Tsushima qhov hluav taws kub tau dhau los ua qhov txawv txav rau qhov laj thawj uas, ua ntej, tsis muaj ib yam zoo sib xws tau pom hauv lwm qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Tsov Rog-Japanese Tsov Rog, thiab qhov thib ob, Askiv thiab Fab Kis kuaj cov projectiles nruab nrog picric acid tsis qhia lawv lub peev xwm los pib tua hluav taws.
Zoo, cia peb ua tib zoo saib cov teeb meem no.
Ua ntej, cia peb paub qhov xwm txheej ntawm hluav taws hauv Tsushima kev sib ntaus.
Raws li S. I. Lutonin:
"Qhov hluav taws kub hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua yog qhov txaus ntshai tshaj plaws, nws ua rau tag nrho cov kev ua, nres qhov hluav taws."
Ntawm txhua qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm 1st Detachment, cov txheej txheem tua hluav taws tau ua tiav tsuas yog nyob ntawm Orel. Tus so ntawm lub nkoj tau mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus nrog cov nplaim hluav taws thiab cov rooj tog hauv cov chav nyob, ntoo ntawm lub rostrum, tag nrho cov chaw khaws khoom ntawm ntau yam khoom siv tau thiab cov khoom siv hauv chav nyob saum lub lawj tiv thaiv.
Prince Suvorov
"Tub Vaj Ntxwv Suvorov" tau txais ntau qhov kev tawm tsam ntau dua li lwm lub nkoj Lavxias. Kwv yees li 100 lub plhaub uas muaj qhov ntsuas ntawm 6 "thiab siab dua, raws li V. Yu. Gribovsky.
Nws los nyob rau hauv hluav taws kub los ntawm thawj feeb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Thiab cov hluav taws tsis ntev tuaj.
Kev tiv thaiv lub txaj nyob ib puag ncig ntawm lub rooj sib txig tau ua rau hluav taws kub, ntoo ntoo ntawm lub teeb liab lub tsev, tom qab ntawd lub nkoj thiab ntoo ntawm lub rostrum, lub tsev thiab lub foob pob hluav taws.
Kev sim tua hluav taws tau xaus qhov tsis ua tiav: shrapnel cuam tshuam qhov hluav taws kub hoses, tsoo tib neeg los ntawm tog xwm txheej ceev.
Thaum txog 14:30, vim tsis muaj kev tswj hwm, "Tub Vaj Ntxwv Suvorov" tau tawm ntawm qhov kev txiav txim thiab tau txais kev so luv. Nws hlawv zoo li lub tsev ntoo, los ntawm tus choj hneev taw mus rau tom ntej 12 "pej thuam. Nws tsis tuaj yeem taug kev los ntawm hneev mus rau sab nraub qaum ntawm lub lawj sab saud. Lub sijhawm nyob hauv lub log tsheb tau dhau los ua tsis tau vim cua sov thiab pa luam yeeb.
Thaum txog 15:00, kev sib ntaus sib tua tau los txog rau ntawm pab tub rog Nyij Pooj thiab rov pom nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws kub hnyav. Lub foremast thiab tail tube tau raug tua. Cov hluav taws loj loj tsis tso tseg.
Thaum txog 16:00, tom qab "Tub Vaj Ntxwv Suvorov" ib zaug rov los nyob rau hauv Nyij Pooj qhov hluav taws kub los ntawm thaj tsam ze, hluav taws tau tawg tawm nrog lub zog tshiab, ua rau lub nkoj tag nrho saum toj ntawm txoj siv sia.
Cov vaj huam sib luag ntoo hauv thaj chaw, pleev xim thiab pleev xim rau ntawm lub nkoj tau kub hnyiab, 75-mm lub plhaub tawg hauv lub roj teeb. Lub lawj sab saud tau ua kom sov li qhov kub uas cov hlau tau deformed. Thiab lub lawj tau poob rau hauv qhov chaw.
