Tab sis flashes thiab tawg tau los ze dua thiab ze dua, Tsis muaj txoj kev cawm seej, tsis nyob ntawm no, Muaj cov phab ntsa nyob nrog kev sib tsoo, Muaj npau taws heev nplaim taws, Thiab lub nroog, thaiv los ntawm thaiv, Loj hlob nrog nyom tas mus li.
Herman Melville. Swamp Angel. Kev txhais lus los ntawm D. Schneerson
Riam phom los ntawm tsev cia puav pheej. Kev tshaj tawm ntawm "VO" ntawm kab lus "Cannon nrog lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj" ua rau tsis tsuas yog muaj kev tawm tsam zoo los ntawm nws cov neeg nyeem, tab sis kuj thov txuas ntxiv zaj dab neeg txog rab phom ntawm Tsov Rog Zaum Ob hauv Tebchaws Meskas. Zoo, zoo, lub ncauj lus no yog qhov nthuav heev. Yog li ntawd, hnub no nws yuav txuas ntxiv mus. Zoo, zaj dab neeg hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv yuav hais txog rab phom ntawm Robert Parker Parrott, lossis yooj yim "parrots", raws li cov tub rog Yankee hu lawv, txij li lo lus parrot hauv Lavxias tau txhais ua "parrot".
Cia peb pib nrog nws phau ntawv keeb kwm, vim nws tseem qhia tau zoo heev. Yav tom ntej tus tsim cov phom loj ntawm nws lub npe yug thaum Lub Kaum Hli 5, 1804 hauv nroog Lee, Strafford County, New Hampshire (USA). Nws yog tus tub hlob ntawm tus neeg tsav nkoj nto moo Portsmouth thiab Senator John Fabian Parrott. Nws niam, Hannah Skilling (Parker) Parrott, yog tus ntxhais Robert Parker ntawm Kittery, Maine, tus kws tsim nkoj thiab tus tswj hwm tus kheej thaum lub sijhawm Tsov Rog Tsov Rog.
Tom qab kawm tiav tsev kawm theem siab hauv Portsmouth, cov tub ntxhais hluas Parrott tau nkag mus rau Tebchaws Meskas Lub Tsev Haujlwm Tub Rog Tub Rog ntawm West Point thaum Lub Xya Hli 1, 1820, uas nws kawm tiav xyoo 1824, thib peb hauv kev kawm tau zoo ntawm peb caug-ib tus tub rog hauv nws chav kawm. Nws tau txais qib 2 tus tub ceev xwm, tab sis raug khaws cia hauv Tsev Kawm Qib Siab Tub Rog, qhov uas nws tau ua haujlwm tsib xyoos ua tus pab xibfwb qhia ntawv hauv Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tshawb Fawb. Qhov no tau ua raws ob xyoos ntawm kev pabcuam tub rog ntawm ib lub forts ze Portsmouth, nws tau txais qib ntawm thawj tus tub rog, tom qab ntawd, twb tau nyob hauv qib ntawm tus thawj coj, nws tau raug xaiv hauv xyoo 1836 rau Washington ua tus pab thawj ntawm lub chaw haujlwm ntawm mos txwv.. Tsis ntev nws lub peev xwm thiab kev paub tau nyiam mloog Kemble, tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm West Point Foundry Association, uas tau qhia tias Parrot tawm haujlwm los ntawm pab tub rog thiab dhau los ua tus thawj tswj tuav (tus thawj tswj hwm) ntawm nws lub tuam txhab.
Tsuas yog peb xyoos tom qab ntawd, nws ua tiav Kemble, yuav thaj tsam 7,000-evkawj hauv Nroog Orange, New York, thiab nrog nws tus tij laug Peter teeb tsa lub tsev tsim khoom tshiab tshaj plaws nyob ntawd, uas nws tau ua haujlwm ze li plaub caug xyoo. Xyoo 1849, nws tau kawm txog kev tsim khoom zais cia ntawm Krupp rab phom loj hauv tebchaws Yelemes thiab tsom mus rau nws cov phom thiab cov mos txwv rau lawv.
