Cov tshuaj cug yog cov khoom siv tub rog Lavxias nkaus xwb. Nws ntseeg tias tau tsim los ntawm tus kws lis haujlwm Lavxias thiab tus kws tsim choj Leonid Nikolayevich Gobyato. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj lwm tus neeg sib tw hauv keeb kwm Lavxias, tab sis lawv txhua tus tau cuam tshuam nrog kev tiv thaiv ntawm Port Arthur. Kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub fortress sai txav mus rau qhov chaw, "trench" theem, uas yuav tsum tau riam phom tshiab los ntawm cov tub rog nrog lub hinged hinged tua trajectory. Qhov no yog li cas "cov tshuaj khib kuv" lossis "phom Gobyato" tau tshwm sim, tua tus pas nrig, zoo li lub ntsej muag zoo li rab phom raws txoj kab hinged thiab yav tom ntej muab lub npe rau yam tshiab ntawm cov phom loj.
Peb lub xyoos dhau los, pib ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, Cov Tub Rog Liab tau los txog nrog kev tsim cov txheej txheem ntawm cov phom cug. Cov Tub Rog Liab tau ua tub rog nrog 50-mm lub tuam txhab mortars, 82-mm cov tub rog cug phom thiab 120-mm regimental mortars (rau cov phom phom sib faib 107-mm roob-pob zeb pob zeb) Lawm, qhov loj tshaj plaws thiab nthuav dav yog 50-mm lub tuam txhab tshuaj khib. Raws li Lub Rau Hli 1, 1941, muaj kwv yees li 24 txhiab yam tshuaj khib hauv cov tub rog.
50-mm mortar RM-38
Txog kev txhim kho riam phom no hauv peb lub tebchaws, Soviet tus kws tsim cov phom thiab dav hlau Boris Ivanovich Shavyrin tau ua ntau yam. Xyoo 1937-1938-hauv Chaw Tsim Tshwj Xeeb No. 4 (SKB-4) ntawm Leningrad Artillery Plant No. 7 npe tom qab MV Frunze (cog "Arsenal") nyob hauv kev saib xyuas ncaj qha ntawm Boris Shavyrin thiab nrog nws koom nrog ncaj qha, Soviet txheej txheem cug tau tsim riam phom (50-mm tuam txhab, 82-mm battalion, 107-mm roob-pob thiab 120-mm regimental mortars). Kev paub txog kev sib ntaus sib tua siv cov tshuaj khib thaum muaj kev sib cav ntawm Khalkhin Gol River thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum Tsov Rog Finnish xyoo 1939-1940 tau qhia tias cov mos txwv mos txwv yog cov riam phom tsis tseem ceeb hauv kev sib ntaus niaj hnub no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau qhov nyuaj nyuaj.
Boris Ivanovich Shavyrin yog qhov tseeb tuaj yeem ua pov thawj rau cov tub rog tias cov phom tsis yog qee yam "surrogate" ntawm cov phom loj uas tuaj yeem siv thaum tsis muaj nws (raws li qee tus thawj coj tub rog hauv kev ua thawj coj ntawm Red Army ntseeg), tab sis yam riam phom ywj pheej uas tsim los daws cov phiaj xwm sib ntaus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws kuj tau tiv thaiv cov riam phom yooj yim zoo li cov tshuaj khib hauv tuam txhab, uas, hauv nws lub tswv yim, yuav tsum tau dhau los ua riam phom sib tua zoo heev, sib txuas ua ke, nrog rau kev yooj yim ntawm cov cuab yeej thiab tuav, siab maneuverability thiab zoo raug ntawm hluav taws ntawm luv nrug.
Tus kws tsim qauv nkag siab tias chav ua tub rog xav tau nws tus kheej cov phom loj uas tsis cuam tshuam nws txoj kev ua haujlwm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ib rab phom twg uas yuav tau txuas rau lub tuam txhab phom yuav ua rau lub chaw tsis muaj neeg txav mus los. Rov qab rau xyoo 1936, Boris Shavyrin pib tsim lub xov tooj ntawm tes thiab kev cog lus du-tho 50 mm mortar. Tus kws tsim qauv tau xaiv cov txheej txheem ntawm daim duab peb sab xav txog: ob sab ntawm ob txhais ceg nqa thiab ib lub thoob, qhov thib peb yog kab uas muaj kab uas tau khiav raws hauv av nruab nrab ntawm cov ntsiab lus txhawb nqa. Thaum lub sijhawm txhim kho, cov tshuaj khib tshiab tau hu ua "Wasp".