"Tub Vaj Ntxwv Suvorov" poob lub raj hauv ntej thiab lub ntsiab. Yuav luag tag nrho sab saum toj ntawm txoj siv sia tiv thaiv tau raug puas tsuaj. Lub nkoj tau hloov mus rau qhov puas ntsoog, los ntawm cov pa luam yeeb thiab nplaim taws tau tawg ib ntus.
Thiab hauv daim ntawv no nws muaj nyob txog thaum lub sijhawm nws tuag.
Emperor Alexander III
"Emperor Alexander III" yog lub hom phiaj rau cov neeg Nyij Pooj rau yuav luag tag nrho kev sib ntaus sib tua. Thiab tau txais, raws li V. Yu. Gribovsky, txog 50 tsoo nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 6 "thiab siab dua.
Thawj qhov hluav taws loj ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tau tshwm sim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm tus choj tom qab, thaum nws tseem ua raws li tus chij.
Nws tau txais tshwj xeeb ntau ntawm kev ntaus ntawm 14: 30-14: 40, thaum nws coj pawg tub rog. Thiab hluav taws kub thoob plaws lub nkoj.
Lawv tau tswj hwm los tua hluav taws thaum ncua sijhawm tom qab thawj theem ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua. Tab sis tom qab ntawd cov neeg Nyij Pooj tau hloov nws mus rau hauv lub teeb dua.
Txog thaum yav tsaus ntuj, "Emperor Alexander III" tau hlawv tag nrho (rau hlau) ob sab thiab hluav taws kub tsis tu ncua nyob ze ntawm lub rooj sib txoos thiab tom qab lawj xeeb.
Borodino tsev neeg
"Borodino" coj cov tub rog ntev tshaj plaws thiab tau txais (raws li V. Yu. Gribovsky) txog 60 ntaus nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 6 "thiab siab dua.
Tsuav nws ua raws Suvorov thiab Alexander III, kev ua yeeb yam tsis tshua muaj. Thiab pab pawg tau daws qhov teeb meem uas tau tshwm sim los ntawm lub sijhawm.
Tom qab "Borodino" dhau los ua thawj zaug, los nag ntawm cov neeg Nyij Pooj tau poob rau nws, qhov hluav taws kub loj tau tshwm sim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm cov pej thuam pem hauv ntej. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum lub sijhawm nres hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, lawv tau tswj hwm qhov hluav taws kub.
Cov hluav taws loj loj tshiab tau tshwm sim nyob rau theem kawg ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, qhov chaw sib ntaus sib tua muaj lub sijhawm nyuaj tshwj xeeb.
Qhov hluav taws kub hnyiab tag nrho lub hauv paus.
Hauv feeb kawg ntawm Borodino lub neej, cov neeg tim khawv pom pom tus nplaig ntev ntawm nplaim taws mus rau saum ntuj ze ntawm tus choj siab. Tej zaum nws yog rab phom hlawv.
Yog li ntawv tau tshwm sim tias lub nkoj tuag los ntawm kev tawg ntawm lub cellars.
Dav dawb hau
Ntawm Orel, tsis zoo li lwm tus neeg nyob hauv Borodino, tau siv ntau txoj hauv kev los tiv thaiv hluav taws ua ntej sib ntaus sib tua: cov ntoo khaws cia tau raug tshem tawm ntawm lub rostrum, cov ntoo ntoo ntawm lub log tsheb thiab cov tsev nyob tau raug tshem tawm, cov rooj tog los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm lub tsev thiab cov khoom ntiag tug los ntawm roj teeb raug tshem tawm.
Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, kev sib ntaus sib tua, raws li NJMM Campbell, tau txais 55 tsoo nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 6 thiab siab dua.
Txawm hais tias txhua qhov ntsuas, txog 30 qhov hluav taws kub tau sau tseg hauv lub nkoj.
