Qhov xwm txheej dav dav
Thaum tsov rog Russo -Turkish uas tau pib xyoo 1768, peb cov tub rog tau ua ob txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb - Danube thiab sab qab teb (Crimean). Xyoo 1770, raws li kev ua tub rog ua tiav ntawm Russia thiab kev ua tiav kev vam meej ntawm Suav Peter Panin, Nogai Tatars ntawm Budzhak, Edisan, Edichkul thiab Dzhambulak hordes txiav txim siab tawm hauv Tebchaws Ottoman thiab lees txais kev txhawb nqa ntawm Russia. Qhov no ua rau lub zog Crimean Khanate tsis muaj zog.
Hauv Crimea nws tus kheej, tsis muaj kev sib koom siab, muaj kev tawm tsam rau lub zog. Ntawm cov neeg muaj peev xwm muaj ib tog neeg muaj zog uas tsis xav ua tsov rog nrog Russia thiab xav ua kom nws tus kheej dim ntawm vassal vam khom rau Turkey nrog nws kev pab. Xyoo 1769, thaum muaj kev tawm tsam, Khan Kyrym-Girey mam li nco dheev tuag (tejzaum nws raug tshuaj lom). Lub khan Devlet-Girey tshiab tau sim npaj cov Crimean horde los tawm tsam nrog Russia, tab sis nws cov neeg tawm tsam thwarted kev tawm tsam tshiab. Xyoo 1770, Constantinople tsis muaj Devlet ntawm lub zwm txwv. Lwm Khan Kaplan-Girey tau tawm tsam ntawm Danube Theatre, tau swb ntawm Larga, thiab tom qab tus lej ntawm lwm qhov teeb meem rov qab mus rau Crimea. Nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov neeg txhawb nqa Lavxias, uas xav xaus kev ua tsov rog thiab tso nws tus kheej los ntawm lub zog ntawm Chaw Nkoj, Kaplan pib sib tham nrog Russia. Nws tau raug tshem tawm ntawm chaw ua haujlwm thiab raug hu mus rau Qaib Cov Txwv, qhov uas nws tuag sai sai no. Lub khan tshiab yog Selim-Girey, tus yeeb ncuab ntawm kev sib koom tes nrog Russia.
Lub sijhawm no, Petersburg txiav txim siab ua kom tiav kev lag luam ntawm kev tsim Novorossiya thiab nyob hauv Crimea. Kev koom ua ke ntawm Crimea tau ua tus txheej txheem ntev ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Lavxias lub xeev thiab Crimean Khanate thiab Qaib Cov Txwv. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los daws qhov kev tawg loj kawg ntawm Golden Horde - Crimean Khanate, tshem tawm cov tub sab, qhev -tus tswv xeev tsim, lub tuam txhab Turkish tus choj tseem ceeb thiab lub hauv paus uas tau hem rau yav qab teb Russia. Ua kom tiav kev txhim kho kev lag luam ntawm yav dhau los "Wild Field". Txhawm rau tsim kom muaj lub nkoj puv ntoob hauv Hiav Txwv Dub thiab tig rov qab rau hauv "Lavxias". Crimea yog thaj chaw tseem ceeb uas ua kom muaj kev tswj hwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws nyob rau thaj tsam Sab Qaum Teb Dub. Qhov no yog kev daws teeb meem rau ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv tebchaws Russia hnub nyoog.
Kev npaj ua haujlwm
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev kov yeej Crimea hauv kev sib tw xyoo 1771 tau tso siab rau 2nd pab tub rog Lavxias raws li kev hais kom ua ntawm tus thawj coj, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vasily Mikhailovich Dolgorukov. Nws tau paub txog qhov tseeb tias thaum lub sijhawm kev sib tw ntawm 1736 nws yog thawj tus ua txhaum rau hauv Perekop cov chaw tiv thaiv thiab muaj txoj sia nyob. Ua ntej kev ua phem rau Perekop, Field Marshal Munnich tau cog lus tias thawj tus tub rog uas tau nce lub zog tiv thaiv ciaj sia yuav raug txhawb rau tub ceev xwm. Thawj yog tus tub hluas Dolgorukov, uas tau txais qib ua tub rog rau qhov no. Yav dhau los, tsev neeg Dolgorukov poob rau kev txaj muag, thiab Tsarina Anna Ioannovna xaj kom tsis txhob muab ib qho ntawm Dolgorukov Qib. Tom qab ntawd, tus tub huabtais tau raug sau tseg hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Xya Xyoo Tsov Rog. Xyoo 1770 nws hloov Panin ua tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog thib 2.
