German 20-mm phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau ua pov thawj tias yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo txhais tau tias cuam tshuam nrog dav hlau ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw siab. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov hluav taws kub ntawm Flak 28, FlaK 30 thiab Flak 38 ib rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tsis yog ib txwm txaus los tsoo lub hom phiaj nrawm, thiab Flakvierling 38 plaub lub pob zeb hnyav dhau thiab hnyav heev. Ib qho ntxiv, qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm 20-mm tawg tawg zoo li tseem me heev, thiab rau kev tshem tawm ntawm Il-2 lub dav hlau tua phom, nws feem ntau tsim nyog kom ua tiav ntau qhov kev ntaus. Hauv qhov no, xyoo 1942, hauv Tebchaws Yelemees, lawv tau pib tsim cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau, uas, nrog rau qhov hluav taws kub piv rau 20-mm tshuab rab phom, tau nce ntau qhov hluav taws kub thiab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj thaum lawv tsoo lub hom phiaj.
Txawm li cas los xij, Cov Neeg German twb muaj qee qhov kev paub hauv kev ua haujlwm 25-hli Fab Kis cov phom tua dav hlau tsim los ntawm Hotchkiss. Thawj qhov kev hloov kho ntawm 25-mm kev teeb tsa tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1932, tab sis kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Fab Kis tub rog lub tuam tsev tsis muaj kev txaus siab, thiab kom txog rau thaum ib nrab ntawm 30s, phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau tso cai tsuas yog xa tawm. Tsuas yog xyoo 1938 puas tau ua tub rog Fab Kis xaj ib rab phom me me 25-hli tiv thaiv dav hlau tua hluav taws. Thawj tus qauv, lub npe hu ua Mitrailleuse de 25 mm contre-aéroplanes modèle 1938, muaj thawj lub tsheb thauj khoom thiab nqa zaub mov. Ntawm kev lag luam caj npab thoob ntiaj teb, qhov kev hloov kho no feem ntau raug xaiv ua 25 mm CA mle 38.
Kev teeb tsa Mitrailleuse de 25 mm contre-aéroplanes modèle 1939 (25 mm CA mle 39) tau dhau mus thoob plaws, suav nrog hloov kho, nqa phom ruaj khov dua. Lub log uas txav tau yooj yim tau siv rau kev thauj mus los.
Phom tiv thaiv dav hlau 25 hli 25 mm CA mle 39 hauv qhov chaw tua hluav taws hnyav txog 1150 kg. Nws tau txais kev pabcuam los ntawm kev suav suav nrog 9 tus neeg. Rau zaub mov, cov ntawv xov xwm rau 15 lub plhaub tau siv. Tus nqi hluav taws kub yog 250 rds / min. Qhov ua tau zoo ntawm hluav taws: 100-120 puag ncig / min. Ntsug taw qhia kaum: -10 ° - 85 °. Kev tua hluav taws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo yog mus txog 3000 m. Qhov siab nce mus txog 2000 m. Cov hluav taws raug tua nrog 25-mm puag ncig nrog lub tes tsho ntev ntawm 163 mm. Cov mos txwv thauj khoom tuaj yeem suav nrog: cov foob pob tawg loj, cov khoom tawg tawg, cov cuab yeej tho qhov, cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej tawg. Lub foob pob hluav taws tawg hnyav uas hnyav 240 g tawm ntawm lub thoob nrog qhov pib ceev ntawm 900 m / s thiab muaj 10 g ntawm cov khoom tawg. Ntawm qhov deb li ntawm 300 metres, lub foob pob ua phom loj hnyav 260 g, nrog qhov pib nrawm ntawm 870 m / s raws qhov ib txwm muaj, thooj 30-mm armor.
Xyoo 1940, kev hloov kho ntawm Mitrailleuse de 25 mm contre-aéroplanes modèle 1940 (25 mm CA mle 40) tau tshwm sim, tsim los tso rau ntawm cov chaw nyob ruaj ruaj thiab ntawm cov nkoj ntawm cov nkoj. Hauv cov qauv no, qhov hnyav uas nce mus txog 1500 kg, qhov hluav taws kub tau nce mus rau 300 rds / min. Txawm tias hluav taws kub ceev tshaj yog Mitrailleuse de 25 mm contre-aéroplanes modèle 1940 jumelée.