Feem ntau, hluav taws tau tshwm sim rau ntawm lub qhov rooj, lub lawj sab saud, ntxiv rau ntawm tus choj thiab rostras. Lub nkoj, tus txiav, cov nets txaj, khoom ntiag tug, sab hauv tsev, hauv av, cov ntaub pua plag, cov pob zeb, cov khoom noj, pleev xim thiab pleev xim rau ntawm lub nkoj, hlua, sib tsoo, cov kav dej sib txuas, cov xov hluav taws xob tau raug hluav taws.
Cov nplaim taws tau tawg ob zaug hauv lub roj teeb, nrog rau kev tawg ntawm lawv tus kheej 47-mm thiab 75-mm zoo li. Cov nqi tau taws rau hauv 6-nti turret.
Qhov kawg hearths ntawm Orel tau raug tua tom qab hnub kawg ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, hauv qhov tsaus ntuj.
Raws li kev nco qab ntawm cov tub ceev xwm ntawm "Dav dawb hau", qhov hluav taws kub hnyav txo qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm lub nkoj.
Tshav kub thiab haus luam yeeb cuam tshuam nrog lub hom phiaj. Lawv ua rau nws tsis tuaj yeem nyob ntawm lawv cov ntawv hauv lub log tsheb, yees thiab txawm tias nyob hauv chav qis (vim muaj cua nkag). Kev txhawb nqa kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm cov neeg coob.
Qhov hluav taws tau rhuav tshem cov kav dej sib txuas lus, cov xov hluav taws xob, cov kav dej tua hluav taws, thiab cov mos txwv nqa nqa.
Cov tog xwm txheej kub ntxhov tau poob los ntawm lub plhaub thiab cov khoom tawg, ua rau tsis muaj pa taws.
Dej los ntawm cov hluav taws kub hnyiab tau sau rau ntawm lub lawj thiab ua rau cov npe nce ntxiv, ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm lub nkoj poob.
"Oslyabya" cov
Oslyabya tuaj nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws kub Nyij Pooj thaum pib ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua.
Thiab tau txais, raws li V. Yu. Gribovsky, txog 40 tsoo nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 6 thiab siab dua.
Txawm tias muaj kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub nkoj sai, hluav taws loj tau tswj kom kis mus rau ntawm lub nkoj thiab ntawm tus choj tom ntej.
Sisoy tus Great
Sisoi Great tau khiav dim ntawm cov neeg tua phom Nyij Pooj thaum pib sib ntaus sib tua.
Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ntawd nws poob qis hauv lawv cov hluav taws.
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, raws li tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm lub nkoj M. V. Ozerov, 15 lub foob pob tsoo nws.
Txawm hais tias ntsuas ntsuas (lub tsev tau raug tshem tawm, cov khoom muaj peev xwm hlawv tau muab zais tom qab cov cuab yeej), nws tsis tuaj yeem zam qhov hluav taws kub loj hauv lub roj teeb, uas tau tawg thaum txog 15:15.
Lub plhaub Nyij Pooj tau ya mus rau hauv lub ntsej muag thiab tawg ntawm lub lawj.
Qhov hluav taws kub tau kis mus thoob plaws sai li cov ntaub ntawv tau teeb nyob ntawd zoo li yog nyob hauv qhov chaw nyab xeeb: pleev xim, ntoo, khoom siv zaub mov, tawb pob tawb, ntaub pua tsev.
Qhov hluav taws kub loj tau tawg los ntawm daim ntaub thaiv. Yog li ntawd, nws tsis muaj peev xwm tua hluav taws sai sai.
Qhov hluav taws tau kis mus rau Spardeck. Thiab nws txawm yuav luag nkag mus rau hauv lub plhaub cellars.
Txhawm rau tua hluav taws, Sisoy Great tau raug yuam kom nyob ib ntus ntawm qhov kev txiav txim. Thiab tsuas yog thaum 17:00 lawv puas tau tswj hwm qhov hluav taws kub.
Ib qho ntxiv, ntau qhov hluav taws me me tau sau tseg uas yooj yim dua rau tua.
