv SPS txoj haujlwm, KDH Defence tau xaiv Honeywell's SPECTRA SHIELD thiab GOLD SHIELD cov ntaub ntawv rau tsib lub hauv paus, suav nrog Torso thiab Extremity Protection (TEP) subsystem kom muab rau SPS txoj haujlwm. TEP kev tiv thaiv kab ke yog 26% sib zog, thaum kawg txo qhov hnyav ntawm SPS system los ntawm 10%. KDH yuav siv SPECTRA SHIELD, uas yog ua los ntawm UHMWPE fiber, thiab GOLD SHIELD, raws li aramid fibers, hauv nws tus kheej cov khoom rau cov kab ke no.
SPECTRA fiber ntau
Honeywell siv cov khoom lag luam polymer fiber ntau cov khoom sib dhos thiab cov txheej txheem kos rau kos UHMWPE cov khoom siv raw rau hauv SPECTRA fiber. Cov khoom siv no yog 10 zaug muaj zog dua li cov hlau hauv qhov hnyav, nws lub zog tshwj xeeb yog 40% siab dua li ntawm aramid fiber, nws muaj cov ntsiab lus melting ntau dua li cov txheej txheem polyethylene (150 ° C) thiab hnav zoo dua piv rau lwm cov polymers, rau Piv txwv li, polyester.
Lub zog thiab nruj SPECTRA cov khoom siv qhia pom kev deformation thaum tawg, uas yog, nws nthuav dav heev ua ntej tawg; cov cuab yeej no tso cai rau ntau qhov cuam tshuam lub zog kom nqus tau. Honeywell thov tias SPECTRA cov tshuaj fiber ua tau zoo heev nyob rau hauv qhov nrawm nrawm cuam tshuam xws li cov mos txwv mos txwv thiab cov nthwv dej poob siab. Raws li lub tuam txhab, "Peb cov fiber ntau tau ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov zog hluav taws xob nrawm los ntawm thaj chaw cuam tshuam … dej, thiab teeb UV."
Hauv nws SHIELD thev naus laus zis, Honeywell kis tau cov kab sib txuas ua ke ntawm cov fibers thiab sib txuas lawv ua ke los ntawm impregnating lawv nrog cov qib zoo los tsim ib txoj kab uas tsis muaj kab. Tom qab ntawd cov txheej txheem ntawm daim kab xev no tau muab tso rau ntawm txoj kab uas xav tau thiab ntawm qhov ntsuas kub thiab siab, tau muab tso rau hauv cov qauv sib xyaw. Rau kev siv coj los hnav, nws yog laminated nruab nrab ntawm ob txheej ntawm zaj duab xis nyias thiab hloov pauv tau. Vim tias cov fibers nyob ncaj thiab sib luag, lawv nthuav tawm lub zog muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua li yog tias lawv tau ntim rau hauv cov ntaub qhwv.
Kev Tsov Rog Tsob Ntoo Tsob Ntoo luv luv kuj tseem siv SPECTRA SHIELD hauv BCS (Tsho Tsho Tsho Tsho) tus tiv thaiv rau SPS TEP system. Short Bark tshwj xeeb hauv kev tiv thaiv muag muag, cov cuab yeej zoo thiab cov khoom siv ntxiv.
Raws li Honeywell, cov tub rog tau xaiv cov khoom tiv thaiv ua los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no tom qab lawv tau ua tiav qhov ua tau zoo dua lawv cov aramid fiber ntau.
