Cov ris tsho "dawb" thiab cov ris tsho tiv thaiv "xim" (ntu ib)

Cov ris tsho "dawb" thiab cov ris tsho tiv thaiv "xim" (ntu ib)
Cov ris tsho "dawb" thiab cov ris tsho tiv thaiv "xim" (ntu ib)

Video: Cov ris tsho "dawb" thiab cov ris tsho tiv thaiv "xim" (ntu ib)

Video: Cov ris tsho
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Txog rau tam sim no, peb feem ntau tham txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam hauv nruab nrab thiab tsuas yog tham txog lawv cov txuj ci zoo nkauj. Tam sim no yog lub sijhawm los saib xyuas lawv cov kev zoo nkauj thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, rau lawv cov xim. Piv txwv li, cov ris tsho hnav tau raug hu ua "dawb" yog tias nws yog cov cuab yeej ua los ntawm cov hlau txhuam, uas ua rau nws zoo li "dawb" los ntawm qhov deb. Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Tebchaws Europe tau mus rau hom cuab yeej tiv thaiv no tau ntev heev, tab sis lawv lub ntsej muag tau cim qhov kev hloov pauv tiag tiag hauv kev ua tub rog. Tab sis qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb uas coj lawv mus rau lub neej yog, ua ntej tshaj plaws, tsis muaj kev coj ua nees hneev taw.

Armor "dawb" thiab armor "coloured" … (ib feem)
Armor "dawb" thiab armor "coloured" … (ib feem)

Txoj hauv kev yooj yim tshaj plaws los txiav cov cuab yeej Gothic yog txhawm rau kho cov npoo ntawm txhua daim nrog cov kab txaij ntawm tooj liab lossis tooj dag. Cov kab txaij me me tau yooj yim heev rau kev tsim, hnyav me ntsis, tab sis muab cov cuab yeej ua kom zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj.

Tias yog vim li cas cov tub rog tsis xav tau kev txav mus los siab hauv thaj tsam ntawm caj dab thiab lub xub pwg nyom, uas yog vim li cas nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej lawv tau dhau los ua kev tiv thaiv nkaus xwb, thiab tsis yog kev txav mus los. Tab sis nyob rau Sab Hnub Tuaj, qhov hneev taw yog ib qho riam phom tseem ceeb ntawm tus neeg caij tsheb, cov cuab yeej siv xov tooj thiab cov kaus mom hlau uas muaj lub ntsej muag qhib txuas ntxiv tau ua ntev heev. Ntxiv mus, riam phom no txawv heev los ntawm cov cuab yeej tshiab ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Western Europe.

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Cov cuab yeej ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th Turkish tus neeg caij nees los ntawm Topkapi Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Istanbul. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, nws cov cuab yeej siv riam phom sib txawv los ntawm Western European ib leeg nkaus xwb uas nws tau muab nws lub peev xwm tua los ntawm hneev. Nws tau yooj yim los kho cov tais me me nrog tapping.

K. Blair, tus paub keeb kwm Askiv keeb kwm thiab tus kws tshaj lij riam phom, hu lub sijhawm los ntawm 1410 txog 1500 "lub sijhawm zoo hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev tiv thaiv riam phom", raws li nws ntseeg tias, txawm hais tias cov cuab yeej ua tau zoo heev kuj tau tsim los ntawm cov armourers tom qab, txawm li cas los xij, tsis tau rov ua dua hauv lawv cov khoom puas lawv tau ua ke cov txuj ci siab nrog kev nkag siab ntawm cov khoom nws tus kheej, uas tam sim no lawv tau ua haujlwm feem ntau. Cov khoom ua si hauv cov cuab yeej ntawm lub sijhawm no tau ua lub luag haujlwm thib ob, thiab kev saib xyuas tseem ceeb ntawm cov kws txua hluav taws xob tau them rau qhov ua tiav ntawm lawv daim ntawv, vim tias cov neeg hauv cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv no tsuas yog hu ua "cov duab puab hlau". Tom qab ntawd, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, kev kho kom zoo mus dhau qhov ntsuas.