Nrov
Navarin raug kev puas tsuaj tsawg dua li cov nkoj ntawm Kev Sib Tham zaum 2 nyob rau nruab hnub.
Raws li V. Yu. Gribovsky qhov kev kwv yees, nws tau txais txog 12 qhov kev ntaus nrog lub peev xwm ntawm 6 thiab siab dua.
Ua ntej kev sib ntaus sib tua, tsob ntoo ntxiv tau raug tshem tawm ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua.
Cov hluav taws tau sau tseg nyob rau sab hauv tsev, hauv chav pw thiab hauv hneev, hauv cov cab ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm.
Peb tau tswj hwm nrog lawv sai txaus.
Admiral Nakhimov
"Admiral Nakhimov" (raws li tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm midshipman A. Rozhdestvensky) tau txais 18 hits.
Ua ntej kev sib ntaus sib tua, tsob ntoo raug tshem tawm: cov kab hauv tsev, cov khoom faib, rooj tog zaum.
Cov phom Japanese tau pib ntau qhov hluav taws kub. Qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog hauv hneev taw ntawm lub roj teeb.
Tab sis txhua qhov xwm txheej hluav taws tau raug tua sai.
Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, cov nkoj ntawm kev tshem tawm ntawm Admiral N. I. Nebogatovs tsis tshua poob rau hauv hluav taws yeeb ncuab.
Ua ntej mus rau phiaj xwm thiab tam sim ua ntej kev sib ntaus sib tua, kev ntsuas hluav taws tau ua rau lawv tshem ntoo tawm ntawm lub rostrum thiab los ntawm sab hauv ntawm cladding, rooj tog zaum thiab lwm yam khoom siv sib txuas tau.
Emperor Nicholas kuv
"Emperor Nicholas I", raws li NJMM Campbell, tau txais txog 10 lub plhaub.
Qhov hluav taws kub uas tau tshwm sim sai sai.
"Admiral Apraksin" yog
"Admiral Apraksin", raws li cov lus pov thawj ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm lub nkoj NG Lishin, tau txais 2 qhov kev sib tw hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua.
Lub shrapnel pib ob qhov hluav taws kub me.
Hauv chav pw, pleev xim, ntaus piano thiab lub txee rau ntawv tau hluav taws. Thiab hauv tus tub ceev xwm laus lub tsev - hauv lub cev uas muaj ntaub pua chaw.
"Admiral Ushakov": cov duab
"Admiral Ushakov" (raws li cov lus pov thawj ntawm midshipman IA Ditlov) tau txais peb lub foob pob Nyij Pooj hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua thaum lub Tsib Hlis 14.
Ib qho ntawm lawv tau ua rau hluav taws hauv lub qhov ntswg, uas tau tua sai.
"Admiral Senyavin" yog
Admiral Senyavin tau ua tiav zam kev ntaus ncaj.
Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv Hiav Txwv Daj, tsis muaj ib qho hluav taws loj tau sau tseg rau ntawm pab tub rog Lavxias. Txhua qhov hluav taws kub uas tau tshwm sim yog hauv zos thiab tau tso tawm sai.
Hauv lwm lo lus, thaum Lub Xya Hli 28, 1904, txawm tias nyob hauv cov nkoj uas raug puas tsuaj tshaj plaws, qhov xwm txheej nrog hluav taws kub tau zoo ib yam li ntawm cov nkoj uas tau txais me me ntawm kev tsoo thaum lub Tsib Hlis 14. Hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv Hiav Txwv Daj, Lavxias cov nkoj sib ntaus sib tua tsis pom lawv tus kheej nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws kub Nyij Pooj zoo li Tsushima, tab sis tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los tua hluav taws sai. "Sisoy Great" yog kev zam los ntawm qhov xwm txheej tsis zoo.
Yog li, muaj coob leej ntaus los ntawm Nyij Pooj thiab lawv qhov kev siv siab yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas ua rau muaj hluav taws loj nyob hauv nkoj ntawm 2 Pacific Squadron.
Txog kev sib piv: lub nkoj ntawm 1st Pacific Squadron Peresvet, puas tshaj plaws thaum Lub Xya Hli 28, tau txais, raws li VN Cherkasov, 34 lub plhaub (tsis suav nrog kev puas tsuaj tawg thiab hmo ntuj tsoo los ntawm cov neeg rhuav tshem). Qhov xwm txheej tau hnyav dua los ntawm cov khoom siv sib txuas tau ntau heev uas nyob hauv pab pawg ntawm Z. P. Rozhdestvensky.
Cov nplaim taws
Tam sim no cia peb txav mus rau lo lus nug thib ob - cov nplaim hluav taws kub ntawm picric acid projectiles.
Kev paub txog kev ua tsov ua rog ua ntej Russo-Japanese ib qho pov thawj tias qhov hluav taws kub tsis tau siv ntau qhov loj thiab tau yooj yim tua hauv lub paj yog tias pab pawg tau coj mus tua sai.
Thaum Tsov Rog Yalu (1894), muaj hluav taws ntau dhau los ua nkoj ntawm ob sab.
Lawv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj zog thiab kav ntev ntawm cov nkoj Suav.
Cov tub rog sib ntaus sib tua Dingyuan tau txais txog 220 ntaus. Qhov hluav taws kub uas tau tawg ib zaug ua rau hneev tag nrho thiab ib feem ntawm lub nkoj, ib ntus ntsiag to yuav luag txhua rab phom. Tab sis nws tau tso tseg.
Cov tub rog caij nkoj Laiyuan tau txais ntau dua 200 qhov kev ntaus. Nws tau hlawv tawm tag nrho saum npoo ntawm lub nkoj, suav nrog cov thee hauv lub bunkers, pleev xim thiab sab laug lub tais. Lub cev tau hloov pauv los ntawm tshav kub.
Ob sab siv lub plhaub ntim nrog cov hmoov dub.
Kev tawg raws li picric acid tsis tau siv ua ntej Tsov Rog-Japanese Tsov Rog. Thiab lawv cov khoom kub hnyiab tau tsuas yog paub los ntawm kev sim.
Xyoo 1899, Fab Kis tau tsoo cov lus qhia ntoo hais tias "Parseval" nrog 10 lub plhaub puv melinite, tab sis tsis muaj hluav taws kub ib zaug.
Cov neeg Askiv nyob rau xyoo 1900, ntawm kev sim, tsoo lub nkoj sib ntaus Belile, ntawm lwm tus, kwv yees li 30-40 lub foob pob nruab nrog liddite. Tab sis tsis muaj hluav taws ib yam nkaus. Txawm hais tias lub nkoj muaj nkoj, rooj tog zaum, ntoo txiav, txaj thiab lwm yam khoom siv hluav taws kub.
Cov kev xav thoob plaws ntawm kev hem thawj ntawm hluav taws hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv nkoj thaum pib ntawm Tsov Rog-Japanese Tsov Rog tuaj yeem piav qhia nrog kab lus ntawm NL Klado:
"Cov nplaim taws ntawm qhov projectile yog nyob ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus: yog tias rab phom yooj yim ua rau hluav taws kub, tom qab ntawd melinite thiab liddite, yog tias lawv tuaj yeem ua nws, tom qab ntawd tsuas yog qee qhov tshwj xeeb."
Kev paub txog kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv nkoj hauv 1904 feem ntau lees paub qhov no.
Yog li, qhov hluav taws kub loj ntawm lub nkoj ntawm 2nd Pacific Squadron tau ua rau muaj kev xav tsis thoob rau ib tiam.
Kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv nkoj ntawm Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb tau qhia pom qhov ua tsis tau zoo ntawm cov nplaim taws. Cov hluav taws hnyav tau tshwm sim tsuas yog thaum cov phom tua hauv cov nqi raug hlawv.