Rau ntau tshaj kaum xyoo, nws txuas ntxiv nws cov kev sim nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tsim cov phom loj uas siv tau uas yuav yooj yim hauv kev tsim thiab pheej yig tus nqi. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1, 1861, nws tau ua daim ntawv pov thawj tsim ntawm rab phom, uas muaj cov hlua hlau ua rau ntawm nws lub breech. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tsim khoom kuj tseem yog ib lub thoob ua los ntawm cov hlau ua hlau ntawm cov duab plaub fab, uas tau coiled thiab txuas rau hauv ib qho. Nws kuj tau tsim thiab thaum Lub Yim Hli 20, 1861 patented projectile rau phom phom, uas muaj lub nplhaib tooj dag ua rau ntawm qhov projectile thiab txuas rau nws, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov kev nqis tes ua ntawm cov hmoov av, nws muaj peev xwm nthuav dav thiab nias rau hauv rab phom ntawm chim. Parrott tau muab nws qhov kev txhim kho rau tsoomfwv ntawm tus nqi, thiab nrog kev tawm tsam Tsov Rog Zaum Ob nws tau txais kev xaj loj rau ob rab phom thiab phom. Raws li txoj cai ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, nws raug zam los ntawm kev them se cov nyiaj tau los, tab sis … nws tau them nws thiab tsuas yog luag thaum nug tias vim li cas nws thiaj ua. Parrott cov phom loj tau koom nrog thawj qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Bull Run, thiab tom qab ntawd yuav luag txhua qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua tseem ceeb, ob qho tib si hauv av thiab hauv hiav txwv. Lawv tau tsim hauv cov ntsuas sib txawv, los ntawm 10 txog 300 phaus, thiab nws ntseeg tias 200-phaus thiab 300-phaus phom Parrott yog cov phom loj tshaj plaws uas tau muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Ib qho ntxiv, lawv cov kev ua haujlwm tau zoo dua li cov phom ntev ntawm Europe.
Nrog qhov kawg ntawm kev ua siab phem, Parrott tseem tso tseg kev tsim riam phom. Xyoo 1867, nws tso siab rau kev tswj hwm kev lag luam rau nws tus tij laug, thiab thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1877 nws muag nws cov nyiaj tag nrho, so haujlwm, tab sis txuas ntxiv koom nrog hauv kev sim ua haujlwm thiab txawm tias muaj patented ntau qhov tshiab txhim kho qhov projectiles thiab fuses. Tom qab so haujlwm, Parrott tseem yog tus tswv cuab tseem ceeb ntawm zej zog, ua tus thawj txiav txim ntawm Putnam County Court of New York, txoj haujlwm uas nws tsis ntseeg yam tsis txaus ntseeg nws qhov kev paub ncaj ncees thiab kev nkag siab. Nws tuag rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 24, 1877.
Kev tsim kho ntawm Parrott cov phom phom loj tau zoo, tab sis lawv cov thoob tau siv zog tsim khoom. Yog li ntawd, nws txiav txim siab ua kom yooj yim dua. Tam sim no tus txheej txheem "parrott" yog ib thooj cam khwb cia hlau, uas yog cov ntaub qhwv liab liab liab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov yeeb nkab hlau tau muab tso nrog qhov cuam tshuam haum. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub thoob tau txias heev nrog dej txias, yog li ntawd cov ntaub qhwv nruj nreem nyem lub xub pwg ntawm rab phom. Cov zawj sab hauv lub thoob tau siv ntau txoj hauv kev, suav nrog cov txiv neej. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm Parrott cov phom yog qhov projectile, nrawm hauv lub thoob nrog cov phom phom, tau tshwm sim los rhuav lub qhov ncauj los ntawm nws. Nws tsis zoo siab, tab sis tseem zoo dua yog tias rab phom tau tawg nyob hauv lub qhov ncauj. Ntau tus tub ceev xwm tsis nyiam qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm Parrott cov phom. Muaj txawm tias tau sim txwv lawv hauv pab tub rog, tab sis nws tau muab tawm vim tias lawv cov nqi pheej yig, nws yuav nyuaj heev los hloov lawv nrog qee yam muaj nqis sib npaug. Nws tau tshwm sim, yog li ntawd, cov tub rog loj tau txuas ntxiv tua hluav taws los ntawm rab phom nrog daim npog qhov ncauj tawm, tsis ua tib zoo mloog rau qhov no. Zoo, tshwj tsis yog tias lawv tau sim zom cov ntu ntu!
