Cov phom loj tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm … Nrog rau kev muaj hwj chim ntawm Hitler xyoo 1933, ua haujlwm tsim cov hom riam phom tshiab thiab cov cuab yeej siv tub rog ntau ntxiv hauv tebchaws Yelemes. Kev ua tub rog ntawm lub tebchaws txuas ntxiv ntawm qhov nrawm, thaum cov neeg German tswj hwm kom ua tiav hauv yuav luag txhua qhov chaw. Lawv kuj pom tau zoo heev hauv cov phom loj, qhov uas lub tsev tsim qauv German tshwj xeeb yog muaj zog thiab tso siab rau qhov kev paub dhau los thiab keeb kwm ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ib.
Kev paub dhau los ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1 tau hais txog kev tsim cov tshuab siv rab phom loj uas muaj peev xwm siv tau zoo tiv thaiv cov yeeb ncuab tiv thaiv mus ntev lossis tshwj xeeb yog cov haujlwm muaj zog. Hmoov zoo, lub hom phiaj rau rab phom tshiab yog, piv txwv li, kab lus Fab Kis ntawm Maginot fortifications. Kev sib ntaus sib tua tau hais rau cov neeg German tias cov riam phom phem tau ua haujlwm zoo tiv thaiv cov chaw tiv thaiv thiab lub forts. Lub npe nrov "Big Bertha" yog qhov ua pov thawj ntawm qhov no.
Tsim ntawm tus kheej-propelled 600-mm mortar "Karl"
Kev tsim cov cuab yeej siv phom loj loj loj tshiab hauv tebchaws Yelemes tau xav txog thaum ib nrab xyoo 1930s. Xyoo 1934, Cov Thawj Coj Ua Haujlwm ntawm Cov Tub Rog Hauv av tau xa mus rau German cov tuam txhab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev siv rau kev tsim phom uas muaj peev xwm los tsoo cov khoom tiv thaiv nrog cov phab ntsa ua kom siab txog 9 meters tuab nrog rau ib qhov projectile.
Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1935, lub tuam txhab Rheinmetall-Borzig tau tsim ib txoj haujlwm rau 600-mm mortar. Nws tau xav tias qhov kev siv phom loj no yuav tuaj yeem tua cov phom uas hnyav ob tons ntawm qhov deb ntawm plaub kilometers. Kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm txoj haujlwm tau pib xyoo 1936. Thiab xyoo tom ntej, cov tub rog muaj peev xwm txaus siab rau txhua qhov kev ua tiav ntawm cov kws tsim qauv German.
Kev tsim ntawm kev teeb tsa phom loj tshiab tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv kev saib xyuas ncaj qha ntawm General ntawm Artillery Karl Becker. Nws saib xyuas txoj haujlwm los ntawm pab tub rog thiab ua ob peb cov lus muaj txiaj ntsig thiab cov lus qhia thaum lub sijhawm txhim kho. Nws yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm tus tub ceev xwm no tias 600-mm tus kheej-propelled cug, uas ntawm cov nroj tsuag tau yooj yim xaiv Gerät 040 (khoom 040), tau txais lub npe ib nrab "Karl". Lub npe no tau ruaj khov nyob rau hauv kev teeb tsa thoob plaws keeb kwm tom qab ua tsov rog.
Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, kev txhawj xeeb German Rheinmetall-Borzig tau sib sau ua ke xya lub foob pob nws tus kheej. Rau ntawm lawv tau koom nrog kev tawm tsam. Txij li thaum lawv txhua tus yog cov khoom tiag tiag, txhua tus ntawm lawv tau txais nws lub npe:
Kuv - "Adas" (Adas), tom qab hloov npe "Baldur" (German Baldur);
II - "Eva" (Eva), tom qab hloov npe mus rau "Wotan" (Wotan);
III - "Ib" (Odin);
IV - "Thor" (Thor);
V - "Loki" (Loki);
VI - "Qiu" (Ziu);
VII - "Fenrir" - tus qauv uas tsis koom nrog kev ua siab phem.
600mm Karl mortar, uas tuaj yeem siv tau tiv thaiv Fab Kis thiab Belgium txoj kev tiv thaiv, tau lig rau kev tawm tsam Fabkis. Cov tub rog Fab Kis thiab pab tub rog Askiv tau swb sai txaus, thiab Maginot Kab nws tus kheej tsis ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb, tsis tiv thaiv Fabkis los ntawm kev swb.