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, Fab Kis cov tub rog tau txais txog 800 25 mm CA mle 38/39/40 phom tiv thaiv dav hlau, uas qhia meej tias tsis tau raws li qhov xav tau. Kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm 25-hli phom tiv thaiv dav hlau raug ntes los ntawm cov neeg German. Kwv yees li 200 ntau chav nyob tau sib sau ua ke ntawm tsob ntoo Hotchkiss tom qab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Fabkis. Hauv pab tub rog German, Fabkis 25-hli phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau txais lub npe 2.5 cm Flak 38/39 (f). Ntxiv rau Wehrmacht, tib rab phom tau siv hauv Romanian huab cua tiv thaiv.
Feem ntau ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau 2, 5 cm Flak 39 (f) tau muab tso rau hauv lub zog tiv thaiv ntawm phab ntsa Atlantic, tab sis qee qhov 25-hli Fab Kis ua cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tseem tau xaus rau Sab Hnub Tuaj.
Feem ntau, 25 mm CA mle 38/39/40 phom tiv thaiv dav hlau yog riam phom zoo heev rau lawv lub sijhawm. Ua tsaug rau qhov tseeb tias tus tsim qauv ntawm "Hotchkiss" tau tso tseg cov khoom qub-kab xev, uas tau siv dav hauv lwm cov khoom lag luam ntawm lub tuam txhab no, nws muaj peev xwm nce kev ntseeg tau. Tam sim no, tsis muaj hmoov av thiab xuab zeb ntau dua hauv lub tshuab, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txo tus naj npawb ntawm kev ncua thaum tua. Nrog rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov hluav taws piv rau 20-mm German phom tiv thaiv dav hlau, Fabkis 25-hli mounts muaj qhov ua tau zoo dua tua ntau thiab nce mus txog qhov siab. Thaum 25-mm siab-tawg foob pob hluav taws tsoo lub dav hlau tawv, lub qhov tau tsim los kwv yees li ob zaug loj dua li ntawm 20-mm tawg ua qhov projectile.
Rov qab rau xyoo 1930s lig, cov kws tsim qauv German pib tsim 30-hli dav hlau phom. Riam phom ntawm lub peev xwm no tau npaj rau cov neeg tawm tsam tawm tsam cov foob pob ntev-ntau, thiab nws kuj tseem yuav yog ib feem ntawm kev ua tub rog tiv thaiv lub dav hlau tua rog thiab tiv thaiv dav hlau tiv thaiv submarine. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1940, Rheinmetall-Borsig AG tau qhia txog Maschinenkanone.101 (MK.101) 30 hli dav hlau phom. Txog kev tua los ntawm rab phom no, tau tsim lub zog loj 30x184 mm. Ib rab phom-tho qhov projectile hnyav 455 g, nrog qhov pib nrawm ntawm 760 m / s, thaum tsoo ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm qhov deb ntawm 300 m, tuaj yeem nkag mus rau 32 mm ntawm cov cuab yeej ua rog. Tom qab ntawd, cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej siv phom sabot tau tsim rau lub dav hlau 30 hli, uas nyob deb li ntawm 300 m, thaum tsoo ntawm lub kaum sab xis 60º, tuaj yeem nkag mus rau 50 mm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm MK.101 kev siv lub tshuab ua haujlwm yog ua raws qhov luv luv ntawm lub thoob. Cov tshuab siv sib txuas ua rau nws tuaj yeem tua ob leeg txhaj tshuaj thiab tawg ntawm tus nqi nce mus txog 260 rds / min. Khoom noj tau nqa los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm uas muaj peev xwm ntawm 10 ncig lossis 30 nruas nruas. Qhov hnyav ntawm rab phom nrog lub nruas rau 30 ncig yog 185 kg. Qhov ntev ntawm rab phom yog 2592 hli. Vim yog qhov hnyav thiab qhov ntev, thiab vim muaj peev xwm ntawm lub khw, rab phom dav hlau no tsis tau siv dav. Thaum pib xyoo 1942, muaj qhov hloov kho tau tshwm sim, uas tswj kom tshem tawm ntau qhov tsis txaus. Tus tshiab 30 mm MK.103 rab phom hnyav 145 kg tsis muaj mos txwv. Qhov hnyav ntawm lub thawv nrog kab xev rau 100 txhaj tshuaj yog 94 kg. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab ua haujlwm tau sib xyaw: kev tshem tawm ntawm lub tes tsho, kev muab cov kab ntawv tom ntej thiab kev nce qib ntawm daim kab xev tshwm sim vim qhov rov qab luv luv ntawm lub thoob, thiab tshem tawm cov hmoov av tau siv los tsoo lub qhov rooj thiab qhib lub qhov txhab. Lub foob pob hluav taws MK 103 tau siv los ntawm cov hlau xaim hlua nrog qhov ntev ntawm 70-125 lub plhaub. Tus nqi hluav taws - txog 420 rds / min. Qhov kev tua ncaj qha yog 800 meters.