Designer Boris Ivanovich Shavyrin
"Wasp", raws li cov tshuaj khib tshiab tau xub hu ua, tau npaj rau kev txhawb nqa hluav taws ncaj qha ntawm kev nqis tes ua ntawm lub tuam txhab phom.50-mm mortar tau npaj yuav siv los rhuav tshem tus yeeb ncuab lub peev xwm, nrog rau tua nws cov riam phom tua hluav taws nyob hauv ob qho chaw qhib thiab hauv cov chaw tiv thaiv thiab ntawm qhov rov qab nqes hav ntawm qhov siab. Vim nws qhov hnyav tsis ntau (tsuas yog 12 kg), tsuas yog ib tus neeg tuaj yeem nqa cov tshuaj cug rau hauv tshav rog. Thaum lub sijhawm kev sib tw, peb lub cug ntoo tuaj yeem ntim thiab thauj tau siv tshwj xeeb uas tsim los ntawm cov tsheb thauj khoom hauv xyoo 1938 - MP -38. Lub tsheb thauj khoom no tau tsim tshwj xeeb rau kev txav los ntawm ib tus nees, txawm hais tias nws tau tawg. Hauv kev sib tw, ntxiv rau peb lub phom, lub tsheb thauj khoom thauj 24 lub tais nrog cov mines (168 min) thiab cov khoom seem. Ib qho ntxiv, cov khoom ntim tau tsim uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nqa tau cov tshuaj khib nyob tom qab ntawm ib tus ntawm cov neeg coob coob ntawm cov neeg taug kev (cov neeg ua haujlwm cug muaj ob tus neeg). Cov mines tau coj los ntawm cov neeg tua rog hauv 7 daim hauv cov tais.
Tom qab ua qhov kev sim luv, cov tshuaj phom tau txais los ntawm Red Army raws li kev tsim los ntawm 50-mm lub tuam txhab tshuaj khib ntawm xyoo 1938 tus qauv (RM-38) thiab muab tso rau hauv ntau lawm. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj khib tshiab yog tias kev tua tau ua tiav ntawm ob lub kaum sab xis ntawm lub thoob: 45 thiab 75 degrees. Kev hloov kho qhov sib txawv tau ua tiav siv lub npe hu ua lub crane nyob deb, uas tau nyob hauv lub qhov ncauj ntawm lub thoob thiab tso qee qhov nkev tawm sab nraud, vim qhov no, lub siab hauv lub thoob tau txo qis. Lub kaum sab xis nce ntawm 45 degrees tau muab ntau qhov kev tua ntau tshaj plaws, nce mus txog 800 meters, thiab nrog lub kaum sab xis nce ntawm 75 degrees thiab qhib tag nrho cov chaw taws teeb crane, qhov tsawg kawg ntawm kev tua yog 200 meters. Thaum tua cov tshuaj khib rau tag nrho cov kab, tsuas yog siv tus nqi xwb. Ib qho kev hloov pauv ntxiv hauv thaj chaw tua hluav taws kuj tau ua los ntawm kev hloov txoj hauv kev ntawm lub foob pob zeb hauv cov phom hauv kev cuam tshuam nrog lub hauv paus ntawm lub thoob vim yog lub txawb txawb, vim qhov hloov pauv ntawm chav nyob. Lub tuam txhab 50-mm mortar tau nruab nrog lub tshuab yooj yim pom uas tsis muaj cov cuab yeej kho qhov muag.
