Tus Tswv txib: “Mus, Mauxes, Mus rau thaj av Egyptian.
Qhia rau vaj ntxwv
Cia kuv cov neeg mus!
Huag! Cia Kuv Cov Neeg Mus: Zaj Nkauj ntawm Kev Tiv Thaiv, 1862
Riam phom los ntawm tsev cia puav pheej. Peb txuas ntxiv peb zaj dab neeg txog kev siv phom loj ntawm cov xeev sab qaum teb thiab yav qab teb uas tau tawm tsam thaum Tsov Rog Zaum 1861-1865. Niaj hnub no peb yuav tham txog cov yam ntxwv sib piv ntawm cov phom tom qab ntawd, ob qho tib si sib tsoo thiab phom ntev, uas tau ua haujlwm nrog cov neeg nyob sab qab teb thiab sab qaum teb.
Cov phom loj Smoothbore yog tus tseem ceeb nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd thiab mus txog nws qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Zoo, nws tau muab cais raws li kwv yees qhov hnyav ntawm cov tub ntxhais pov tseg, uas ib lossis lwm rab phom tua. Piv txwv li, rab phom 12-phaus 12-phaus muaj qhov taub txog 4.62 ntiv (117 mm). Raws li Asmeskas cov tub rog, nyob rau xyoo ua ntej ua tsov rog, rab phom ntawm 6, 9 thiab 12 phaus caliber, thiab 12 thiab 24 phaus howitzers tau tsim rau nws cov kev xav tau.
Cov phom loj 6-phaus tau sawv cev los ntawm cov qauv tooj liab los ntawm 1835, 1838, 1839 thiab 1841. Txawm tias cov phom hlau loj dua qub ntawm 1819 tus qauv tau siv, thiab xyoo 1861 lawv tau siv los ntawm ob sab. Cov phom loj 9- thiab 12-pounder tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim, vim tias lawv cov khoom lag luam tau me me heev tom qab tsov rog xyoo 1812. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog tsawg kawg ib lub tseem fwv tseem hwv roj teeb ("13th Indiana"), rab phom 12-pounder tau siv thaum pib ua tsov rog. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov phom hnyav no yog kev txav tsis tau zoo, vim tias lawv xav tau yim tus nees los siv, thaum rab phom sib zog xav tau rau rau, thiab txhua tus nees yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev ua tsov rog thaum lub sijhawm ntawd.
Cov phom nrov uas nrov tshaj plaws rau Pab Koomtes thiab Cov Tub Rog Hluav Taws Xob yog 1857 Lub Teeb 12-phaus qauv, feem ntau hu ua Napoleon. Tus qauv 1857 tau hnyav dua li rab phom 12 phaus yav dhau los thiab tuaj yeem rub los ntawm rau tus nees, tab sis tuaj yeem tua ob rab phom loj thiab cov foob pob tawg. Yog li ntawd, qee zaum nws tseem hu ua rab phom howitzer thiab tau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau nws qhov kev ua tau zoo.
Napoleon rab phom rab phom tau muaj npe tom qab Fab Kis Napoleon III thiab tau txais kev qhuas ntau rau nws kev nyab xeeb, kev ntseeg tau thiab lub zog puas tsuaj, tshwj xeeb yog nyob ze. Hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Lub Koom Haum nws tau hu ua "lub teeb 12-phaus phom" kom paub qhov txawv ntawm qhov hnyav dua thiab hnyav dua rab phom 12-phaus phom (uas yeej tsis tau siv dua hauv qhov chaw). Tsoomfwv qibsiab ntawm "Napoleon" tuaj yeem lees paub los ntawm kev nthuav dav ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm lub thoob, thaum cov phom ntawm cov phom ntawm Confederates feem ntau du.
Cov neeg nyob sab qab teb tau tsim lawv "Napoleons" hauv rau rau lub khoos phis tawj, feem ntau muaj cov kab ncaj, tab sis tsawg kawg yog yim ntawm 133 uas tau muaj txoj sia nyob niaj hnub no muaj cov qauv siv ib txwm muaj, tab sis cov npe sab qab teb. Ib qho ntxiv, plaub lub cam khwb cia hlau Napoleons los ntawm Tredegar Iron Works hauv Richmond tau pom. Thaum ntxov xyoo 1863, General Robert E. Lee tau xa feem ntau ntawm Northern Virginia Army cov tooj liab 6-phaus phom rau Tredegar kom xa mus rau Napoleons. Qhov tseeb yog tooj liab rau cov khoom tooj dag rau Confederation thoob plaws kev ua tsov rog tau dhau los ntau thiab ntau dua, thiab qhov xav tau nws tau dhau los tshwj xeeb thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1863, thaum cov tooj liab ntawm Ducktown ze Chattanooga raug ntes los ntawm pab tub rog ntawm sab qaum teb. Lub Koom Haum tau txiav txim siab tsis ua tooj liab Napoleons, thiab thaum Lub Ib Hlis xyoo 1864 Tredegar pib tsim lawv los ntawm cov hlau cam khwb cia.