Hais txog txheej txheej ntawm tus yam ntxwv, rab phom MK.103 tej zaum yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm nws cov phooj ywg hauv chav kawm. Cov kws paub tshwj xeeb hauv tebchaws Soviet tau paub txog kev ntes MK.103 ntsuas nws zoo. Hauv qhov lus xaus, raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ntsuas, nws tau sau tseg tias 30-hli German txoj siv dav dav siv phom dav hlau muaj qhov hluav taws kub siab rau nws lub peev xwm. Kev tsim riam phom yog qhov yooj yim heev thiab ntseeg tau. Qhov tsis zoo tseem ceeb, raws li peb cov kws tshaj lij, yog lub zog poob siab thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab. Hais txog qhov nyuaj ntawm cov yam ntxwv sib ntaus, MK.103 tau tuav txoj haujlwm nruab nrab nruab nrab ntawm 23-mm VYa rab phom thiab 37-mm NS-37 thiab, feem ntau, yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev tso phom dav hlau tiv thaiv. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj zog rov zoo li qub, uas ntau lub qhov quav muzzle nres tsis tuaj yeem ua kom mos, thiab qhov ntse ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis siv neeg txwv kev siv 30-hli rab phom loj uas yog ib feem ntawm kev siv riam phom ntawm ib leeg-cav sib ntaus. Kev tsim cov MK.103 tau ua tiav los ntawm nruab nrab xyoo 1942 txog rau Lub Ob Hlis 1945, thiab cov lej tseem ceeb ntawm cov phom 30-mm tsis tau lees paub tau ntim hauv cov chaw khaws khoom ntawm Luftwaffe, uas dhau los ua qhov laj thawj rau lawv siv hauv kev tiv thaiv dav hlau.
Nyob rau thawj theem, zoo li muaj lwm lub dav hlau tshuab rab phom thiab phom loj, MK.103 tau teeb tsa ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua tiv thaiv dav hlau. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1943, thawj rab phom 30 hli tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov qub thiab zoo li cov nyom. Yog li, cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv av ntawm Luftwaffe tau sim ntxiv dag zog rau kev tiv thaiv huab cua ntawm tshav dav hlau.
Qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws thaum tua ntawm lub hom phiaj huab cua tau ua: 330 g lub foob pob tawg loj 3 cm M.-Gesch. o. Zerl., Muaj 80 g ntawm TNT, thiab 320 g ntawm cov khoom tawg loj 3 cm M.-Gesch. Luag o. Zerl., Nkag nrog 71 g ntawm phlegmatized RDX sib xyaw nrog hmoov txhuas. Rau kev sib piv: Soviet 37-mm fragmentation-tracer projectile UOR-167 hnyav 0.732 g, uas tau suav nrog hauv cov mos txwv ntawm 61-K tiv thaiv lub dav hlau phom tshuab, muaj 37 g ntawm TNT.
Tuav lub foob pob loj 30-mm rau hauv ib feem ntawm Il-2 lub dav hlau nres ua rau tuag taus. Txog kev tsim khoom tshwj xeeb muaj zog 30-hli qhov projectiles nrog qhov sib xyaw ua kom tawg siab heev, siv tshuab "nqus cov duab", ua raws li kev tshem tawm ntawm lub cev hlau nrog cov dej ntws ntau zaus.
Hauv nruab nrab xyoo 1943, tus tsim qauv ntawm Waffenfabrik Mauser AG, los ntawm kev siv lub dav hlau phom loj ntawm lub tshuab 20-mm Flak 38 phom tiv thaiv dav hlau, tsim 3.0 cm Flak 103/38 kev teeb tsa. improvisation ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, feem ntau nws tau dhau los ua qhov ua tiav zoo.
Piv rau rab phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau 20-mm, qhov nce ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov chav phom loj tau ua rau qhov hnyav nce li ntawm 30%. Qhov hnyav ntawm 3.0 cm Flak 103/38 hauv txoj haujlwm thauj khoom yog 879 kg, tom qab sib cais ntawm lub log mus - 619 kg. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij kwv yees, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau 30 hli tau nce li 1.5 npaug. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov hluav taws kub zoo tau nce los ntawm 20%, tab sis vim yog siv txoj siv pub mis thiab lub thawv 40 lub plhaub, qhov sib ntaus sib tua ntawm hluav taws tau nce ntau. Ib qho ntxiv, lub zog ntawm 30-mm projectile yog ob zaug loj dua li 20-mm projectile. Yog li, txhawm rau tua lub dav hlau tiv thaiv phom los yog lub tshuab ntxaib ntxaib lub foob pob tawg, raws li txoj cai, nws tsis siv ntau tshaj li 2-3 zaug los ntawm kev faib khoom tawg lossis 1 ntaus los ntawm cov foob pob tawg loj. Txij li qhov hnyav dua 30-mm projectile tau qeeb qeeb kom poob nws lub zog, qhov siab tshaj oblique tua ntau ntawm huab cua lub hom phiaj yog 5700 m, qhov siab nce mus txog 4700 m.