Qhov sib thooj German sib piv yog 50-mm mortar, uas tau txais lub npe 5cm leichter Granatenwerfer 36 hauv pab tub rog German. Piv txwv li, RM-38 tuaj yeem pov 850-gram kuv ntawm qhov deb ntawm 800 metres, thaum lub German mortar hnyav 14 kg (ob kilograms ntau dua li Soviet ib leeg) tuaj yeem tua cov mos txwv hnyav dua (kuv qhov hnyav 910 grams) ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 500 meters … Cov neeg German tseem ntseeg tias yuav tsum tau cug phom rau cov tub rog, lawv nkag mus rau hauv pab tub rog, cov tub rog thiab cov SS. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 1, 1941, Cov tub rog German muaj 14,913 ntawm cov phom 50-mm thiab yuav luag 32 lab rau lawv. Raws li cov xeev, ib qho tshuaj khib li no tau poob rau ntawm txhua tus tub rog, thiab hauv kev faib yuav tsum muaj 84 ntawm lawv.
Cov tub rog ntawm "Greater Germany" faib nrog Granatenwerfer 36 50 mm cug nyob rau xyoo 1942
Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias peb txav deb ntawm cov ntawv hauv daim ntawv tseem ceeb, nws tuaj yeem sau tseg tias cov tshuaj khib German muaj tus lej ntawm qhov zoo dua li Soviet tus khub ntawm tib lub peev xwm. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tiag, lawv tuaj yeem dhau los ua tus muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua li lub peev xwm ua kom yeej lub hom phiaj ntawm thaj tsam li 800 meters. Nrog rau qhov hnyav ntawm 14 kg, German Granatenwerfer 36 cug tau zoo tshaj tsis yog rau cov neeg Soviet nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog rau cov qauv ntawm Askiv thiab Nyij Pooj ntawm cov phom loj tib yam. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov hnyav dua tau muab nws nrog kev ruaj ntseg ntau dua, thiab yog li qhov tseeb thaum tua. Tsim nyob rau xyoo 1936 los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij ntawm Rheinmetall lub tuam txhab nto moo, cov tshuaj khib tau tsim raws li "phiaj xwm dig muag", thaum tag nrho cov ntsiab lus thiab cov txheej txheem tau nyob ntawm lub hauv paus phaj. Cov tshuaj khib tuaj yeem nqa tau yooj yim los ntawm tus tuav thaum ua ke tag nrho, nws tuaj yeem teeb tsa sai sai thiab qhib hluav taws ntawm tus yeeb ncuab. Lub hom phiaj ntsug tau ua tiav hauv thaj tsam ntawm 42-90 degrees, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ntaus lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov luv, qhov pom tsawg kawg yog 50 meters, rau Soviet RM-38 mortar-tsuas yog 200 meters. Lwm qhov zoo ntawm German cug yog lub thoob me me ntev - 456 mm (piv rau 780 mm rau Soviet tus neeg sib tw), uas tso cai rau cov neeg ua haujlwm cug kom nce me ntsis li sai tau saum cov tub rog / tuam txhab ua haujlwm, ua rau lawv muaj peev xwm swb nrog rab phom tshuab thiab tshuaj tua phom ntawm cov yeeb ncuab. Soviet mortars RM-38 yuav tsum tau siv sijhawm ntau los teeb tsa, thiab tseem sib txawv hauv lub thoob loj uas haum, uas tsis qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm cug rau ntawm tshav rog.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, German mortar 5cm leichter Granatenwerfer 36 muaj qhov tsis zoo. Piv txwv li, tus txheej txheem German 50-mm kuv tau nruab nrog lub fuse rhiab heev, yog li cov cai lij choj txwv tsis pub tua phom hauv nag hnyav, uas tuaj yeem ua rau lub foob pob tawg thaum raug rho tawm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tshuaj khib nws tus kheej tau txiav txim los ntawm cov neeg German kom tsis ntseeg tau. Hauv kwv yees li 1-2 feem pua ntawm cov xwm txheej, cov pob zeb tawg tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub thoob, thiab nws kuj tseem tau sau tseg ntau zaus tias lub mine tsuas tsis ya tawm ntawm lub thoob thaum tua.