Zoo, nws txhua qhov pib nrog qhov tseeb tias nyob rau xyoo pua 11th cov kws siv phom tau kawm tsim cov kaus mom hlau los ntawm cov ntawv hlau. Ua ntej qhov no, lub kaus mom hlau tau faib ua ntu, txawm hais tias nyob rau sab hnub tuaj cov txheej txheem no tau siv ntau yam rau ntau pua xyoo. Txog qhov no, ib daim hlau ntawm qhov xav tau tuab hauv daim ntawv ntawm daim disk tau kub liab thiab npog nrog rauj tshuab, thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd nws tau ua tiav huv si nrog rauj, txis thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Tom qab ntawd, lub kaus mom hlau tau pib thwj rau tag nrho, uas ua rau lawv lub zog muaj zog, txo tus nqi ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua tiav qhov tsis sib xws. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo pua 16th, tus tswv taub hau taub hau tau mus txog qib zoo ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua no, lossis ntau dua los ntawm xyoo 1580, lawv tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm ib daim ntawv hlau tsis yog tsuas yog ib sab ntawm lub kaus mom hlau, tab sis 12 cm siab, uas yog qhov txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm phau ntawv. Tsis tas li, thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, cov kws ntaus hlau hauv Italis tau kawm paub yuav ua li cas txhawm rau txhawm rau tiv thaiv daim thaiv-rondashi los ntawm ib daim hlau nkaus xwb, tsuas yog qhov no hais lus tsis ntau txog lawv txuj ci, tab sis hais txog qhov tseeb tias nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd ua cov khoom hlau tsis tseem ceeb npaum li cas. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau paub tias nyob rau xyoo XII lub nroog Pavia tau nto moo rau kev tsim cov thooj kaus mom hlau ib leeg.

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Lub kaus mom hlau siege npog nrog cov khoom siv kos duab. Ltalis, kwv yees. 1625. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Hauv qhov no, cov kws sau keeb kwm Askiv zoo li David Edge thiab John Padock xaus lus tias nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th, ob lub chaw (thiab ob lub tsev kawm ntawv sib txawv) tau tsim los uas ua rau txhua yam hlau phom: thawj zaug - nyob rau sab qaum teb Ltalis, hauv Milan, thiab qhov thib ob - nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, hauv Augsburg. Tau kawg, muaj ntau qhov kev lag luam hauv zos sib txawv uas tsom mus rau ib lossis lwm qhov ntawm cov chaw no, thiab theej cov qauv tsim.

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Tombstone phaj tooj dag (lub hauv siab) ntawm William Bagot thiab nws tus poj niam Margaret. Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm st. John, Baginton, Warwickshire, 1407. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, tus neeg tuag tau hnav cov cuab yeej zoo ib yam ntawm "lub sijhawm hloov pauv" - muaj cov phaj qhia ntxaws, tab sis lub cev tau npog los ntawm cov lus luv luv jupon, yog li koj tsis tuaj yeem pom dab tsi hauv qab. Tab sis cov saw hlau aventail ntawm lub kaus mom hlau tau pom meej.

Xws li tus kws sau keeb kwm Askiv muaj npe zoo li D. Nicole, hauv nws txoj haujlwm "Fab Kis Cov Tub Rog hauv Poob Ntau Xyoo Tsov Rog", hais txog qhov kev hais tawm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus tsis paub sau phau ntawv "Cov Tub Rog Tub Rog ntawm Fab Kis xyoo 1446", uas muab rau ua raws cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov cuab yeej ntawm cov xyoo ntawd. "Ua ntej tshaj plaws, … npaj rau kev sib ntaus sib tua, peb muab cov ris tsho dawb puv nkaus. Hauv ntej, lawv suav nrog cov cuirass, lub xub pwg pluaj, lub siab loj, cov ris tsho ceg, cov hnab looj tes tiv thaiv, cov zaub xam lav nrog lub tsom iav thiab lub puab tsaig me me uas npog tsuas yog lub puab tsaig. Txhua tus tub rog tau ua riam phom nrog rab hmuv thiab rab ntaj ntev, rab ntaj ntse dai rau sab laug ntawm lub eeb, thiab mace."

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Ib tus neeg raug xwm txheej hauv cov cuab yeej Gothic. 1480 - 1490 ib Ingoldstadt, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Tsev khaws puav pheej Tsov Rog Bavarian.