Feem ntau ntawm Union Cov Tub Rog rab phom ntawm hom no tau tsim hauv Massachusetts los ntawm Ames thiab Revere Copper Company. Lub Koom Haum Ua Haujlwm tau tsim lawv hauv ntau qhov chaw hauv Tennessee, Louisiana, Mississippi, Virginia, Georgia, thiab South Carolina. Kev tsim cov phom no txawv me ntsis los ntawm kev tsim ntawm cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb, tab sis lawv siv tib rab phom 12-phaus, uas, ntawm chav kawm, yooj yim ntawm kev siv khoom plig.
Howitzers muaj cov thoob luv dua, siv cov hmoov me me thiab feem ntau yog tsim los tua cov foob pob tawg. Cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb thiab Qab Teb tau siv rab phom 12-phaus (4, 62-inch), 24-phaus (5, 82-nti) thiab 32-phaus (6, 41-inch) phom ntawm hom no. Feem ntau ntawm cov neeg siv tshuab ua tsov rog yog tooj liab, tshwj tsis yog qee qhov ua hauv xeev yav qab teb.
Tus txheej txheem yog 12-phaus teb howitzer, uas tau qhia los ntawm 1838 thiab 1841 qauv. Txij li 12-pounder "Napoleon" tsis muaj txoj hauv kev zoo dua rau nws, cov neeg nyob sab qaum teb tsis siv nws, tab sis tus kws tshaj lij no tseem ua haujlwm nrog pab tub rog ntawm sab qab teb mus txog thaum kawg kev ua tsov rog. Hnyav hnyav 24- thiab 32-phaus howitzers tau siv rau hauv kev tiv thaiv ruaj khov.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Zaum 1861-1865 xav txog lawv qhov tshwj xeeb, uas kos duab ntawm kev ua tsov rog yuav tsum suav nrog. Qhov tseeb yog tias cov tub rog tau tig los ua riam phom uas muaj rab phom ntev thiab tam sim no muaj peev xwm khaws cov phom loj sab nraum qhov chaw tua hluav taws tau zoo. Ntawd yog, nws dhau los ua nyuaj rau cov yeeb ncuab phom loj los ua rau hnyav poob ntawm pab tub rog npaj rau kev tawm tsam. Tab sis ntawm qhov tod tes, thaum tus yeeb ncuab cov tub rog nyob rau ntawm qhov kev tawm tsam, nws tau txais tos los ntawm qhov hluav taws kub, vim cov xib xub tsis tuaj yeem tua hluav taws ntawm cov tiv thaiv ntawm qhov txav mus. Buckshot thiab cov tub rog sib ntaus sib tua loj heev thwarted nres tom qab nres, thiab teev cov foob pob tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Tsis tas li ntawd, ob lub foob pob hluav taws thiab cov tub rog ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov ntoo, muaj cov av uas khov heev, qhov uas tua nyob deb deb yog qhov ua tsis tau zoo.
Qhov tseeb, qhov kev tua ntau thiab qhov raug ntawm cov phom phom thaum lub sijhawm ntawd ua rau lub ntiaj teb xav tsis thoob. Yog li, 30-phaus (4, 2-inch) Parrott cannon xa nws cov phom ntawm 8453 yards (7729 meters), thiab muaj npe nrov "Swamp Angel", uas tau tua ntawm Charleston xyoo 1863 (200 phaus Parrott cannon), thiab tsis sawv ntawm lub hav dej 7000 yards ntawm lub nroog. Tab sis nws tau muab tawm tias txawm tias lawv lub plhaub, uas tau zoo ntawm kev rhuav tshem cov cib thiab phab ntsa, tsis muaj zog nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm … lub ntiaj teb kev tiv thaiv, uas ob tog tam sim tau ua kom zoo dua.
Lub hauv paus loj ntawm cov tub rog sab qaum teb yog lub roj teeb ntawm rau phom ntawm tib lub peev xwm. Ntawm cov neeg sab qab teb - tawm ntawm plaub. Cov roj teeb tau muab faib ua "ntu" ntawm ob rab phom raws li tus tub ceev xwm hais. Tus thawj tub rog txib cov roj teeb. Cov tub rog siv phom loj muaj tsib lub roj teeb raws li cov tub ceev xwm hais kom ua. Ntxiv mus, txhua pab tub rog yuav tsum tau txhawb nqa los ntawm ib pab tub rog loj.
Thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua, muaj 2,283 rab phom hauv Asmeskas cov khoom siv phom, tab sis tsuas yog 10% ntawm lawv yog cov phom phom. Thaum lub sijhawm kawg ntawm kev ua tsov rog, muaj 3325 rab phom, uas 53% yog phom phom. Ntau xyoo ntawm kev ua tsov rog, cov tub rog nyob rau sab qaum teb tau txais 7892 rab phom, 6,335,295 phom, 2,862,177 cores, 45,258 tons ntawm txhuas thiab 13,320 tons ntawm cov phom.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm rab phom loj yog li ntawd nws tseem xav tau nees. Qhov nruab nrab, txhua tus nees yuav tsum rub kwv yees li 700 phaus (317.5 kg). Feem ntau rab phom hauv lub roj teeb siv ob txoj hlua khi nrog rau tus nees: ib tus nqa rab phom nrog rau ob lub log pem hauv ntej, lwm tus rub lub thawv them nyiaj loj. Cov nees coob ua rau muaj teeb meem logistical loj rau cov phom loj, vim tias lawv yuav tsum tau pub, tswj thiab "kho" raws li … hnav thiab rhuav! Ntxiv mus, nees rau cov phom loj feem ntau raug xaiv thib ob,txij li cov nees zoo tshaj plaws tau ua los ntawm cov tub rog. Lub neej kev cia siab ntawm rab phom loj nees tsawg dua yim hli. Nees raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kab mob thiab qaug zog los ntawm kev taug kev ntev - feem ntau 16 mais (25.8 km) hauv 10 teev, thiab sib ntaus sib tua, tom qab uas pab pawg tshwj xeeb tau siv rau hauv tshav rog tsuas yog ua kom tiav lawv thiab yog li txuag lawv los ntawm kev txom nyem yam tsis tsim nyog.
Txog xyoo 1864, kev muab cov nees ua pov thawj yog txoj haujlwm txaus ntshai rau pab tub rog Union, vim nws xav tau 500 tus nees ib hnub los tswj nws txoj kev txav chaw. Sheridan cov tub rog ib leeg, sib ntaus thaum pib hauv hav Shenandoah xyoo 1864, xav tau 150 tus nees sib pauv txhua hnub. Qhov xwm txheej nrog nees tseem phem tshaj ntawm Cov Neeg Koom Tes, uas tsis muaj lub sijhawm los yuav cov nees uas muaj sia nyob txawv tebchaws.
Cov tub rog sib ntaus ntawm txhua rab phom muaj yim tus neeg tua phom. Tsib tus neeg siv phom tiag: cov no yog Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4. Tus neeg tua phom tau lav phij xej, thiab nws kuj tau hais kom tua cov phom. Cov phom # 1-4 thauj khoom, ntxuav thiab tua lawv cov phom. Gunner # 5 tau nqa cov mos txwv. Cov Phom Phom Nos. 6 thiab 7 tau npaj cov mos txwv thiab ntsaws lub kaus mom tawm ntawm lub fuse, lossis, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, ntswj lawv rau hauv lub plhaub.
Thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog, peb qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv phom loj tuaj pom. Ua ntej, qhov tseem ceeb ntau dua thiab raug ntawm qhov hluav taws kub. Piv txwv li, rab phom loj uas raug tua los ntawm Napoleon thawb lub hom phiaj ntawm peb ko taw ntawm 600 yards thiab 12 taw ntawm 1200 yards!
Qhov thib ob yog tias lub foob pob loj tau nkag mus rau lub foob pob hluav taws, thiab thaj tsam ntawm cov khoom tawg thaum nws tawg ua ntau "tuag" ib qho. Thaum kawg, qhov txiaj ntsig thib peb yog khaws cov phom phom! Yog lawm, yog, hauv cov phom phom nrog tib qhov kev tua, nws xav tau tsawg dua. Piv txwv li, James '14-phaus phom loj tau siv lub foob pob hnyav dua li Napoleon, tab sis rab phom nws tus kheej tau hnyav 300 phaus thiab xav tau 1.75 tsawg dua tus nqi tiv thaiv. Qhov laj thawj yog qhov tseeb. Cov cylindrical projectile haum snugly tiv thaiv cov phab ntsa ntawm lub thoob, yog li cov pa roj tawm ntawm lub luag haujlwm "ua haujlwm" zoo dua, thiab cov phom phom nws tus kheej xav tau tsawg dua li cov nyiaj khaws tseg tau ua tiav hauv pab tub rog tag nrho.
Muaj tseeb tiag, kev xav ntawm lub hlwb (thiab nyob ze ntawm qhov!) Cov phom phom du tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau dua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lawv tua phom. Qhov tseeb yog tias nyob hauv lub thawv ntim khoom, cov mos txwv hauv lub hau linen tau nchuav nrog sawdust. Thiab thaum raug rho tawm haujlwm, thaum lawv taws, tsuas yog cov pa hluav taws raug tsoo los ntawm rab phom ntawm rab phom, tsis hais txog huab cua ntawm cov pa luam yeeb!
Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias Kev Tsov Rog Zaum Ob hauv txoj hauv kev hnyav tshaj plaws tau nce qib ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tub rog thiab thev naus laus zis, thiab suav nrog cov tswv yim uas twb muaj yav dhau los rau hauv hlau. Peb yuav tham txog qhov no thiab ntau ntxiv tom ntej no.