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, ob lub Soviet thiab German cov phom tuaj yeem sau tseg raws li swb hauv kev sib piv rau cov qauv zoo sib xws ntawm cov phom loj, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm 60 hli. Nws yuav zoo li qhov sib txawv tsuas yog ib centimeter, tab sis qhov centimeter no yog qhov tseem ceeb, tig lub tuam txhab tshuaj khib rau hauv ntau yam riam phom uas muaj zog ntau dua ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj thiab lub zog puas tsuaj. Cov phom zoo sib xws tau ua haujlwm nrog Fab Kis thiab Asmeskas cov tub rog. Raws li Fab Kis 60-mm cug, ua raws li lub phiaj xwm daim duab peb sab, cov neeg Asmeskas tau tsim lawv tus kheej M2 cug, uas yog riam phom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Cov cug zoo li no muaj qhov phom sij txaus ntshai - 1810 metres thiab qhov zoo tshaj rau kuv - 1330 grams. Kev ua tau zoo rau cov tshuaj phom hnyav 19 kg, thaum qhov ntev ntawm nws lub thoob tseem tsawg dua li lub thoob ntawm 50-mm Soviet mortars. Tom qab xaus Kev Tsov Rog Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, 60-mm American M2 mortars, uas ntau dua 67.5 txhiab units tau tsim, tau tawm tsam ntev hauv ntau qhov kev tsov kev rog hauv ntiaj teb thiab kev tsis sib haum xeeb thoob ntiaj teb.
Tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog liab qhia cov tub rog ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Sab Hnub Poob 50-mm lub tuam txhab tshuaj khib, qauv 1938, Lub Peb Hlis-Tsib Hlis 1942, duab: waralbum.ru
Rov qab mus rau RM-38 tshuaj khib, nws tuaj yeem sau tseg tias thawj qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua siv "Wasp" tau nthuav tawm qhov kev tsim tsis raug. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, qhov loj dua qhov loj dua tsis suav qhov suav. Thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab ua teb, pom tau ntau zaus raug tsoo, uas tau txuas nrog nyuaj thiab tsis ntseeg tau, thaum pom lub tshuab nws tus kheej tuaj yeem nrawm thiab yooj yim tau qias neeg. Cov nplai ntawm cov chaw taws teeb crane tsis sib xws nrog cov phom tua. Ua raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ua tsov rog Finnish, kev txiav txim siab tau ua kom zoo dua niaj hnub no, txoj haujlwm tau tso siab rau tus tsim qauv Vladimir Shamarin. Nws tsim RM-40 cug, khaws cov txheej txheem dav dav ntawm cov tshuaj khib uas tau txais los ntawm nws tus neeg ua ntej, nrog rau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm, ua kev hloov pauv mus rau hauv tus lej ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv pab tub rog. Yog li lub hauv paus phaj tam sim no tau tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus thiab tau nruab nrog lub visor, uas xav tias yuav tiv thaiv cov neeg ua haujlwm cug los ntawm hmoov av thiab roj cua kub thaum tua. Tsis tas li, Vladimir Shamarin tau ua kom yooj yim rau kev tsim cov crane nyob deb, qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm txo qhov hnyav thiab qhov loj ntawm cov tshuaj khib. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov tsawg kawg ntawm kev tua tau raug txo los ntawm 200 txog 60 metres, qhov kev txo qis tau ua tiav los ntawm kev tso cov hmoov av loj nrog cov crane qhib tag nrho, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev tua yog tib yam - 800 meters. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev ntseeg tau ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov pom thiab qhov txo qis ntawm qib pom thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab ua teb tsis tuaj yeem tshem tawm.