Nws yog qhov txaus luag, tab sis nyob rau tebchaws Askiv lub sijhawm ntawd lawv tsis xav tias lawv ua tsis tau zoo los ntawm qhov uas lawv tsis tau ua lawv cov cuab yeej ua rog. Qhov tsis muaj ntawm lawv cov khoom, ib tus tuaj yeem hais tau, tau pom yooj yim, txij li ob qho tib si zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tus tswv tebchaws Askiv thiab cov nom tswv me me - cov neeg siab zoo tau xaj lawv cov cuab yeej ua rog nyob rau sab av loj. Piv txwv li, tus duab ntawm Sir Richard Beauchamp, Earl ntawm Warwick, yos rov qab rau xyoo 1453, qhia nws hauv Italian armor ntawm tus qauv tshiab tshaj plaws.

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Chainmail npuag ua los ntawm cov nplhaib riveted tiaj.

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Chain-mail npuag ua los ntawm tiaj perforated thiab puag ncig riveted rings.

Txij li thaum Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab thaum ntxov, cov ntawv xa xov tau nyob hauv qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog. Txawm hais tias cov saw xa ntawv tseem hnav los ntawm cov tub rog Roman, kev tsim cov cuab yeej zoo li no hauv Western Europe sab hnub poob, qhov tseeb, tau tsim dua tshiab. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov nplhaib rau saw xa ntawv tau ua los ntawm kev forged, flattened hlau, cov nplhaib uas tau txuas nrog los ntawm txias riveting. Hauv cov ntawv xa tom qab ntawm 14th thiab 15th caug xyoo, ib qho ntawm lub nplhaib twb tau muab muag lawm, thiab lwm qhov tau riveted, thiab ntawm qhov no lawv yog qhov txawv. Tom qab ntawd, txhua lub nplhaib tsuas yog riveted. Tus kws sau keeb kwm Vendalen Beheim, piv txwv li, taw qhia tias cov xaim xaim tsis tau siv los ua nplhaib txawm tias nyob rau xyoo pua 16th. Zoo, hauv xyoo 1570s, cov ntawv xa ntawv twb tau tag lawm tsis siv, thiab qhov no ib zaug tau hwm cov khoom siv tes ua tau ploj mus ib txhis nrog nws. Ntawd yog, nws tsis tau ploj mus tas li, tab sis tus cwj pwm yav dhau los tau ploj mus ib txhis.

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Chainmail npuag ua los ntawm cov puag ncig riveted rings nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 7 hli.

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Chain-mail npuag ua los ntawm tiaj riveted blued rings.

Txij li thaum peb tab tom tham txog "xim" ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv, nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg tias cov saw xa tuaj "zoo li dej khov", uas yog, lawv kuj tseem muaj qhov "hlau dawb", tab sis tsis nyob txhua qhov chaw. Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, nws yog kev cai los xaws tooj liab rau hauv lawv thiab yog li tsim cov qauv zoo nkauj hauv cov ntawv xa ntawv. Nws nyuaj hais ntau npaum li cas qhov no txo lawv lub zog, tab sis nws yog li ntawd, thiab cov saw xa ntawv tau muaj txoj sia nyob rau peb lub sijhawm thiab tseem tau paub nyob hauv Russia, qhov uas lawv tau hais "saw xa pansyri nrog tooj liab." Cov saw xa los ntawm blued rings kuj tau paub.

Thiab nws yog qhov tsis lees paub ntawm cov saw xa ntawv uas tau nce mus rau kev tshawb nrhiav ntau yam zoo dua ntawm cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tiv thaiv, uas tuaj nyob hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum tsib. Txhua yam tau pib dua nrog kev txhim kho kev tiv thaiv lub taub hau, uas yog, nrog lub kaus mom hlau. Lub kaus mom hlau tau tshwm sim, hu ua sallet, sallet lossis sallet (uas yog ib txwm muaj ntau dua rau cov lus Lavxias hais lus), uas yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrov ntawm cov phom hauv German.

