Rondashi hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, kev tawm tsam thiab ntawm phab ntsa

Rondashi hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, kev tawm tsam thiab ntawm phab ntsa
Rondashi hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, kev tawm tsam thiab ntawm phab ntsa

Video: Rondashi hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, kev tawm tsam thiab ntawm phab ntsa

Video: Rondashi hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, kev tawm tsam thiab ntawm phab ntsa
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Anonim
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… peb qhov kub me me mus rau txhua daim ntaub thaiv.

3 Vajntxwv 10:17

Riam phom los ntawm tsev cia puav pheej. Hnub no yog peb hnub tshwj xeeb. Peb yuav tsis tsuas yog txuas ntxiv peb cov kev paub nrog keeb kwm ntawm rondache shield, tsis yog tsuas yog qhuas cov piv txwv ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog los ntawm kev sau ntawm Hermitage, Metropolitan Museum thiab Army Museum, tab sis kuj tau paub nrog lawv keeb kwm raws li cov lus pov thawj ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov neeg Mev uas nyob rau tiam 15th-16th centuries. thiab tso peb tseg lawm.

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Cia peb pib nrog Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo, uas tshaj tawm tias rodela (raws li nws hu cov ntaub thaiv npog no) tsis tau siv hauv Spain thiab tsis paub thaum nws tuaj txog hauv Ltalis xyoo 1498. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ob peb xyoos, lawv, nws tau hais tias, dhau los ua ntau heev. Piv txwv li, muaj cov npe ntawm cov tub rog los ntawm Mallorca rau 1517, uas, ntawm 1,667 tus neeg, 493 muaj rondashi.

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Hernán Cortez pib nws phiaj xwm hauv Mexico nrog xya puas hidalgos thiab muaj pes tsawg tus ntaj thiab ntaub thaiv npog, feem ntau yog rondas. De Oviedo hais ncaj qha tias Spaniards tau ntsib Rodela hauv tebchaws Ltalis, tab sis cov tub rog uas tuaj ntawm Basque Country ("Basque Country") tau kawm paub yuav ua li cas thiaj ua rau lawv nyob rau xyoo 1512.

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Ntau tus kws sau ntawv lub sijhawm ntawd sau hais tias, yog kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv, rodela tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua phem thiab raug kaw, tab sis tsis yog hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Tsuas yog Mexico. Nyob ntawd, nws yog cov ntaub thaiv npog uas tau pab tua cov neeg Khab, uas tsis muaj dab tsi los tawm tsam lawv.

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Xyoo 1536, hauv nws phau ntawv thib ob, Diego de Salazar txhawb kev siv rodela hauv pab pawg pikemen thiab arquebusiers. Nws sau hais tias pike uas lawv muaj riam phom tso cai rau lawv tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej tiv thaiv tub rog. Tab sis yog tias koj xav tau kev sib ntaus nrog ntaj, tom qab ntawd daim ntaub thaiv zoo dua li rab ntaj.

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Nws hais ntxiv hais tias cov tub rog tub rog rodelero, zoo li cov pikemen, yuav tsum muaj riam phom zoo, uas yog, hnav lub kaus mom hlau thiab cov cuab yeej ua rog, txawm hais tias lawv tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv ceg. Tiv thaiv txoj hauv kev no, lawv tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo uas lawv yuav plam yog tias lawv txav tau yooj yim yam tsis muaj cuab yeej tiv thaiv, vim lawv muaj peev xwm tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab ntawm qhov deb ntawm ntug ntaj.

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Hauv nws lub tswv yim, nws txaus los hla qhov "thawj cov ntsiab lus ntawm rab yaj phom" txhawm rau kov yeej cov hmuv, ntawm cov uas ob peb tau tiv thaiv caj npab thiab txhais ceg.

Don Diego tau muab piv txwv los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Barletta [1503] thiab Ravenna [1512], qhov twg cov yeeb ncuab pab tub rog tau swb los ntawm "tshuab rab ntaj" ntawm cov phom.

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Kuv muab qhov kev txiav tawm los ntawm tus lej niaj hnub ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua no ua pov thawj ntawm qhov tseeb tias txhua yam tshwm sim li cas:

Tom qab ntawd, thaum lawv pom peb qhov kev sib cais, lawv tau sib sau ua ke txog yim txhiab Gascons thiab lawv muaj lub siab xav txav los ze peb, tab sis tam sim no peb tau nrog lawv nyob ze rau qhov ntawd qhov siab yuav tsis ua rau lawv puas tsuaj ntxiv lawm.