Ib rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau siv dav dav raws li MK.103 ntawm tus qauv 20-hli rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau 2.0 cm Flak 38 tau siv ob qho tib si hauv qhov rub tawm, muab tso rau ntawm lub cev ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tiv thaiv tub rog lossis hauv lub cev ntawm cov tsheb thauj khoom.
Feem ntau, phom ntev 30 hli tau teeb tsa ntawm Steyr 2000A cov tsheb thauj khoom. Austrian-ua ntau lub hom phiaj tsheb Steyr 270 thaum Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob tau nthuav dav hauv cov tub rog German. Txhua lub log tsheb Austrian muaj nyob hauv txhua ceg ntawm cov tub rog thiab tau siv los thauj cov tub rog thiab ntau yam khoom. Steyr 1500A nrog 85 hp lub cav. tuaj yeem nqa txog 1.5 tons lossis ua lub tsheb laij teb lub teeb. Xyoo 1944, qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm Steyr 2000A nrog lub peev xwm nqa tau 2 tons mus rau hauv kev tsim khoom.
Los ntawm cov qauv no, Graubschat Berlin hauv ib nrab ntawm xyoo 1944 tau tsim Steyr 2000A mit 3, 0 cm Flak 103/38 "Jaboschreck" tiv thaiv lub dav hlau phom tua tus kheej. Kev sib dhos zaum kawg ntawm ZSU tau tshwm sim ntawm Ostbau cog hauv Sagan (tam sim no Poland). Txhawm rau txo tus nqi ntawm kev tsim khoom, lub tsev tau qhib. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv huab cua tsis zoo, lub laj kab tuaj yeem ntsia tau rau ntawm tus neeg tsav tsheb lub chaw ua haujlwm thiab lub cev ntawm cov arches uas tshem tau. Ntxiv nrog rau daim npog tiv thaiv tiv thaiv, kev suav ntawm kev tiv thaiv lub dav hlau tiv thaiv tus kheej lub foob phom tsis tau npog los ntawm ib yam dab tsi los ntawm cov mos txwv thiab cov foob pob tawg, thiab vim li ntawd, nws tau ua rau muaj kev phom sij heev thaum tshem tawm huab cua.
Tus naj npawb tseeb ntawm kev tsim ZSU tsis paub, raws li ntau qhov chaw, lawv tau tso tawm los ntawm 50 txog 70 units. Xws li cov lej me me ntawm cov koog uas tsim los ntawm tus kheej yog tsim los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lawv cov khoom tau tsim los ntawm lub tuam txhab, uas tau raug ntes sai sai los ntawm kev nce qib ntawm pab tub rog liab.
Ntxiv nrog rau kev tsim kho tsis siv neeg ZSU ntawm lub tsheb thauj khoom, 30-hli dav hlau phom tau siv los ua tus kheej tiv thaiv cov phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau raws li Czech-ua lub tso tsheb hlau luam Pz. Kpfw. 38 (t). Sab nrauv, lub tsheb no tsis sib txawv los ntawm kev tsim ua ntu zus ZSU Flakpanzer 38 (t) nrog rab phom 20 mm tsis siv neeg.
Kev txiav txim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws tseg, xyoo 1945, ua ntej xaus qhov kev tawm tsam hauv ntau lub Flakpanzer 38 (t) tiv thaiv dav hlau tso tsheb hlau luam, 2.0 cm Flak 38 cov phom xa hluav taws xob tau hloov los ntawm 3.0 cm Flak 103/38. Lub Tsib Hlis 1945 koom nrog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Czechoslovakia.
Tsis tas li ntawd, ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm Pz. Kpfw.38 (t) lub tank xyoo 1945, Kleiner Kugelblitz (German Small Ball Lightning) ZSU nrog cov phom 30-mm tau tsim. Ib qho kev teeb tsa zoo sib xws, hu ua "Kugelblitz" (German. Fireball), tau tsim ntawm lub chassis ntawm PzKpfw IV lub tank nruab nrab. Txog thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov rog, Cov Neeg German tswj hwm tso rau XNUMX ZSU nrog 30-hli txim taws, uas nkag mus rau kev sim tub rog.