Cov tub rog Lavxias (kwv yees li 30 txhiab tus tub rog niaj hnub thiab 7 txhiab Cossacks) tau tawm ntawm Poltava thaum Lub Plaub Hlis 20, 1771 thiab tau tsiv mus rau sab qab teb raws Dnieper. Lub sijhawm no, kev muab khoom ua haujlwm, uas hauv kev tshaj tawm yav dhau los rau Crimea tau ua haujlwm tseem ceeb, tau daws. Dnieper thiab Don tau siv rau kev xa khoom. Cov khw muag khoom (chaw khaws khoom) ntawm txoj kab uas muaj zog ntawm Ukrainian thiab hauv kev tiv thaiv ntawm xeev Elizavetgrad tau yooj yim ntxiv. Ntawm Dnieper, cov khoom siv tau thauj mus rau yav dhau los Ottoman fortress Kyzy -Kermen, nrog rau Don phiab - mus rau Taganrog, qhov twg yog lub khw loj, tom qab ntawd los ntawm cov khoom tau thauj los ntawm nkoj mus rau Petrovsky fortification ntawm tus dej. Berde thiab lwm qhov chaw. Azov flotilla, tsim thaum lub sijhawm ua rog nrog Qaib Cov Txwv, nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Vice-Admiral Senyavin xyoo 1771, tau txais kev muaj peev xwm sib ntaus thiab txhawb nqa kev ua phem ntawm pab tub rog thib 2. Lub flotilla yuav tsum tau npog cov tub rog hauv av los ntawm hiav txwv, qhov twg cov nkoj Turkish tuaj yeem tshwm sim, tiv thaiv cov ntsiab lus nyob hauv Hiav Txwv Azov thiab nqa khoom siv.
Kev kov yeej ntawm Crimea nyob ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum tau tuav lub Perekop fortress, lub ditch nrog lub rampart, sib cais Crimean ceg av qab teb los ntawm thaj av loj, thiab muaj zog los ntawm cov forts thiab Or-Kapu fortress. Kerch thiab Yenikale, ua cov chaw tiv thaiv, txuas Azov thiab Dub Seas. Kafa (Feodosia), Arabat thiab Kezlev (Evpatoria), raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntug hiav txwv uas ua kom muaj kev tswj hwm hauv Crimea.
Yog li ntawd, Pawg Tub Rog thib 2 tau muab faib ua peb pawg, uas muaj lawv tus kheej txoj haujlwm. Cov tub rog tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Dolgorukov tau nyob hauv Perekop thiab mus rau Kafa. Kev tshem tawm ntawm Tus Thawj Coj Loj FF Shcherbatov tau xav kom siv Sivash nrog kev pab los ntawm Azov flotilla, nqa Arabat fortress thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau Kerch thiab Yenikale. Major General Brown qhov thib peb tshem tawm yog nyob Evpatoria.
Senyavin lub flotilla tau ua raws ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm Berda, ze rau Peter lub fortress. Thaum muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov nkoj Turkish hauv Hiav Txwv Azov, lub flotilla yuav tsum sawv ntawm Fedotova Spit thiab tsis cia cov yeeb ncuab mus rau Genichesk. Txawm li cas los xij, cov nkoj Turkish hnyav, uas tau tsaws tob, tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm hauv cov dej ntiav ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Azov. Tsis tas li, Lavxias flotilla tuaj yeem txhawb nqa Arabat, Kerch thiab Yenikale.
Tsis tas li, ib feem ntawm Dolgorukov cov tub rog tau sab laug los tiv thaiv ciam teb sab qab teb ntawm lub tebchaws. Feem ntau lub zog quab yuam. Lawv ntxiv dag zog rau cov tub rog ntawm Elizabethan fortress, tseem nyob ntawm txoj kab Ukrainian, nqa tawm kev saib xyuas kev pabcuam ntawm Dnieper thiab Hiav Txwv Azov. Kev tshem tawm tshwj xeeb ntawm General Wasserman tau npog thaj tsam ntawm Dniester thiab Kab, los ntawm Ochakov sab. Chav tsev no tseem txuas cov tub rog thib 1 thiab thib 2.
2nd Army tawm tsam
Tau yuam Vorskla River, Dolgorukov txiav txim siab mus rau Crimea hauv txoj kev ncig loj kom tsis txhob txav chaw hauv thaj chaw suab puam. Cov tub rog tau ua raws li Dnieper, txav deb ntawm nws mus rau ob peb mais. Ntawm sab laug ntawm Dnieper, muaj cov dej me me, uas daws qhov teeb meem ntawm cov dej tsis txaus. Cov nroj tsuag ntawm Dnieper tau muab roj thiab zaub mov rau nees. Cov dej num tseem ceeb ntawm Dnieper tuaj yeem tsim kho yam tsis muaj teeb meem thiab tsuas yog qee lub sijhawm tsim rooj vag rau kev hla ntawm cov phom loj. Txhawm rau zam kev kub nyhiab, cov tub rog tau tawm mus thaum 2-3 teev sawv ntxov.
Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 23, 1771, Tub Rog Thib Ob tau nkag mus rau hauv Orel River, sawv ntawm no txog thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 5, tos txog kev sau tag nrho cov tub rog. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 7, cov tub rog tau nyob ntawm Samara tiv thaiv, ntawm qhov sib tshuam ntawm tus dej Samara mus rau hauv Dnieper. Dolgorukov nyob ntawm no kom txog thaum Lub Tsib Hlis 13, tos rau kev tsim kho tus choj hla Samara. Lub sijhawm no, cov tub rog tau npaj cov kauj ruam ua phem thiab lwm yam khoom siv rau yav tom ntej tawm tsam ntawm kab Perekop. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 18, cov tub rog nyob ntawm Alexander Redoubt ntawm qhov sib tshuam ntawm Dej Moskovka mus rau Dnieper. Tau muab ob hnub so, nyob rau 21st Dolgorukov txuas ntxiv mus.
Yuam tus Dej Dej Dej Dej, qhov uas lawv ua tus choj hla tus kav hlau loj, thiab ob lub pas dej txuas rau cov tub rog thiab tub rog, cov tub rog tau mus rau tus dej me me Mayachka, uas lawv tau koom nrog kev tshem tawm ntawm General Berg, uas tau mus los ntawm Bakhmut.
Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 27, cov tub rog tau faib: Shcherbatov qhov kev sib cais tau ua raws li Arabat cov lus qhia, lub zog tseem txuas ntxiv mus raws Dnieper tus dej. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 5, cov tub rog tau tawm tsam Kyzy-Kermen. Los ntawm no txoj kev los ntawm tus kwj deg sab laug ntawm Dniep er tau tig mus rau Perekop. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev rov qab muaj zog, Shagin-Gireysky, tau tsim nyob hauv qhov chaw no tau ob peb hnub. Lub tsev khaws khoom noj khoom haus tseem ceeb ntawm cov tub rog nyob ntawm no, los ntawm qhov khoom siv xav tias yuav nqa cov khw muag khoom. Ob lub tuam txhab tub rog, 600 Cossacks, ntau pawg tub rog ntawm carabinieri thiab rab phom tau tso tseg los tiv thaiv nws. Ib qho kev tshaj tawm ntawm tib lub zog tau teeb tsa hauv kev coj ntawm Kinburn.
Ua phem rau Perekop
Lub Rau Hli 12, 1771, Dolgorukov cov tub rog mus txog Perekop. Cov tub rog caij nees tawm ntawm lub chaw tiv thaiv, Cossacks thiab cov tub rog lub teeb pib tua hluav taws nrog cov yeeb ncuab. Tom qab ntawd, Tatars thiab Turks tsis txaus siab rau kev taug kev hauv thaj chaw. Txoj kab Perekop tau ncab ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub (Perekop Bay) mus rau Sivash txog li 7.5 km. Ib feem ntawm txoj kab uas txuas nrog Sivash tau raug dej nyab loj heev. Lub zog muaj zog tiv thaiv txoj hauv kev mus rau Crimea yog Perekop fortress (Or-Kapi). Lub fortress muaj tsib lub ntsej muag zoo nrog cov phab ntsa hauv av hlua nrog cov pob zeb muaj zog thiab cov duab plaub fab.
Hauv cheeb tsam Perekop muaj tub rog Crimean Turkish coj los ntawm Khan Selim -Giray III - 50 txhiab tus neeg Crimeans thiab 7 txhiab tus Turks. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Sultan tsoomfwv tau npaj xa ib pab tub rog mus rau thaj tsam Sab Hnub Poob Dub. Txawm li cas los xij, kev hem los ntawm lwm cov lus qhia yuam kom Constantinople tso tseg cov phiaj xwm no. Cov nkoj Lavxias (Thawj Pawg Thawj Coj Ncaj Ncees) tau rhuav tshem Turkish Navy hauv Mediterranean thiab hem Dardanelles. Tsis tas li, cov khoom siv los ntawm hiav txwv mus rau Turkish peev tau cuam tshuam, uas ua rau muaj kev hem thawj ntawm kev kub ntxhov. Sultan raug yuam kom ua kom muaj zog loj hauv Constantinople thiab maj nrawm ntxiv dag zog rau Dardanelles. Kev ua tiav ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias thiab Georgian hauv Caucasus yuam Porto xa cov tub rog ntxiv mus rau pem hauv ntej Georgian. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, sultan tsis tuaj yeem xa cov rog tsim nyog rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm ceg av qab teb mus rau Crimea.
Tom qab tshuaj xyuas lub fortress, Dolgorukov txiav txim siab coj nws mus, tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv ntev. Cov lus txib Lavxias tau txiav txim siab hla qhov chaw muaj zog tshaj ntawm cov yeeb ncuab - lub fortress. Lub tshuab tseem ceeb tau xa mus raws txoj kab uas txuas nrog Hiav Txwv Dub. Ib feem ntawm cov tub rog thiab tub rog tau npaj yuav hla hla Sivash, hla tus yeeb ncuab txoj cai flank. Ntawm ntu ntu ntawm qhov chaw nyob ze Sivash, nws tau txiav txim siab ua qhov kev tawm tsam tsis raug. Ib qho ntxiv, kev tshem tawm ntawm cov tub rog thiab tub rog nrog rab phom tau siv rau hauv thaj chaw uas muaj cov rooj vag ntawm kab kom tiv thaiv cov neeg Crimeans los ntawm kev teeb tsa thaum lub sijhawm ua phem loj.
Hmo ntuj ntawm Lub Rau Hli 13-14, kev sib tua me me ntawm cov tub rog nyob rau hauv kev hais kom ua ntawm General Kakhovsky tau pib tua cov kab uas muaj zog nyob ze Sivash, ua rau pom kev rau lawv tus kheej. Cov yeeb ncuab paub tias nyob ntawm no nws muaj qhov tsis muaj zog tshaj plaws thiab ua kom nws lub zog tseem ceeb nyob ntawm no.
Lub caij no, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ua phem (9 pab tub rog ntawm grenadiers thiab 2 pawg tub rog ntawm cov neeg tua rog), raws li kev hais kom ua ntawm General Musin-Pushkin, zais ntshis mus rau ntawm qhov chaw. Cov tub rog tau nqis ntaiv mus rau hauv lub qhov dej thiab nce lub qhov rooj. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, peb cov tub rog nrog kev tawm tsam nrawm tau ntes cov tiv thaiv los ntawm Hiav Txwv Dub mus rau lub chaw tiv thaiv.
Lub sijhawm no, cov tub rog ntawm General Prozorovsky hla lub Sivash, mus rau tom qab ntawm Crimeans. Cov Tatars tau sim tawm tsam nrog lawv tag nrho pawg tub rog. Peb cov tub rog tiv thaiv kev tawm tsam, lub sijhawm uas cov tub rog nkag mus. Cov Crimeans sai sai poob lub plawv thiab khiav tawm. Peb cov tub rog caum lawv mus tob rau hauv ceg av qab teb rau 30 mais. Txoj kab Perekop ze Sivash kuj tseem raug kaw.
Cov tub rog ntawm Perekop fortress (ntau dua 800 tus tub rog) tau swb rau lub Rau Hli 15 tom qab kev siv phom loj.
Ntau tshaj 170 rab phom tau raug ntes hauv lub fortress thiab ntawm qhov chaw ua si.
Kev poob ntawm Ottomans thiab Tatars muaj ntau dua 1200 tus neeg, poob ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias - ntau dua 160 tus neeg.
Yog li, pab tub rog Lavxias qhib nws txoj kev mus rau Crimea.
Cov tub rog Crimean tau khiav mus rau Kafa.
Tau teeb tsa lub hauv paus tom qab hauv Perekop, thaum Lub Rau Hli 17, Dolgorukov cov tub rog tau tsiv mus rau Kafa. Kev tshem tawm ntawm General Brown (kwv yees li 2, 5 txhiab tus tib neeg) tau mus rau Kezlev (Evpatoria).