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Sarcophagus nrog kev pam tuag ntawm tus tub rog Spanish Don Alvaro de Cabrero Tus Hluas los ntawm Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Santa Maria de Belpuig de Las Avellanas hauv Lleida, Catalonia. Tus tub rog lub caj dab tau raug tiv thaiv los ntawm cov hlau sawv-dab tshos, thiab nws ob txhais ceg twb tau tiv thaiv los ntawm tej cuab yeej. Nws tseem pom tseeb tias daim hlau hlau tau riveted hauv qab nws cov khaub ncaws, uas muab lub taub hau ntawm rivets. Hmoov tsis zoo, nws tsis muaj lub kaus mom hlau ntawm nws lub taub hau, thiab nws tsis paub tias nws zoo li cas. Mid-14th caug xyoo

D. Ntug thiab D. Paddock lub npe xyoo - 1407, thaum nws tshwm sim, thiab tsis yog nyob txhua qhov chaw, tab sis hauv Ltalis, qhov twg Selata raug hu. Thiab tsuas yog dhau los ntawm Fab Kis, Burgundy, nws tau mus txog Lub Tebchaws Yelemees los ntawm 1420, tom qab ntawd mus rau Askiv, thiab tom qab ntawd tau nrov heev hauv Europe txhua qhov chaw.

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Raug German sallet: hnyav 1950; qhov hnyav ntawm bevor-prelichnik 850 g. Ob yam khoom yog rov ua dua tshiab: tus nqi sallet yog $ 1550, bevor yog $ 680.

Lub kaus mom hlau German muaj lub taub hau zoo li lub taub hau ntev; ntawm Fab Kis thiab Italians, lawv zoo li lub tswb nrov hauv lawv lub cev. Thiab dua, ob leeg ntawm lawv tsis muaj kev kho kom zoo nkauj. Lawv lub ntsiab "kho kom zoo nkauj" yog cov hlau txhuam nws tus kheej. Nws tsuas yog nyob ib puag ncig 1490 uas qhov hu ua "lard dub" tau paub nrog lub hauv pliaj, uas tawm mus rau tom ntej ntawm lub kaum ntse ntse. Nws tau hu ua dub vim nws cov xim (vim qee qhov lawv tau pib pleev xim dub, lossis puas yog xim dub?), Txawm hais tias cov kaus mom hlau no feem ntau tau npog nrog cov ntaub xwb. Keeb kwm tsis nyob ntsiag to tias yuav ua li cas “lub kaus mom hlau xim” tau pom ua ke nrog qhov ci iab “cov cuab yeej dawb”. Tab sis "fashionistas" uas hnav "xws li" muaj nyob. Tsis tas li ntawd, hom kaus mom hlau no tseem tau siv los ntawm cov tub rog caij nees ntawm kev tsis quav ntsej keeb kwm, piv txwv li, cov kws siv hneev taw siv los ntawm Fab Kis, thiab tsis yog neeg nplua nuj thiab muaj txiaj ntsig "cov tub rog ntawm ib daim ntaub thaiv", thiab txawm tias … cov tub rog ntawm caj npab.

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Qhov yooj yim Italian salle, 1450 - 1470 Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, USA.

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Qhov no yog qhov tseeb "dub sallet", ntxiv rau, knightly, nrog lub nce visor. Lub teb chaws Yelemees lossis Austria, 1505-1510 Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, USA.

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Lwm "dub sallet", hais txog. 1490 - 1500 Nws Qhov hu ua "sallet los ntawm Ulm", ntxiv mus, nws tsis yog txhua qhov dub, thiab nws tsis paub meej tias nws tau ua ke nrog "cov ris tsho dawb" li cas. Yav Qab Teb Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Tsev khaws puav pheej keeb kwm, Vienna.

Zaj dab neeg ntawm lub kaus mom hlau hauv qab los yog "Bundhugel" ("lub kaus mom hlau") lom zem heev. Thaum xub thawj nws tsuas yog tus nplij tus pheej yig uas zoo li lub thoob pob zeb. Tom qab ntawd nws pib ncab thiab tib lub sijhawm poob rau ntawm lub caj dab thiab cov tuam tsev.

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Bascinet thiab visor rau nws, tej zaum Fabkis, kwv yees li. 1390 - 1400 Nws Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, USA.

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Bascinet ntawm XIV xyoo pua, rov ua dua. 1.6mm hlau. Royal Arsenal hauv Leeds, Askiv.

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Txog kev sib piv, Germanic lub hauv paus ntawm Metropolitan Museum of Art hauv New York. Txhua yam yog yooj yim, ua haujlwm tau thiab tsis muaj kev kho kom zoo nkauj!