Lub caij no, cov tub rog nrog ntaj thiab rab hmuv tau ua zoo li cov sau qoob hauv lub caij sau qoob thiab ua lawv txoj hauv kev los ntawm rab hmuv …

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Zoo, peb tuaj yeem hais dab tsi txog tag nrho cov so thiab ua haujlwm hnyav rau cov tub rog, tshwj tsis yog los ntawm thawj qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm yim txhiab, nws tau nyob ciaj sia ntawm thawj lub rooj sib tham tsuas yog ib txhiab tsib puas tus tub rog. Thiab tom qab ntawd, thaum qhov kev sib cais no swb, nws swb lwm tus …

Tom qab ntawd Fab Kis cov neeg tawg rog tau pib thim rov qab, thiab peb, caum lawv, swb lawv cov phom loj; thiab tom qab ntawd Fab Kis tau khiav tawm, thiab peb tau caum lawv.

Txawm li cas los xij, nws zoo li tawg los ntawm "hedgehog los ntawm lub ncov" tsis yooj yim."

Leej twg yog sib ntaus nrog leej twg thiab leej twg yeej leej twg yog tsis meej heev. Feem ntau yuav yog, Cov neeg Spanish tau tawm tsam nrog Gascons, thiab lawv tau tawm tsam lawv ua ntej, tab sis lawv tau ntsib hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua kom ze li qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg tua rog tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Qhov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, raws li peb pom tau, tau txiav txim siab los ntawm "ua haujlwm hnyav" Spanish cov tub rog nrog ntaj thiab rondashes, txiav los ntawm Qib ntawm Gascon pikemen sab xis mus rau lawv cov phom loj.

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Raws li cov lus pov thawj ntawm Hernan Cortes (1521) thiab Vargas Machuca (1599), cov tub rog ntaus tsis zoo nyob ib leeg, tshwj xeeb yog tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa ntawm cavalry thiab crossbowmen lossis phom ntev. Yog li ntawd, Diego de Salazar, piv txwv li, thov tsim kev sib cais ntawm rau txhiab txhiab tus tub rog, nrog peb txhiab tus pikemen, ob txhiab tus tub rog thiab ib txhiab tus tub rog caij nkoj, txawm hais tias tom qab ntawd nws tau hais kom siv cov hneev hla.

Rondashi hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, kev tawm tsam thiab ntawm phab ntsa
Rondashi hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, kev tawm tsam thiab ntawm phab ntsa
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Txij li thaum sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Pavia (1525) 35% ntawm cov tub rog muaj phom, ntau txhiab tus tub rog (17% ntawm cov tub rog) tau thov los ntawm Salazar kom meej meej tsis tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm lub sijhawm.

Ntawd yog, cov neeg tua tsiaj xav tau, tab sis lawv tau ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb, thiab lub sijhawm tas los lawv tsuas yog tsis ua haujlwm hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab musketeers pib hloov lub arquebusiers.

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Xyoo 1567, Diego Gracian, hauv nws phau ntawv "De Re Militari", sib cav tias rodela tsis tau siv ntau zaus, "yog tias tsis muaj cua daj cua dub lossis txeeb lub nroog." Nrog rau tag nrho cov no, tsuas yog ob peb nqa nws. Lossis "yog tias koj pom ib tus tub rog nrog rodela, nws yog tus thawj coj feem ntau!"

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Xyoo 1590, ib phau ntawv los ntawm Don Diego de Alaba thiab Viamont tau luam tawm, uas tau hu ua: "Tus thawj coj zoo tshaj plaws, tau kawm txog kev qhuab qhia tub rog thiab kev tshawb fawb txuj ci tshiab." Qhov txaus siab, nws tus kws sau ntawv pom zoo tias hmuv hnav daim ntaub thaiv ntawm lawv nraub qaum txhawm rau siv nws thaum muaj xwm txheej xav tau los tawm tsam tus yeeb ncuab. Tab sis thaum nws tsim nyog los cuam tshuam txog kev tawm tsam ntawm cov tub rog, pike yuav tsum tau tuav nrog ob txhais tes - ob tus tub rog ntawm thawj kab (lawv tseem yuav tsum tau nqis ntawm ib lub hauv caug!) Thiab qhov thib ob.

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Raws li Martin de Egilus (1595), riam phom ntawm rondachier, uas yog, daim ntaub thaiv thiab rab ntaj, yuav tsum tau raws nraim tus thawj coj - tus thawj coj ntawm pikemen tuam txhab. Cov cuirass thiab lub kaus mom hlau yuav tsum tau ua tiav los ntawm daim iav lossis ntaub thaiv npog rodela, ntxiv rau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lub ntsej muag ntawm ntug, vim nws zoo nkauj heev, thiab kom txhua tus tuaj yeem pom tias nws tus tswv yog tus thawj coj!

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"Nws tiv thaiv zoo txaus tiv thaiv lub arquebus, thiab txawm tias rab phom tua hluav taws, nws tseem zoo dua kom muaj nws dua li tsis muaj nws. Yog li cia tus thawj coj ntawm lub tuam txhab arquebusier kuj ua haujlwm nrog cov ntaub thaiv npog ib yam, vim nws tso tus neeg hnav los ntawm qhov xav tau hnav lub cev hnyav tab sis hnyav, uas tseem yuav tsis muab nws tiv thaiv los ntawm rab phom."

Raws li tus kws sau ntawv, txhua tus tub rog yuav tsum muaj peev xwm siv lub pike, halberd, arquebus, ntaj, rab riam thiab tus nqa, ntxiv rau caij nees thiab ua luam dej, uas yog, los ntawm kev muaj peev xwm siv laj kab thaiv txawm tias xyoo 1595, thaum phau ntawv de Egilus tshwm sim, tseem tsis tau lees paub!

Don Bernardino de Mendoza kuj sau hais tias thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1652 cov tub rog Catalan tiv thaiv Montjuïc tau tawm tsam Fort of San Farriol thiab tawm tsam nrog "ntaj thiab ntaub thaiv npog, thiab muaj lub siab loj."

Rondashes hauv phau ntawv teev npe ntawm Royal Armory hauv Madrid muaj txoj kab uas hla ntawm 0.54 txog 0.62 m. Lawv qhov hnyav kuj tau qhia: qhov hnyav tshaj - 2,76 kg. Kuj tseem muaj qhov hnyav heev, muab kev tiv thaiv txawm tias los ntawm rab phom: 17, 48 kg thiab 11, 5 kg. Qhov nruab nrab, daim thaiv tiv thaiv tsim los tiv thaiv cov mos txwv hnyav los ntawm 8 txog 15 kg.

Rodela kuj tseem siv rau ntawm naos ("nkoj loj") thiab galleys. Xyoo 1535, nws tau tsim los tias nkoj nrog 100 tus neeg coob nyob hauv nkoj yuav tsum muaj tsawg kawg yog kaum tawm tus tub rog.

Tab sis, ntawm chav kawm, ntau zaus ntau zaus muaj rondashes, kev ua koob tsheej, lossis … Cov ntaub thaiv npog no feem ntau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev poob, ua qauv ntawm cov ntaub thaiv npog nruab nrab.

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Xyoo 1619, Pedro Chiron, tus Duke thib peb ntawm Osuna, xa 425 arquebusses, 170 muskets, 475 pikes, 425 stockings, 144 shields, 204 lub foob pob tawg, 19 lub thawv mos txwv, 565 barrels ntawm rab phom, 90 lub hauv paus ntawm cov hmoov txhuas rau 19 galleys ntawm Lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Naples.

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Henry nyiam cov tub rog xav paub ntau heev uas nws tam sim xaj ib puas daim ntaub thaiv rau nws cov neeg tiv thaiv. Tab sis tsis ntev nws tau pom tseeb tias qhov hnyav hnyav cuam tshuam nrog lub hom phiaj, txij li nws nyuaj rau tuav daim ntaub thaiv hauv huab cua yam tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa, thiab nws yooj yim rau thauj khoom.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej Victoria thiab Albert pom tias cov ntaub thaiv npog ntawm lub sijhawm Henry VIII los ntawm lawv cov khoom tau siv hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, lossis tsawg kawg lawv tau raug tshem tawm ntawm lawv ntau dua ib zaug, txij li pom cov phom ntawm cov phom… Cov ntaub thaiv zoo li no tseem pom nyob hauv lub nkoj Mary Rose . Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias nyob hauv hiav txwv lawv tau siv rau kev tua los ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ib sab thaum tshem tawm kev caij nkoj.

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Zoo, dhau sijhawm, rondashi coj lawv qhov chaw ntawm phab ntsa ntawm cov tsev fuabtais thiab tsev fuabtais. Nws tau muab tawm tias lawv ua tau zoo heev npog qhov chaw ntawm crosshairs ntawm pikes, halberds thiab protasans, thiab tseem vim tias lawv ob txhais tes ntaj kuj zoo heev saib. Ntawd yog, lawv tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm sab hauv …

PS Cov thawj coj ntawm lub xaib thiab tus sau cov ntaub ntawv xav ua tsaug rau Tus Lwm Thawj Coj ntawm Lub Xeev Hermitage Tsev khaws puav pheej, Tus Thawj Saib Xyuas Haujlwm SB Adaksina thiab TI Kireeva (Lub Tsev Haujlwm Luam Ntawv) rau kev tso cai siv cov ntaub ntawv yees duab los ntawm Xeev Hermitage lub vev xaib thiab kev pab hauv kev ua haujlwm nrog cov ntaub ntawv qhia duab.

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