Kev paub dhau los ntawm British Navy hauv xyoo 1919 ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua Swiftshur tau qhia tawm qhov tsis muaj qhov ua rau lub foob pob tawg. Txawm hais tias muaj ntau cov chips thiab cov khib nyiab tshwj xeeb tau tso rau ntawm lub nkoj los simulate Tsushima.
Txawm li cas los xij, Nyij Pooj tau lees paub tias muaj cov nplaim hluav taws muaj zog tsis yog hauv Tsushima nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj hauv kev sim.
Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 4, 1915, kev sib ntaus sib tua cruisers Congo thiab Hiei tau tua lub nkoj Iki (yav tas los Emperor Nicholas I), thauj tog rau nkoj hauv Ise Bay, nrog cov mos txwv puv nrog shimosa.
Ntawm 128 lub foob pob tawg los ntawm qhov deb ntawm 12 km, 24 tsoo lub hom phiaj. Lub nkoj loj poob dej.
Yog li vim li cas Askiv thiab Fab Kis cov picric acid-based cov foob pob tawg muaj qhov ua rau muaj hluav taws tsawg dua li cov foob pob Nyij Pooj?
Qhov tseeb yog tias ob tus neeg Askiv thiab Fab Kis tsis tau siv cov picric acid ntshiab, tab sis phlegmatized nws.
Piv txwv li, lus Askiv liddite suav nrog 87% picric acid, 10% dinitrobenzene thiab 3% petrolatum.
Fab Kis hauv melinite sib xyaw picric acid nrog kev sib xyaw. Lub sijhawm sib txawv, ntau yam tsis huv tau siv los ntawm ntau lub tebchaws.
Cov neeg Nyij Pooj, ntawm qhov tod tes, tau ntim cov mos txwv nrog cov ntshiab picric acid., tsis xav txo qhov quab yuam ntawm nws tawg los ntawm phlegmatizers.
Raws li qhov tshwm sim (vim tawg ntau dhau) shimosis feem ntau tsis tau tawg tag nrho … Qhov no tau pom meej tshwj xeeb hauv cov pa luam yeeb daj thiab cov xim daj los ntawm kev tawg - qhov no yog qhov xwm txheej thaum shimosa tsis hlawv tawm.
Yog tias qhov tsis tawg ntawm cov shimosa tau taws, ces hluav taws tau tshwm sim. Cov tawg ntawm cov Japanese zoo li muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj tshaj plaws.
V. P. Kostenko piav txog ib rooj plaub zoo li no:
Ib feem ntawm lub plhaub tawg mus txog xya phaus, hnyav txog xya phaus, ya mus rau hauv lub tsheb sab laug raws kuv lub qhov muag, nyob ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas.
Nws tseem muaj tawgqhov twg txuas ntxiv mus nrog cov nplaim daj daj, kis tau cov pa nkeeg ».
Tso zis
Tam sim no peb tuaj yeem nthuav dav.
Tsushima (thiab lwm yam) hluav taws, txhawm rau coj mus rau qhov loj, xav tau peb yam xwm txheej: qhov sib tw, cov ntoo thiab tsis ua haujlwm (yog li tsis txhob tua).
Hauv lub luag haujlwm ntawm "kev sib tw" yog cov neeg Nyij Pooj, uas, vim lawv tus yam ntxwv, muaj cov tshuaj tua hluav taws
Qhov loj loj ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws uas tau nyob hauv nkoj Lavxias lub nkoj tau los ua "ntoo".
Thiab cov cua daj cua dub zoo li tsis tau muab hluav taws ntau xwb, tab sis qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - ua rau nws tsis muaj peev xwm tua hluav taws tau zoo.
Cov neeg Lavxias puas tuaj yeem tawm tsam qee yam rau qhov no?
Yog tias nws tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov cuab yeej ntawm cov neeg Nyij Pooj, tom qab ntawd cov khoom siv sib txuas tau tuaj yeem tshem tawm tau zoo ntawm cov nkoj.
Yog, thiab lawg ntawm cov plhaub tuaj yeem tawm tsam los ntawm kev txav txav.