Raws li tau sau tseg, Parrott cov phom sib txawv los ntawm qhov nrov 10-phaus caliber mus rau qhov hnyav 300-phaus caliber. Cov phom 10- thiab 20-phaus phom tau siv los ntawm ob pab tub rog, ob sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb. Lub 20-phaus phom loj yog rab phom loj tshaj plaws siv thaum ua tsov rog, nrog nws rab phom ib leeg hnyav dua 1,800 phaus. Cov phom 10-pounder tau tsim ua ob lub calibers: 2.9 ntiv tes (74 hli) thiab 3.0 ntiv tes (76 hli). Qhov no ua rau nws nyuaj rau muab cov roj teeb nrog cov mos txwv, thiab Confederates tshwj xeeb tau raug kev txom nyem los ntawm qhov no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev tua phom ntawm ob rab phom yeej tsis txawv thiab muaj txog li 2000 yards (1800 m). Qhov projectile kuj muaj qhov hnyav tib yam - 4.5 kg, tab sis lub sijhawm ya dav hlau mus rau qhov siab tshaj plaws yog txawv me ntsis. Kev suav ntawm ob rab phom suav nrog rau rau tus neeg.
Cov tub rog hauv tebchaws Union tseem siv cov tub rog ntawm Parrott cov phom loj hauv calibers 20, 30, 60 thiab 100 phaus. 100-phaus naval "parrot" tuaj yeem ncav cuag thaj tsam ntawm 6,900 yards (6,300 meters) ntawm qhov nce ntawm 25 degrees, thiab 80-phaus projectile ntawm 7,810 yards (7, 140 m) ntawm qhov nce ntawm 30 degrees.
Cov phom loj loj uas muaj rab phom Parrott (100 daim lossis ntau dua) tau siv hauv Asmeskas kev tiv thaiv ntug dej hiav txwv txij xyoo 1863 txog 1900, thaum lawv tau hloov los ntawm cov qauv siv niaj hnub no. Nrog rau Rodman cov phom loj, lawv tau ceeb toom thaum Tsov Rog Mev-Asmeskas Tsov Rog xyoo 1898, vim cov tub rog Asmeskas ntshai tsam tias lub nkoj Spanish tau foob pob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Tebchaws Meskas.
Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1863 Lub Koom Haum pab tub rog tau rov sim siv Fort Sumter, siv ob rab phom Whitworth 80-phaus, cuaj 100-phaus Parrots, rau rau 200-phaus Parrots thiab ib rab phom 300-phaus los foob pob Fort Sumter. Nws tau ntseeg tias kev nkag mus ntawm 10-nti projectile rau hauv cov khoom siv cib yuav yog rau rau rau xya taw, uas yog, nws yuav tsis zoo rau cov neeg nyob sab qab teb. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias muaj kev sib tsoo hnyav heev, lub fort tau tso cai tsuas yog thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1865.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Brigadier General Quincy Adams Gillmore tau siv 300-phaus Parrott rab phom los tsoo lub nroog Charleston los ntawm ib sab ntawm cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb tau ntes Morris Island. Los ntawm 22 txog 23 Lub Yim Hli 1863, rab phom hu ua "Swamp Angel" tau tua 36 zaug hauv nroog; ntawm qhov kev txhaj tshuaj thib 36, lub qhov ncauj tawm tuaj. Qhov ntu no tseem tsis tau tuag nyob hauv nqe - paj huam los ntawm Herman Melville, uas hu ua: "Swamp Angel".
Tom qab kev ua tsov rog, qhov riam phom puas tau raug thauj mus rau Trenton, New Jersey, qhov uas nws niaj hnub no khaws cia ua ib lub cim hauv Cadualader Park.