Thawj qhov kev teeb tsa tau nthuav tawm rau cov tub rog German tsuas yog pib thaum Lub Xya Hli 1940. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev xa tag nrho ntawm 600-mm tus kheej-propelled mortar "Adas" coj tsuas yog thaum Lub Ob Hlis 25, 1941. Lub Wehrmacht tau txais qhov kev teeb tsa thib rau "Qiu" thaum Lub Xya Hli 1, 1941. Thiab xya lub tshuaj khib "Fenrir" tau npaj tsuas yog xyoo 1942. Ntawm nws, cov kws tsim txuj ci German tau ua haujlwm xaiv qhov kev teeb tsa rab phom 540-mm tshiab.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj "Karl"
Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm Karl mortars yog lub tsheb thauj khoom ntawm tus kheej ntawm lub chassis taug qab. Mortars tuaj yeem txav thiab txav ntawm lawv tus kheej, mus txog qhov nrawm txog 10 km / h. Tib lub sijhawm, lawv muaj lub zog txwv tsis pub siv. Lawv yuav tsum tau thauj mus rau lawv qhov chaw los ntawm kev tsheb nqaj hlau tshwj xeeb uas tsim los txuas nrog tsib-qag platform.
Kev thauj mus los ntawm txoj kev ntawm txoj kev uas tau muab pav rau cov tsheb hnyav hnyav tshwj xeeb kuj tseem ua tau. Txog qhov no, cov tshuaj khib tuaj yeem raug muab cais ua plaub ntu.
Kev taug qab qis qis ntawm tus kheej-propelled cug tau txais kev xa xov hydromechanical thiab suav nrog 11 txoj kab uas hla txoj kab uas hla me me thiab tsib lub tog raj kheej txhawb nqa, lub log tsav pem hauv ntej thiab lub tsheb nqaj hlau nyob tom qab ntawm txhua sab. Qhov hnyav 126 tons tau teeb tsa los ntawm kab 12-lub tog raj kheej kua-txias lub cav Daimler-Benz 507. Cav lub zog ntawm 750 hp. nrog tau txaus los muab cov phom loj nrog nrawm mus txog 10 km / h.
Qhov ntev ntawm kev teeb tsa kuj tseem ceeb. Qhov ntev ntawm tus kheej -propelled cug yog 11, 37 meters, dav - 3, 16 meters, qhov siab - 4, 78 meters. Cov neeg coob coob muaj 16 tus neeg. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov hneev taw ntawm lub hleb yog lub cim thiab tiv thaiv mos txwv thiab tsis tuaj yeem tawg - txog li 10 hli.
Cov phom loj ib feem ntawm kev teeb tsa tau sawv cev los ntawm 600-mm phom phom nrog rab phom ntev ntawm 8, 44 caliber. Cug tau muab tso rau ntawm lub tshuab tshwj xeeb hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub hull. Lub thoob ntawm cov tshuaj khib yog monoblock. Cov txheej txheem nqa tau muab kev taw qhia siab tshaj plaws txog li +70 degrees, kab rov tav qhia lub kaum ntse ntse yam tsis tig lub cev yog 4 degrees. Tus nqi hluav taws ntawm cov tshuaj khib yog me me - kwv yees li ib zaug txhua 10 feeb.
Txog rau qhov tshuaj khib no, cov neeg German tau npaj peb hom phom sij: qhov hnyav hnyav ntawm 1250 kg (uas yog 460 kg suav rau cov khoom tawg) thiab ob lub pob zeb sib tsoo: lub teeb thiab hnyav, hnyav 1700 thiab 2170 kg, feem (qhov hnyav) ntawm cov khoom tawg tau 280 thiab 348 kg).
Ib lub pob zeb uas tho qhov hnyav ntau dua ob tons tuaj yeem tsoo lub hom phiaj ntawm qhov deb li ntawm 4.5 km, lub foob pob tawg loj-nyob deb li ntawm 6.5 km. Lub pob zeb hnyav-tho qhov projectile nrog lub davhlau siab tshaj plaws ntawm 220 m / s muab kev nkag mus txog li 3.5 metres ntawm cov pob zeb txhawb nqa lossis cov hlau hlau 450 mm tuab.
Kev sib ntaus thawj zaug ntawm 600 mm mortars ze Brest
Kev tawm tsam kev tawm tsam ntawm German lub zog loj tshaj plaws rab phom loj, uas tau lig los ntawm lub sijhawm pib ua haujlwm tawm tsam Fabkis, tau tshwm sim rau Lub Rau Hli 22, 1941, thaum lub sijhawm ua phem rau Brest Fortress. Txog rau phiaj xwm tawm tsam USSR, cov neeg German tau faib ob lub roj teeb ntawm 833th cov tub rog sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub zog tshwj xeeb tsim ua ntej tsov rog. Lub roj teeb thib 1, suav nrog cov phom "Adas" thiab "Eve" thiab 60 lub plhaub rau lawv, tau xa mus rau Pawg Tub Rog 17th ntawm Pab Pawg Tub Rog "Sab Qab Teb". Thiab lub roj teeb thib ob ntawm 833th faib tuaj txog hauv Terespol.