Lub pej thuam rau "Pob Xob" nrog ob rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tau tsim los ntawm Daimler-Benz thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1944. Lub pej thuam kheej kheej yog welded los ntawm 20-hli armor thiab, siv lub gimbal raug tshem tawm, tau teeb tsa hauv qhov ruaj khov 30-mm armor casing.
Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1944, Czech tuam txhab Waffenwerke Brünn (zoo li Zbrojovka Brno tau hu thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm) tau pib tsim cov phom tua phom loj 3.0 cm MK 303 (Br), tseem hu ua 3.0 cm Flakzwilling MK 303 (Br). Tsis zoo li 3, 0 cm Flak 103/38 nrog txoj siv pub mis, rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau tshiab muaj lub kaw lus muab cov mos txwv los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm rau 10 lub plhaub, nrog rau qhov hluav taws kub los ntawm ob lub thoob mus txog 900 rds / min. Ua tsaug rau lub thoob ntev dua, qhov muzzle nrawm ntawm AP plhaub tau nce mus rau 900 m / s. Kev tua ntau yam ntawm lub hom phiaj huab cua - txog 3000 m.
Thaum xub thawj, rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau 30 hli tau npaj rau kev teeb tsa ntawm lub nkoj. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau ntawm 3.0 cm Flakzwilling MK 303 (Br) tau siv rau hauv av raws txoj haujlwm nyob ruaj ruaj. Ua ntej kev swb ntawm lub tebchaws Yelemes, ntau dua 220 rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau 3.0 cm MK 303 (Br) tau xa mus rau cov tub rog. Hauv lub sijhawm tom qab ua tsov rog, ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev teeb tsa tsim los ntawm German xaj, 30-hli ntxaib tiv thaiv dav hlau phom ZK-453 (M53) tau tsim hauv Czechoslovakia, uas tau tsim tawm hauv qhov rub tawm thiab tau siv los ua ib feem ntawm ZSU M53 / 59.
Los ntawm kev sib piv nrog 20-mm plaub-rab phom tiv thaiv dav hlau 2.0 cm Flakvierling 38, thaum kawg xyoo 1944, 3.0 cm Flakvierling 103/38 tau tsim los siv rab phom MK.103. Sab nrauv, 30-mm quad mount sib txawv los ntawm 20-mm ntev dua thiab tuab dua cov thooj av nruab nrog ntau lub qhov rooj muzzle nres.
Piv rau 2.0 cm Flakvierling 38, qhov hnyav ntawm 3.0 cm Flakvierling 103/38 hauv qhov chaw tua hluav taws tau nce li 300 kg. Tab sis qhov nce ntawm qhov hnyav tau ntau dua li offset los ntawm cov yam ntxwv sib ntaus sib tua. Hauv 6 vib nas this, chav plaub plaub tuaj yeem tua 160 lub foob pob tawg tas li, nrog rau tag nrho qhov hnyav ntawm 72 kg. Qhov kev hais kom Verkhmat tau npaj los ua kom lub zog tua hluav taws ntawm cov phom tiv thaiv tus kheej thiab rov txhim kho Flakpanzer IV "Wirbelwind" ZSU nrog plaub rab phom 30 mm mm. Cov phom tiv thaiv lub dav hlau no tau txais lub npe Zerstorer 45, thiab thaum Lub Ib Hlis 1945, Ostbau Werke tau tsim qhov kev sim ua qauv. Hais txog lub zog tua hluav taws, ZSU no tsis muaj qhov sib piv nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd thiab tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj rau ob qho kev sib ntaus sib tua dav hlau ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw siab thiab rau lub tank Soviet. Tab sis kev nce qib sai ntawm Red Army tsis tso cai rau kev tsim cov phom loj tiv thaiv tus kheej, muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj zog ntxiv dag zog rau tub rog German tiv thaiv huab cua. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, German thiab Czech cov tuam txhab tau sib sau ua ke txog 500 ib leeg-barreled, ua khub thiab plaub npaug chav chambered rau 30x184 mm. Lub teb chaws Yelemees cov peev txheej txwv, qhov tsis tu ncua ntawm kev tiv thaiv cov nroj tsuag tiv thaiv, thiab kev ua tiav ntawm Red Army tsis tso cai tso tawm 30-mm cov phom tiv thaiv dav hlau hauv qhov ntau uas tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev ua phem.