Twb tau nyob rau thaum Kev Tsov Rog Zoo Tshaj Plaws, cov tshuaj phom sij tau hloov kho dua tshiab. Xyoo 1941, tus qauv yooj yim tau tshwm sim, uas tau txais lub npe PM-41. Ib qho kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb yog tam sim no, zoo li cov neeg German, cov tshuaj khib tau tsim raws li "phiaj xwm dig muag" - txhua feem ntawm nws yog nyob ntawm lub hauv paus phaj. Lub thoob tsuas tuaj yeem muab ob lub kaum kom ruaj khov - 50 thiab 75 degrees, cov pa hluav taws sib faib nqi tau nce ob npaug, uas yog, txhua qhov tig ntawm lub crane los ntawm ib kauj ruam txhais tau tias txo qis hauv kev tua los ntawm 20 meters (nrog 50- qib siab nce qib) lossis 10 meters (ntawm 75-degree pob tw nce siab). Qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom siab tau teeb tsa siv tus zawv zawg, uas tau muab tso rau ntawm lub qhov hluav taws xob raj thiab txav nrog nws. Ib qho yooj yim tuav tau tshwm rau ntawm lub tshuaj khib, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm nqa tau cov tshuaj khib sai sai hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab npaj nws rau qhib hluav taws. Qhov hnyav ntawm RM-41 mortar hauv txoj haujlwm sib ntaus tsis tshaj 10 kg. Qhov phom sij ntawm cov phom yog 30 ncig ib feeb (rau German Granatenwerfer 36 - 15-25 puag ncig ib feeb).
50-mm mortar RM-40
Ua ke nrog cov tshuaj khib, ib qho hlau rau-tus lej faib ua kuv tus lej 0-822 thiab cov hlau cam khwb cia plaub-ntu kev faib ua kuv tus lej 0-822A tuaj yeem siv tau. Tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tua phom nyob hauv qab daim cartridge hnyav tsuas yog 4.5 grams, tab sis qhov no txaus rau kuv lub ya ya tawm ntawm lub thoob ntawm qhov nrawm ntawm 95 m / s thiab npog qhov deb ntawm 800 meters rau cov yeeb ncuab txoj haujlwm. Tom qab ntawd, lwm qhov rau kuv ib sab 0-822Sh tau tshwm sim hauv kev pabcuam, uas hnyav 850 grams nrog tus nqi tsub kom txo rau 4 grams. RM-41 cug tau nquag tsim los ntawm xyoo 1941 txog 1943, lub sijhawm no ntau dua 130 txhiab daim ntawm cov tshuaj cug no tau tsim hauv USSR, cov khoom lag luam siab ntau tau hais meej qhia qhov yooj yim ntawm kev tsim thiab kev tsim khoom zoo ntawm nws cov khoom.
Tus nqi ntawm 50-mm mortars maj mam poob qis thaum ua tsov rog. Heev feem ntau lawv yuav tsum tau siv nyob ze ntawm tus yeeb ncuab, uas ua rau yooj yim unmasking ntawm kev suav thiab lawv swb nrog cov caj npab me me. Ib qho ntxiv, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm 50-mm kev faib ua feem rau kuv yog qhov qis heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws tsoo daus, av nkos, cov av nkos. Tab sis txawm hais tias muaj qhov ua tsis tau zoo tam sim no thiab tsis yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws hauv kev sib piv nrog cov phom loj dua, cov tuam txhab mortars tau txais lub koob npe zoo ntawm cov tub rog, vim tias lawv feem ntau tsuas yog cov uas tau muab kev pab tua hluav taws rau cov chav me me mus rau ib pab tub rog ncaj qha rau ntawm kab hauv ntej.
50-mm mortar RM-41
Nrog kev hloov pauv ntawm Red Army los ntawm kev tiv thaiv mus rau kev tawm tsam kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo thiab pom nyob rau hauv ntau qhov ua tau zoo ntawm 82-mm cov tub rog ua haujlwm zoo nyob rau xyoo 1943, 50-mm mortar ntawm RM tau raug tshem tawm ntawm cov khoom lag luam thiab cov cuab yeej ntawm cov chav ua ntej-kab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txog rau thaum kawg ntawm kev ua tsov rog, RM-38, RM-40 thiab RM-41 cug tau nquag siv los ntawm ntau qhov kev tsim ua ib feem, uas lub tuam txhab mortar tau xyaum ua tus sawv cev nkaus xwb ntawm cov phom loj. Qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb yog qhov tseeb tias Soviet 50-mm lub tuam txhab mortar tuaj yeem tua hluav taws German. Nws tsim nyog sau cia tias cov neeg German tau txiav tag nrho cov khoom lag luam ntawm lawv 50-mm Granatenwerfer 36 cug rau xyoo 1943.