Nyob ze Brest yog cov phom "Thor" thiab "Odin" thiab 36 lub foob pob rau lawv. Pawg "Chaw" npaj yuav siv lawv thaum muaj kev tawm tsam hauv thaj tsam Brest Fortress. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog tias thawj lub roj teeb hauv 17th Army tau tua tsuas yog 4 lub foob pob. Tom qab ntawd, cov cug tau yooj yim tshem tawm ntawm sab xub ntiag. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm pawg thib 4 thaum Lub Rau Hli 23 qhia tias kev siv 600-mm mortars ntxiv yog tsis tsim nyog ntxiv lawm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov teeb meem kev teeb tsa tshwm sim thaum lawv ua haujlwm.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua haujlwm tiv thaiv lub zog ntawm Brest Fortress siv yuav luag tag nrho cov mos txwv. Lawv tau qhib hluav taws, nrog rau tag nrho pab pawg phom loj ntawm cov tub rog German tau mob siab rau hauv cheeb tsam, thaum sawv ntxov ntxov ntawm 22 Lub Rau Hli. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thawj hnub ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, cov tshuaj tua tau tsuas yog 7 txhaj tshuaj. Cug tus kheej-propelled "Thor" tua peb lub plhaub, plaub qhov kev txhaj tshuaj tsis tiav, teeb meem tshwm sim. Mortar "Ib" tau tua 4 lub plhaub ntawm qhov chaw tiv thaiv, qhov thib tsib tsis tau tsim vim muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov mos txwv.
Txog thaum yav tsaus ntuj ntawm Lub Rau Hli 22, ob lub tshuaj khib sawv nrog lub plhaub zom zaws hauv lub plab, nws tsis tuaj yeem tso lawv tawm.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm lawv cov hluav taws nyob rau hnub ntawd yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig, tab sis nws ua rau muaj kev xav zoo rau txhua tus neeg tim khawv. Plhaub "Karlov" sab laug tom qab kev tawg ntawm qhov tawg nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 30 meters thiab qhov tob ntawm 10 meters. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, huab ntawm cov xuab zeb thiab hmoov av tau nce rau saum ntuj mus rau qhov siab ntawm 170 meters.
Txawm hais tias muaj kev tawg loj heev, tom qab ntes lub fortress, cov neeg German pom tias tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau txhua qhov hauv cov pob zeb ua kev tiv thaiv. Hauv kev tua hluav taws thawj zaug, cov phom tau tua plaub zaug ntawm lub bunker nyob ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Island. Nws yog lub thawv ntim tshuaj nyob ib sab ntawm qhov txo qis, uas yog lub tsev kawm hauv nroog ntawm cov tub rog tsav tsheb ciam teb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsis muaj ib tus neeg ua haujlwm puv lub luag haujlwm thiab bunkers nyob rau Sab Hnub Poob thaum lub sijhawm cov phom loj.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, twb txog rau Lub Rau Hli 22, ib qho tsoo ntawm "Karl" lub plhaub hauv lub tsev ntawm tus ciam teb thib 9 ntawm Central Island tau sau tseg. Lub plhaub tsoo lub tis uas cov tsev neeg ntawm tus tiv thaiv ciam teb nyob. Cov phom loj loj no yeej tau sau lawv cov ntshav los sau. Txhua tus neeg uas pom lawv tus kheej nyob ze qhov tawg ntawm cov mos txwv ntawm cov tshuaj khib no tsuas tuaj yeem khuv xim.
Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tias cov neeg German tsis tau sau ncaj qha rau ntawm cov tshuaj ntsiav nyob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub chaw tiv thaiv, Karlov lub plhaub tsoo cov tsev zoo tib yam thiab cov chaw tiv thaiv. Yog li twb dhau lub Rau Hli 23, tau kaw ncaj qha ntawm 600-mm projectile mus rau ib nrab-pej thuam ntawm Citadel ze ntawm Terespol Gate tau kaw tseg. Lub plhaub "Karl" tau rhuav tshem ib nrab-pej thuam yuav luag rau hauv av, nws puas tuaj yeem pom txawm niaj hnub no. Tib lub sijhawm, qhov kev tsoo no tau rhuav tshem qhov chaw tiv thaiv ntawm pab tub rog Soviet nyob rau thaj tsam Terespol Gate.
Hauv tsuas yog 22, 23 thiab 24 Lub Rau Hli "Karls" tau tua 31 lub foob pob ntawm lub fortress, tom qab ntawd muaj tsib lub plhaub sab laug, peb qho uas tsis tuaj yeem siv rau kev tua. Raws li kev tshuaj xyuas tom ntej ntawm lub fortress pom, ob lub foob pob uas poob rau ntawm nws thaj chaw tsis tau tawg. Feem ntau, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov phom loj tau zoo siab los ntawm cov neeg German. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm xa mus rau Berlin tau sau tseg qhov ua tau zoo ntawm rab phom.
Tsis poob rau hauv lub thawv me me, 600-mm lub plhaub tau rhuav tshem cov tuam tsev thiab kev tiv thaiv ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19. Cov neeg tiv thaiv ntawm lub fortress xav tias tawg ntawm cov plhaub ntawm lawv tus kheej, txawm tias thaum nyob hauv qab daus. Raws li tus thawj coj tub rog ntawm 455th Infantry Regiment Alexander Makhnach tom qab rov hais dua, Karlov ntaus tshee tshee hauv qab daus ntawm cov tub rog lub tsev pheeb suab:
"Los ntawm nthwv dej tawg, tib neeg los ntshav los ntawm lawv lub pob ntseg thiab qhov ntswg, lawv lub qhov ncauj tsis tuaj yeem kaw."
Kev tua phom ntawm Brest Fortress tau dhau los rau Karl mortars, tejzaum nws yog qhov xwm txheej tseem ceeb ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob. Txawm hais tias tom qab ntawd lawv tau siv thaum lub sijhawm Sevastopol raug kaw, thiab thaum Lub Yim Hli 1944, thiab thaum lub sijhawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Warsaw Uprising.
Peb tsuas tuaj yeem hneev mus rau lub duav rau cov tiv thaiv ntawm Brest Fortress, uas tuav kev tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws kub ntawm cov monstrous Wehrmacht phom loj "pab pawg" hauv qhov txaus ntshai Lub Rau Hli 1941.
Txoj hmoo ntawm tus kheej-propelled mortars
Tsuas yog ib qho kev teeb tsa "Karl", raug ntes los ntawm pab tub rog ntawm Red Army, tau dim mus txog niaj hnub no. Cov neeg nyob hauv tebchaws Russia thiab cov qhua ntawm peb lub tebchaws tuaj yeem pom cov tshuaj caws pliav ntawm tus kheej hauv kev nthuav tawm ntawm lub tsev khaws ntaub thaiv npog hauv Kubinka. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tsis paub meej tias qhov kev teeb tsa raug ntes los ntawm cov tub rog Soviet. Tau ntau xyoo nws tau ntseeg tias nws yog "Ziu", tab sis thaum lub sijhawm rov ua haujlwm hauv Kubinka, cov ntawv "Adas" tau pom nyob hauv qab txheej xim. Nws yog lub npe tsim nyog uas tau tso tseg ntawm cov tshuaj khib, uas tam sim no nyob hauv cheeb tsam Moscow.
Mortar "Thor" nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1944 tau raug puas ntsoog thaum lub sij hawm huab cua tsoo. Tom qab ntawd, cov seem ntawm cov tshuaj tua tus kheej tau raug ntes los ntawm Allied pab tub rog. Thaum pib xyoo 1945, Cov tub rog German lawv tus kheej tau foob pob zeb "Wotan" (yav tas los "Eva") thiab "Loki", tom qab ntawd lawv cov seem raug ntes los ntawm Asmeskas pab tub rog.
Cov neeg Asmeskas tseem tau txais kev sim teeb tsa "Fenrir". Lawv tswj hwm cov tshuaj khib ntawm Aberdeen Proving Ground, tab sis tom qab ntawd vim qee qhov lawv tsis raug xa mus rau lub tsev cia puav pheej, tab sis xa mus rau seem. Ntxiv mus, qhov khoom pov thawj yog qhov tsawg heev.
Lwm lub tshuaj khib "Ib" kuj tau tawg los ntawm cov neeg German vim tsis muaj peev xwm khiav tawm tau.
Ib qho ntawm cov tshuaj phom, raws li peb tau sau tseg saum toj no, tau raug ntes tag nrho thaum lub Plaub Hlis 20, 1945 los ntawm Soviet pab tub rog nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub nroog Jüterbog.
Txoj hmoo ntawm lwm qhov kev teeb tsa tseem tsis tau paub.