Nws tseem yuav tsum tau txuas tus visor rau nws, uas thaum kawg tau ua tiav hauv tib lub xyoo pua XIV. Ntxiv mus, lub visor tsis yog tsuas yog nqa, tab sis kuj tshem tawm ntawm nws nkaus. Rau nws tus yam ntxwv zoo, lub kaus mom hlau tau lub npe hu ua "aub lub ntsej muag", feem ntau hauv tebchaws Yelemes. Nws tau ua haujlwm tau zoo thiab tuaj nyob rau lub sijhawm thaum cov cuab yeej tseem tsis tau dai kom zoo. Yog li ntawd, nws lub ntsiab kom zoo nkauj yog txhuam, txawm hais tias, raws li phau ntawv tshiab los ntawm Henryk Sienkiewicz "The Crusaders", cov tub rog German txuas nrog cov sultans zoo nkauj ntawm cov tis tis rau cov kaus mom hlau.

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Ib qho tseem los ntawm zaj duab xis "Tus Crusaders". Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, cov kaus mom hlau ntawm cov tub rog zoo li cov tiag, tab sis tsis li ntawd nws yog kev npau suav dawb! Cov tub rog tub nkeeg dhau los xaws "lub kaus mom" thiab tseem xaws saw saw taub hau thiab aventail. Thiab dua li, yas pom tam sim! Cuirass thiab lub kaus mom hlau - raug pleev xim polystyrene!

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Hauv zaj yeeb yaj kiab xyoo 2005 Jeanne d'Arc qhia los ntawm Luc Besson, cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm yog qhov nws yuav tsum yog, thiab lub kaus mom hlau tau hnav ntawm lub taub hau nrog cov nplij siab.

Los ntawm txoj kev, hauv zaj yeeb yaj kiab xyoo 1960 no koj tuaj yeem pom tias cov tub rog cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tau rov tsim dua sab nrauv thiab ntseeg tau, tab sis zoo heev. Thiab qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog tias cov tub rog nyob hauv nws hnav lub kaus mom hlau ntawm lawv lub taub hau yam tsis muaj lub saw xa xov thiab aventail, xoob hla lub xub pwg. Tab sis, txiav txim los ntawm cov duab zoo, tom kawg tuaj yeem tseem hnav nrog cov khoom siv dag zog "cov ris tsho dawb" tsuas yog xyoo 1410, thiab … ib tus tuaj yeem xav tias yuav tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv zoo li cas rau "txhua tus hlau tub rog". Tias yog vim li cas, los ntawm txoj kev, tib lub bascinet tsis ntev dhau los ua "bascinet loj", uas txawv ntawm qhov ib txwm tsuas yog nyob rau ntawd nrog "aub lub ntsej muag", tsis txhob siv cov saw hlau aventail, nws muaj dab tshos ntawm cov hlau phaj, uas tau txuas nrog koj cov menyuam rau cuirass!

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"Big Bascinet" los ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej Army hauv Paris. OK. 1400 - 1420 Nws

Qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv qhov no yog lub kaus mom hlau, uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thiab uas muaj lub ntsej muag nqa thiab … txheej txheem nyuaj heev ntawm kev txuas txhua feem ntawm nws mus rau hauv ib qho. Tab sis cov kaus mom hlau no twb tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog kev caum thiab feem ntau zoo li ib yam dab tsi, tsuas yog tsis yog lub kaus mom hlau nws tus kheej, thiab cov duab hauv qhov no tsuas yog cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau "xim".

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Cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws ntawm George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland (1558 - 1605). Koj tsis tuaj yeem sau npe tag nrho cov thev naus laus zis tiav ntawm no! Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Lwm qhov yog qhov sai sai no nws tsis dhau los ua neeg taug kev hauv cov cuab yeej hlau tsis huv thiab, pom tseeb, txawm tias tsis tsim nyog - ib qho xwm txheej uas rov ua nws tus kheej nrog kev hwm rau tag nrho cov saw hlau ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th, uas qhwv ib ncig ntawm tus tub rog zoo li ib hnab looj tes. Tab sis tam sim no ob lub tsho tiv no thiab, tshwj xeeb, lub kaus mom hlau tau pib npog nrog cov ntaub kim, feem ntau tau dai nrog cov xov kub thiab txawm tias dai kom zoo nkauj nrog pob zeb zoo nkauj.

(Yuav tsum txuas ntxiv)

Pom zoo: